Commercial Snack Food and Beverage Consumption Prevalence among Children 6–59 Months in West Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Burkina Faso | Cote d’Ivoire | Mali | Niger | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stunting among children 6–59 months | Rural: 37.3% Urban: 21.3% | Rural: 34.9% Urban: 20.5% | Rural: 41.9% Urban: 23.2% | Rural: 45.9% Urban: 29.6% |
Anemia among children 6–59 months | Rural: 89.9% Urban: 77.6% | Rural: 79.3% Urban: 67.2% | Rural: 84.9% Urban: 67.5% | Rural: 69.8% Urban: 73.9% |
Minimum dietary diversity among children 6–23 months | Rural: 3.9% Urban: 11.5% | Rural: 5.8% Urban: 20.0% | Rural: 31.3% Urban: 49.7% | Rural: 6.4% Urban: 30.4% |
Burkina Faso | Cote d’Ivoire | Mali | Niger | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caregiver age (y) * | 33.0 (32.2–33.8) | 33.2 (32.3–34.1) | 31.7 (30.8–32.5) | 31.3 (30.5–32.1) |
Caregiver sex (% female) | 86.3% (2801) | 83.4% (2918) | 84.4% (1885) | 91.3% (2600) |
Child age (m) * | 31.8 (31.2–32.3) | 32.6 (31.9–33.3) | 31.0 (30.4–31.6) | 30 (29.5–31.1) |
Aged 6–23 (m) | 36.9% (1172) | 35.1% (1263) | 32.3% (720) | 26.3% (1030) |
Aged 2–5 (y) | 63.1% (2059) | 48.9% (2275) | 67.7% (1492) | 73.7% (1805) |
Child sex (% female) | 48.0% (1562) | 48.6% (1707) | 49.2% (1086) | 50.9% (1416) |
Urban residence (%) | 10.3% (666) | 52.8% (1738) | 26.7% (1509) | 7.9% (347) |
Use of improved water source | 90.2% (2947) | 83.9% (2946) | 74.3% (1679) | 61.5% (1769) |
Improved toilet access | 23.1% (860) | 27.6% (918) | 35.0% (850) | 9.6% (343) |
Caregiver completed primary school | 25.3% (935) | 39.5% (1315) | 36.5% (836) | 17.9% (558) |
n | 3231 | 3538 | 2212 | 2556 |
Ages 6–23.9 months | ||||||||||||||||
Burkina Faso | Cote d’Ivoire | Mali | Niger | |||||||||||||
Rural | Urban | Total | p | Rural | Urban | Total | p | Rural | Urban | Total | p | Rural | Urban | Total | p | |
Sugary drinks | 2.8% (27) | 17.9% (43) | 4.3% (70) | 0.000 | 9.1% (51) | 21.7% (102) | 15.4% (153) | 0.000 | 8.9% (42) | 28.4% (73) | 14.6% (115) | 0.000 | 1.6% (7) | 8.9% (6) | 2.3% (13) | 0.001 |
Savory or sugary snacks | 19.3% (182) | 38.7% (89) | 21.3% (273) | 0.000 | 26.1% (149) | 42.0% (218) | 34.0% (367) | 0.000 | 26.7% (125) | 61.8% (142) | 36.7% (267) | 0.000 | 17.9% (116) | 48.0% (53) | 20.7% (169) | 0.000 |
Any | 20.3% (191) | 45.3% (106) | 22.8% (299) | 0.000 | 27.6% (159) | 45.9% (236) | 36.7% (395) | 0.000 | 27.9% (132) | 64.2% (149) | 38.4% (281) | 0.000 | 18.6% (118) | 49.0% (54) | 21.4% (172) | 0.000 |
n | 937 | 235 | 1172 | 670 | 593 | 1263 | 477 | 250 | 727 | 687 | 108 | 795 | ||||
Ages 2–5 years | ||||||||||||||||
Burkina Faso | Cote d’Ivoire | Mali | Niger | |||||||||||||
Rural | Urban | Total | p | Rural | Urban | Total | p | Rural | Urban | Total | p | Rural | Urban | Total | p | |
Sugary drinks | 5.2% (84) | 24.9% (107) | 7.3% (191) | 0.000 | 13.3% (125) | 36.2% (337) | 25.8% (462) | 0.000 | 12.6% (126) | 36.3% (170) | 18.5% (296) | 0.000 | 3.3% (45) | 19.9% (42) | 4.6% (87) | 0.000 |
