Association between Nutrients and Visceral Fat in Healthy Japanese Adults: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study Brief Title: Micronutrients Associated with Visceral Fat Accumulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Dietary Exposure
2.3. Measurements of Other Items
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics Statement
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics Based on the Cut-Off Point for Visceral Obesity
3.2. Association Between Changes in VFA and Macronutrient Intake Over 2 Years
3.3. Association Between Macronutrients and Micronutrients
3.4. Macronutrients Associated with Change in VFA or BMI
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MEN | WOMEN | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | VFA < 100 | 100 ≤VFA | pa | VFA < 100 | 100 ≤ VFA | pa |
Number of participants | 116 | 144 | 319 | 45 | ||
Age (yr) | 52.1 ± 14.5 | 55.5 ± 13.8 | 54.5 ± 13.7 | 59.5 ± 11.6 | - | |
Metabolic risk factors: | ||||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.7 ± 2.0 | 25.2 ± 2.7 | - | 21.4 ± 2.7 | 27.1 ± 3.6 | - |
Waist circumference (cm) | 76.9 ± 5.1 | 87.7 ± 6.6 | - | 71.8 ± 7.3 | 87.1 ± 7.7 | - |
Visceral fat mass (cm2) | 6.9 ± 17.5 | 137.1 ± 28.8 | - | 57.9 ± 22.8 | 125.8 ± 24.6 | - |
Glucose (mmol/l) | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | <0.001 *** | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | <0.001 *** |
HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | <0.001 *** | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001 *** |
SBP (mmHg) | 122.5 ± 18.1 | 128.2 ± 16.6 | <0.001 *** | 117.3 ± 16.4 | 130.2 ± 16.9 | <0.001 *** |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.4 ± 12.6 | 79.2 ± 10.2 | 0.021 * | 71.8 ± 10.3 | 76.3 ± 10.4 | <0.001 *** |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 *** | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | <0.001 *** |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | <0.001 *** | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 *** |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 0.001 ** | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 0.001 ** |
Lifestyle habits: | ||||||
Smoking habits (stick/d) | 12.8 ± 17.8 | 11.5 ± 11.9 | - | 2.3 ± 5.3 | 2.1 ± 4.9 | - |
Sleep time (h/d) | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | - | 6.7 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | - |
Amount of exercise (Mets/d) | 6.9 ± 17.5 | 8.4 ± 18.4 | - | 4.3 ± 10.7 | 6.0 ± 10.8 | - |
Dietary habits: | ||||||
Energy (kcal/d) | 2189.1 ± 667.7 | 2107.3 ± 543.7 | 0.331 | 1655 ± 439 | 1752 ± 503 | 0.517 |
Macronutrient: | ||||||
Protein (g/d) | 76.1 ± 29.6 | 74.5 ± 24.5 | 0.422 | 64.0 ± 22.1 | 67.8 ± 25.8 | 0.489 |
Fat (g/d) | 55.2 ± 22.0 | 54.5 ± 18.3 | 0.645 | 49.3 ± 17.3 | 50.0 ± 20.6 | 0.473 |
Carbohydrate (g/d) | 303.1 ± 101.9 | 281.8 ± 82.4 | 0.115 | 225.8 ± 63.0 | 242.8 ± 64.9 | 0.130 |
Micronutrient: | ||||||
Ash (g/d) | 19.6 ± 6.7 | 19.6 ± 5.7 | 0.647 | 16.5 ± 5.0 | 17.8 ± 6.0 | 0.184 |
Sodium (mg/d) | 4864 ± 1672 | 4824 ± 1331 | 0.421 | 3845 ± 1145 | 4332 ± 1445 | 0.033 * |
Potassium (mg/d) | 2394 ± 976 | 2416 ± 929 | 0.860 | 2224 ± 823 | 2208 ± 846 | 0.977 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 483 ± 209 | 519 ± 236 | 0.539 | 480 ± 196 | 490 ± 210 | 0.666 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 269 ± 99 | 267 ± 89 | 0.692 | 232 ± 78 | 237 ± 85 | 0.633 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1109 ± 420 | 1105 ± 373 | 0.614 | 957 ± 331 | 1005 ± 387 | 0.481 |
Iron (mg/d) | 8.0 ± 3.6 | 7.8 ± 2.8 | 0.495 | 7.1 ± 2.6 | 7.2 ± 2.9 | 0.839 |
Zinc (mg/d) | 9.0 ± 3.2 | 8.8 ± 2.5 | 0.601 | 7.5 ± 2.3 | 7.9 ± 2.6 | 0.522 |
Copper (mg/d) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.503 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.410 |
