The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dietary Intake Databases
2.2. Participant Characteristics
2.3. Water and Beverage Categories
2.4. Water and Beverages by Meal Type and Time of Day
2.5. Data Availability and Ethical Approval
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Total Water Intakes from Water and Beverages
3.2. Water and Beverage Consumption by Time of Day
3.3. Water and Beverage Consumption by Age Group and Time of Day
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water, Beverages, and Foods (mL/d) | Water, Tap and Bottled (mL/d) | Beverages (mL/d) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total mL/d | Water and Beverages mL/d | Food Moisture mL/d | Water, Tap and Bottled | Tap Water | Bottled Water | Beverages | |
All >4y (N = 22,716) | 2718(27) | 2100(26) | 618(6) | 1066(20) | 661(24) | 404(16) | 1034(17) |
Sex | |||||||
Men (N = 11,206) | 2949(36) | 2285(34) | 664(6) | 1071(24) | 676(25) | 395(16) | 1214(24) |
Women (N = 11,510) | 2495(25) | 1921(24) | 574(7) | 1060(20) | 647(27) | 414(17) | 861(14) |
p-value for effect | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.59 | 0.14 | 0.10 | <0.01 |
Race/ethnicity | |||||||
NH White (N = 7802) | 2879(31) | 2266(29) | 613(7) | 1109(26) | 781(27) | 328(16) | 1157(23) |
NH Black (N = 5365) | 2249(36) | 1695(32) | 554(7) | 894(29) | 359(23) | 534(23) | 802(14) |
Mexican American (N = 4209) | 2487(51) | 1857(48) | 630(10) | 997(36) | 391(21) | 605(26) | 861(19) |
Other Hispanic (N = 2473) | 2505(38) | 1897(34) | 609(8) | 1041(33) | 497(41) | 544(34) | 856(18) |
Other (N = 3378) | 2635(38) | 1899(38) | 737(13) | 1092(26) | 658(31) | 434(29) | 807(24) |
p-value for effect | <0.01 | <<0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
IPR | |||||||
<1 (N = 5633) | 2461(49) | 1888(48) | 573(6) | 932(37) | 496(45) | 436(21) | 956(30) |
1–1.99(N = 5545) | 2579(38) | 1989(36) | 590(8) | 1003(27) | 555(27) | 448(22) | 986(27) |
2–3.49 (N = 4209) | 2692(40) | 2092(39) | 601(9) | 1036(28) | 643(28) | 394(21) | 1055(25) |
>3.49 (N = 5558) | 2952(38) | 2288(37) | 664(9) | 1181(29) | 821(32) | 360(20) | 1108(19) |
Missing (N = 1771) | 2616(56) | 1989(52) | 627(13) | 1074(49) | 609(44) | 464(29) | 916(27) |
p-value for effect | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Type of meal | |||||||
Breakfast | 425(5) | 314(4) | 111(1) | 65(2) | 40(2) | 25(1) | 249(4) |
AM snack | 707(20) | 692(19) | 15(1) | 531(17) | 338(16) | 193(10) | 161(7) |
Lunch | 428(5) | 256(4) | 172(3) | 93(2) | 54(2) | 39(2) | 163(3) |
PM snack | 337(7) | 303(7) | 34(1) | 159(4) | 90(4) | 70(2) | 144(5) |
Dinner | 559(4) | 308(3) | 250(3) | 111(3) | 74(3) | 37(2) | 197(3) |
Evening snack | 262(4) | 227(4) | 35(1) | 107(3) | 65(3) | 41(2) | 120(3) |
p-value for effect | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Time of consumption (h) | |||||||
06:00–09:00 | 555(12) | 492(12) | 63(1) | 278(9) | 184(9) | 94(6) | 214(6) |
09:00–12:00 | 528(9) | 446(9) | 82(1) | 266(8) | 157(7) | 109(5) | 180(4) |
12:00–15:00 | 377(5) | 263(5) | 114(2) | 123(4) | 72(3) | 50(2) | 141(4) |
15:00–18:00 | 310(4) | 232(4) | 78(1) | 104(2) | 57(2) | 46(2) | 128(3) |
18:00–21:00 | 512(6) | 320(5) | 191(3) | 121(3) | 78(4) | 43(2) | 200(4) |
21:00–00:00 | 224(4) | 160(3) | 64(2) | 66(2) | 42(2) | 25(1) | 93(3) |
00:00–06:00 | 213(6) | 186(6) | 26(1) | 108(5) | 71(5) | 37(3) | 78(3) |
p-value for effect | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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Vieux, F.; Maillot, M.; Rehm, C.D.; Barrios, P.; Drewnowski, A. The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2707. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112707
Vieux F, Maillot M, Rehm CD, Barrios P, Drewnowski A. The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2707. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112707
Chicago/Turabian StyleVieux, Florent, Matthieu Maillot, Colin D. Rehm, Pamela Barrios, and Adam Drewnowski. 2019. "The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2707. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112707
APA StyleVieux, F., Maillot, M., Rehm, C. D., Barrios, P., & Drewnowski, A. (2019). The Timing of Water and Beverage Consumption During the Day Among Children and Adults in the United States: Analyses of NHANES 2011–2016 Data. Nutrients, 11(11), 2707. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112707