Savory or sugary snacks | 27.1% (429) | 54.1% (235) | 29.9% (667) | 0.000 | 30.0% (282) | 61.3% (598) | 47.0% (880) | 0.000 | 34.3% (328) | 72.3% (303) | 43.7% (631) | 0.000 | 27.2% (402) | 64.9% (140) | 30.2% (542) | 0.000 |
Any | 27.8% (440) | 60.1% (259) | 31.2% (702) | 0.000 | 32.5% (308) | 64.9% (640) | 50.1% (948) | 0.000 | 36.2% (347) | 76.5% (324) | 46.3% (671) | 0.000 | 27.2% (406) | 65.6% (141) | 30.4% (547) | 0.000 |
n | 1607 | 452 | 2059 | 1138 | 1175 | 2313 | 1032 | 460 | 1492 | 1605 | 221 | 1826 |
RURAL AREAS | ||||||||||||
Ages 6–23.9 months | ||||||||||||
Burkina Faso | Cote d’Ivoire | Mali | Niger | |||||||||
Bottom | Top | p | Bottom | Top | p | Bottom | Top | p | Bottom | Top | p | |
Sugary drinks | 0.5% (1) | 3.8% (10) | 0.032 | 8.4% (51) | 7.7% (102) | 0.872 | 5.5% (7) | 13.5% (15) | 0.0319 | 1.8% (1) | 0.5% (2) | 0.259 |
Savory or sugary snacks | 9.9% (17) | 22.6% (60) | 0.004 | 24.5% (149) | 20.7% (218) | 0.526 | 14.6% (17) | 36.0% (41) | 0.000 | 8.0% (12) | 26.6% (45) | 0.000 |
Any | 9.9% (17) | 24.6% (65) | 0.001 | 25.8% (159) | 24.0% (236) | 0.782 | 16.8% (20) | 38.3% (44) | 0.001 | 8.0% (12) | 26.6% (45) | 0.000 |
n | 171 | 262 | 145 | 163 | 118 | 119 | 146 | 182 | ||||
Ages 2–5 years | ||||||||||||
Sugary drinks | 1.2% (4) | 7.6% (31) | 0.000 | 12.3% (25) | 20.0% (337) | 0.202 | 8.7% (22) | 21.7% (53) | 0.002 | 1.0% (3) | 8.0% (25) | 0.001 |
Savory or sugary snacks | 12.9% (42) | 39.3% (160) | 0.000 | 26.8% (282) | 35.7% (598) | 0.119 | 16.6% (39) | 53.8% (128) | 0.000 | 13.5% (46) | 42.5% (145) | 0.000 |
Any | 12.9% (42) | 45.3% (163) | 0.000 | 29.1% (308) | 38.0% (640) | 0.104 | 18.7% (44) | 57.8% (137) | 0.000 | 13.8% (47) | 42.2% (145) | 0.000 |
n | 318 | 404 | 282 | 268 | 250 | 259 | 351 | 391 | ||||
URBAN AREAS | ||||||||||||
Ages 6–23.9 months | ||||||||||||
Burkina Faso | Cote d’Ivoire | Mali | Niger | |||||||||
Bottom | Top | p | Bottom | Top | p | Bottom | Top | p | Bottom | Top | p | |
Sugary drinks | 2.8% (2) | 44.8% (24) | 0.0000 | 11.5% (10) | 32.6% (52) | 0.005 | 20.6% (17) | 25.5% (17) | 0.5851 | 6.4% (1) | 4.7% (1) | 0.8327 |
Savory or sugary snacks | 39.6% (23) | 58.8% (31) | 0.0703 | 19.4% (28) | 55.5% (92) | 0.000 | 43.7% (29) | 71.8% (40) | 0.0104 | 37.2% (11) | 67.3% (16) | 0.1081 |
Any | 41.3% (24) | 73.6% (40) | 0.0002 | 24.1% (32) | 58.1% (96) | 0.000 | 46.3% (31) | 68.9% (40) | 0.0698 | 37.2% (11) | 67.3% (16) | 0.1081 |
n | 56 | 55 | 159 | 174 | 62 | 60 | 28 | 23 | ||||
Ages 2–5 years | ||||||||||||
Sugary drinks | 9.6% (11) | 41.1% (48) | 0.0001 | 17.4% (36) | 48.8% (144) | 0.000 | 26.6% (34) | 40.2% (47) | 0.0303 | 13.3% (6) | 23.8% (16) | 0.3463 |
Savory or sugary snacks | 41.3% (44) | 69.2% (82) | 0.0009 | 33.7% (73) | 74.8% (221) | 0.000 | 60.2% (59) | 72.5% (84) | 0.1395 | 59.7% (29) | 80.1% (49) | 0.1661 |
Any | 41.9% (45) | 78.4% (93) | 0.0000 | 35.1% (78) | 80.3% (238) | 0.000 | 64.4% (65) | 79.7% (94) | 0.0488 | 59.2% (29) | 80.1% (49) | 0.1551 |
Cote d’Ivoire | ||||||
Savory or sugary snacks | SSBs | |||||
Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | |
Female child | 1.044 | 0.873–1.250 | 0.634 | 1.043 | 0.849–1.281 | 0.688 |