Manganese (mg/d) | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 0.408 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 0.367 |
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (µg/d) | 732 ± 861 | 626 ± 333 | 0.076 | 584 ± 321 | 559 ± 343 | 0.406 |
Retinol (µg/d) | 503 ± 779 | 397 ± 263 | 0.048* | 321 ± 230 | 345 ± 272 | 0.804 |
β-carotene equivalent (µg/d) | 2706 ± 2060 | 2710 ± 2012 | 0.239 | 3122 ± 2111 | 2536 ± 1811 | 0.978 |
Vitamin D (µg/d) | 15.1 ± 10.7 | 14.3 ± 9.8 | 0.155 | 13.4 ± 9.2 | 14.3 ± 11.9 | 0.310 |
α-tocopherol (mg/d) | 7.1 ± 3.3 | 6.9 ± 2.5 | 0.676 | 6.5 ± 2.5 | 6.5 ± 2.7 | 0.544 |
Vitamin K (µg/d) | 320.3 ± 172.0 | 322.0 ± 167.1 | 0.633 | 303 ± 161 | 282 ± 143 | 0.484 |
Thiamin (mg/d) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.798 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.797 |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.694 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.839 |
Niacin (mg/d) | 19.2 ± 8.2 | 18.2 ± 7.7 | 0.219 | 15.6 ± 6.2 | 15.6 ± 6.8 | 0.812 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.582 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.805 |
Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 11.5 ± 8.3 | 10.4 ± 6.1 | 0.091 | 9.1 ± 5.5 | 9.7 ± 6.4 | 0.324 |
Folate (µg/d) | 317.1 ± 158.7 | 306.3 ± 130.2 | 0.616 | 282 ± 126 | 274 ± 117 | 0.659 |
Pantothenic acid (mg/d) | 6.8 ± 2.6 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 0.848 | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 0.658 |
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 83.6 ± 52.2 | 86.0 ± 53.2 | 0.584 | 85.9 ± 47.6 | 87.9 ± 49.0 | 0.804 |
Saturated fat (g/d) | 14.4 ± 6.1 | 14.3 ± 5.6 | 0.584 | 13.1 ± 5.2 | 13.4 ± 6.1 | 0.822 |
Monounsaturated fat (g/d) | 19.6 ± 8.0 | 19.3 ± 6.8 | 0.706 | 17.3 ± 6.2 | 17.5 ± 7.7 | 0.326 |
Polyunsaturated fat (g/d) | 14.0 ± 5.7 | 14.0 ± 4.4 | 0.840 | 12.4 ± 4.2 | 12.4 ± 4.6 | 0.296 |
n-3 polyunsaturated fat (g/d) | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 0.315 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 0.755 |
n-6 polyunsaturated fat (g/d) | 11.1 ± 4.4 | 11.1 ± 3.5 | 0.941 | 9.8 ± 3.3 | 9.8 ± 3.6 | 0.218 |
Cholesterol (mg/d) | 382.7 ± 189.1 | 381.5 ± 156.4 | 0.790 | 331 ± 148 | 342 ± 181 | 0.766 |
Total dietary fiber (g/d) | 11.8 ± 5.4 | 11.7 ± 4.7 | 0.977 | 10.8 ± 4.2 | 11.0 ± 4.2 | 0.705 |
Soluble dietary fiber (g/d) | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 0.950 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 0.942 |
Insoluble dietary fiber (g/d) | 8.5 ± 3.7 | 8.4 ± 3.2 | 0.990 | 7.8 ± 2.9 | 7.9 ± 2.9 | 0.682 |
Alcohol (g/d) | 19.5 ± 21.2 | 22.1 ± 22.6 | 0.236 | 4.2 ± 10.6 | 5.0 ± 11.6 | 0.517 |
Daidzein (mg/d) | 15.8 ± 10.3 | 16.7 ± 10.0 | 0.714 | 15.3 ± 9.2 | 15.8 ± 8.4 | 0.700 |
Genistein (mg/d) | 26.7 ± 17.3 | 28.3 ± 17.0 | 0.720 | 25.9 ± 15.5 | 26.8 ± 14.2 | 0.684 |
Change in VFA | Adjusted by Model 1 a | Adjusted by Model 2 b | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | β (s.e.) | p | β (s.e.) | p | ||
Number of participants | 203(79/124) | 213(67/146) | 208(114/94) | ||||||
Baseline age (y) | 55.0 ± 13.6 | 54.7 ± 14.6 | 54.2 ± 13.3 | ||||||
Visceral fat mass (Δcm2) | −9.1 ± 5.2 | 0.6 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 6.7 | ||||||
Energy (Δkcal/d) | −1.5 ± 226.4 | 15.0 ± 199.7 | 21.2 ± 224.3 | 0.002 | (0.002) | 0.239 | - | - | - |
Macronutrient: | |||||||||
Protein (Δg/d) | 0.72 ± 10.80 | 2.29 ± 10.26 | 0.99 ± 11.17 | 0.043 | (0.033) | 0.193 | 0.033 | (0.055) | 0.548 |
Fat (Δg/d) | 0.62 ± 8.78 | 0.97 ± 7.78 | 0.82 ± 8.56 | 0.057 | (0.043) | 0.186 | 0.042 | (0.066) | 0.527 |
Carbohydrate (Δg/d) | −2.83 ± 31.90 | −1.10 ± 29.38 | 0.99 ± 34.22 | 0.005 | (0.011) | 0.632 | −0.035 | (0.022) | 0.108 |
Macronutrient | |||
---|---|---|---|
Protein | Fat | Carbohydrate | |
Characteristics | Correlation Coefficient (r)a | ||
Micronutrient: | |||
Ash (Δg/d) | 0.88 *** | 0.71 *** | 0.54 *** |
Sodium (Δmg/d) | 0.78 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.50 *** |
Potassium (Δmg/d) | 0.79 *** | 0.70 *** | 0.49 *** |
Calcium (Δmg/d) | 0.69 *** | 0.60 *** | 0.39 *** |
Magnesium (Δmg/d) | 0.85 *** | 0.70 *** | 0.56 *** |
Phosphorus (Δmg/d) | 0.96 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.53 *** |
Iron (Δmg/d) | 0.84 *** | 0.72 *** | 0.48 *** |
Zinc (Δmg/d) | 0.92 *** | 0.79 *** | 0.63 *** |
Copper (Δmg/d) | 0.80 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.72 *** |
Manganese (Δmg/d) | 0.43 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.60 *** |
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (Δµg/d) | 0.45 *** | 0.45 *** | 0.21 *** |
Retinol (Δµg/d) | 0.47 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.19 *** |
β-carotene equivalente (Δµg/d) | 0.37 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.21 *** |
Vitamin D (Δµg/d) | 0.70 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.21 *** |
α-tocopherol (Δmg/d)) | 0.79 *** | 0.84 *** | 0.41 *** |
Vitamin K (Δµg/d) | 0.50 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.25 *** |
Thiamin (Δmg/d) | 0.85 *** | 0.80 *** | 0.52 *** |
Riboflavin (Δmg/d) | 0.82 *** | 0.77 *** | 0.41 *** |
Niacin (Δmg/d) | 0.85 *** | 0.73 *** | 0.36 *** |
Vitamin B6 (Δmg/d) | 0.87 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.46 *** |
Vitamin B12 (Δmg/d) | 0.71 *** | 0.53 *** | 0.19 *** |
Folate (Δµg/d) | 0.58 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.37 *** |
Pantothenic acid (Δmg/d) | 0.90 *** | 0.80 *** | 0.58 *** |
Vitamin C (Δmg/d) | 0.44 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.35 *** |
Saturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.74 *** | 0.91 *** | 0.42 *** |
Monounsaturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.79 *** | 0.98 *** | 0.38 *** |
Polyunsaturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.77 *** | 0.90 *** | 0.38 *** |
n-3 polyunsaturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.78 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.30 *** |
n-6 polyunsaturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.72 *** | 0.87 *** | 0.39 *** |
Cholesterol (Δmg/d) | 0.80 *** | 0.72 *** | 0.32 *** |
Total dietary fiber (Δg/d) | 0.59 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.56 *** |
Soluble dietary fiber (Δg/d) | 0.54 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.47 *** |
Insoluble dietary fiber (Δg/d) | 0.59 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.59 *** |
Alcohol (Δg/d) | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
Daidzein (Δmg/d) | 0.42 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.21 *** |
Genistein (Δmg/d) | 0.42 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.21 *** |
Change in VFA | Change in BMI | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Adjusted by Model 1 | Adjusted by Model 2 | Adjusted by Model 3 | Adjusted by Model 4 | ||||||||
Micronutrient: | β (s.e.) | p | β (s.e.) | p | β (s.e.) | p | β (s.e.) | p | ||||
Ash (Δg/d) | −0.03 | (0.24) | 0.904 | −0.32 | (0.36) | 0.369 | −0.001 | (0.011) | 0.956 | −0.005 | (0.016) | 0.727 |
Sodium (Δmg/d) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.694 | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.949 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.957 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.965 |
Potassium (Δmg/d) | −0.00 | (0.00) | 0.250 | −0.01 | (0.00) | 0.039 * | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.682 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.455 |
Calcium (Δmg/d) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.372 | −0.01 | (0.01) | 0.134 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.524 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.605 |