Child age (m) | 1.019 | 1.013–1.025 | 0.000 | 1.022 | 1.015–1.029 | 0.000 |
Respondent completed primary education | 1.500 | 1.206–1.866 | 0.000 | 1.422 | 1.057–1.913 | 0.020 |
Households in top wealth quartile | 3.072 | 2.350–4.014 | 0.000 | 2.666 | 1.874–3.794 | 0.000 |
Urban area | 1.751 | 1.249–2.455 | 0.001 | 1.928 | 1.287–2.889 | 0.002 |
Constant (baseline odds) | 0.175 | 0.125–0.245 | 0.000 | 0.102 | 0.035–0.081 | 0.000 |
n | 3193 | 3137 | ||||
Mali | ||||||
Savory or sugary snacks | SSBs | |||||
Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | |
Female child | 0.909 | 0.748–1.104 | 0.332 | 0.991 | 0.769–1.277 | 0.941 |
Child age (m) | 1.014 | 1.007–1.021 | 0.000 | 1.012 | 1.005–1.019 | 0.001 |
Respondent completed primary education | 1.455 | 1.112–1.904 | 0.007 | 1.379 | 0.975–1.950 | 0.069 |
Households in top wealth quartile | 2.431 | 1.660–3.560 | 0.000 | 2.070 | 1.333–3.216 | 0.001 |
Urban area | 2.887 | 2.024–4.116 | 0.000 | 2.504 | 1.609–3.897 | 0.000 |
Constant (baseline odds) | 0.258 | 0.184–0.361 | 0.000 | 0.185 | 0.049–0.112 | 0.000 |
n | 2075 | 2102 | ||||
Niger | ||||||
Savory or sugary snacks | SSBs | |||||
Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | |
Female child | 0.856 | 0.683–1.072 | 0.173 | 0.921 | 0.657–1.293 | 0.634 |
Child age (m) | 1.028 | 1.021–1.034 | 0.000 | 1.034 | 1.018–1.050 | 0.000 |
Respondent completed primary education | 2.051 | 1.383–3.043 | 0.000 | 2.273 | 1.009–5.122 | 0.048 |
Households in top wealth quartile | 1.707 | 1.175–2.481 | 0.005 | 4.227 | 2.017–8.853 | 0.000 |
Urban area | 2.491 | 1.493–4.155 | 0.001 | 2.140 | 0.831–5.512 | 0.114 |
Constant (baseline odds) | 0.104 | 0.077–0.142 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002–0.012 | 0.000 |
n | 2651 | 2683 | ||||
Burkina Faso | ||||||
Savory or sugary snacks | SSBs | |||||
Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | |
Female child | 1.013 | 0.863–1.189 | 0.873 | 1.068 | 0.805–1.418 | 0.646 |
Child age (m) | 1.018 | 1.013–1.023 | 0.000 | 1.023 | 1.014–1.033 | 0.000 |
Respondent completed primary education | 2.076 | 1.738–2.481 | 0.000 | 1.920 | 1.238–2.979 | 0.004 |
Households in top wealth quartile | 1.558 | 1.282–1.892 | 0.000 | 3.244 | 2.094–5.026 | 0.000 |
Urban area | 1.938 | 1.577–2.381 | 0.000 | 2.838 | 1.713–4.702 | 0.000 |
Constant (baseline odds) | 0.140 | 0.112–0.174 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.008–0.020 | 0.000 |
n | 3175 | 3160 |
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Nordhagen, S.; Pries, A.M.; Dissieka, R. Commercial Snack Food and Beverage Consumption Prevalence among Children 6–59 Months in West Africa. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112715
Nordhagen S, Pries AM, Dissieka R. Commercial Snack Food and Beverage Consumption Prevalence among Children 6–59 Months in West Africa. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112715
Chicago/Turabian StyleNordhagen, Stella, Alissa M. Pries, and Romance Dissieka. 2019. "Commercial Snack Food and Beverage Consumption Prevalence among Children 6–59 Months in West Africa" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112715