Magnesium (Δmg/d) | −0.02 | (0.02) | 0.209 | −0.06 | (0.02) | 0.018 * | 0.000 | (0.001) | 0.565 | −0.001 | (0.001) | 0.272 |
Phosphorus (Δmg/d) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.951 | −0.01 | (0.01) | 0.111 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.797 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.724 |
Iron (Δmg/d) | −0.34 | (0.44) | 0.445 | −1.06 | (0.61) | 0.084 | −0.004 | (0.019) | 0.673 | −0.019 | (0.027) | 0.471 |
Zinc (Δmg/d) | 0.26 | (0.65) | 0.684 | −0.20 | (1.00) | 0.844 | 0.082 | (0.044) | 0.062 | 0.082 | (0.044) | 0.062 |
Copper (Δmg/d) | −7.34 | (4.45) | 0.100 | −10.4 | (5.39) | 0.055 | −0.089 | (0.197) | 0.650 | −0.133 | (0.239) | 0.578 |
Manganese (Δmg/d) | −2.43 | (1.02) | 0.018 | −2.19 | (1.07) | 0.042 * | 0.000 | (0.001) | 0.565 | −0.001 | (0.001) | 0.272 |
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (Δµg/d) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.582 | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.436 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.980 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.938 |
Retinol (Δµg/d) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.618 | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.501 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.940 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.898 |
β-carotene equivalente (Δµg/d) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.885 | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.726 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.992 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.944 |
Vitamin D (Δµg/d) | 0.07 | (0.08) | 0.423 | 0.09 | (0.12) | 0.452 | −0.003 | (0.004) | 0.375 | −0.010 | (0.005) | 0.063 |
β-tocopherol (Δmg/d) | 0.44 | (0.43) | 0.307 | 0.34 | (0.62) | 0.578 | −0.023 | (0.019) | 0.219 | −0.061 | (0.027) | 0.023 * |
Vitamin K (Δµg/d) | −0.01 | (0.01) | 0.131 | −0.01 | (5.85) | 0.050 * | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.360 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.395 |
Thiamin (Δmg/d) | −2.58 | (5.27) | 0.625 | −11.9 | (7.48) | 0.111 | 0.112 | (0.232) | 0.629 | 0.085 | (0.330) | 0.797 |
Riboflavin (Δmg/d) | 0.12 | (0.12) | 0.339 | 0.19 | (0.18) | 0.294 | 0.134 | (0.112) | 0.230 | 0.184 | (0.151) | 0.224 |
Niacin (Δmg/d) | 0.12 | (0.15) | 0.417 | 0.18 | (0.27) | 0.522 | −0.001 | (0.007) | 0.930 | −0.010 | (0.012) | 0.426 |
Vitamin B6 (Δmg/d) | 0.54 | (2.61) | 0.837 | −2.14 | (4.48) | 0.632 | −0.117 | (0.114) | 0.307 | −0.474 | (0.195) | 0.015 * |
Vitamin B12 (Δmg/d) | 0.12 | (0.12) | 0.339 | 0.19 | (0.18) | 0.294 | −0.006 | (0.005) | 0.260 | −0.020 | (0.008) | 0.015 * |
Folate (Δµg/d) | −0.01 | (0.01) | 0.116 | −0.02 | (0.01) | 0.045 * | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.783 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.655 |
Pantothenic acid (Δmg/d) | −1.16 | (0.70) | 0.099 | −3.43 | (1.02) | 0.001 ** | 0.049 | (0.031) | 0.115 | 0.089 | (0.046) | 0.051 |
Vitamin C (Δmg/d) | −0.02 | (0.02) | 0.448 | −0.02 | (0.02) | 0.341 | −0.002 | (0.001) | 0.068 | −0.002 | (0.001) | 0.057 |
Saturated fat (Δg/d) | −0.06 | (0.21) | 0.781 | −0.48 | (0.35) | 0.170 | 0.013 | (0.009) | 0.165 | 0.025 | (0.015) | 0.105 |
Monounsaturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.16 | (0.17) | 0.325 | 1.34 | (0.68) | 0.050 * | 0.006 | (0.007) | 0.431 | 0.016 | (0.030) | 0.605 |
Polyunsaturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.16 | (0.24) | 0.497 | 0.03 | (0.42) | 0.938 | −0.001 | (0.011) | 0.900 | −0.019 | (0.018) | 0.287 |
n-3 polyunsaturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.71 | (0.82) | 0.389 | 0.57 | (1.22) | 0.640 | −0.034 | (0.036) | 0.347 | −0.115 | (0.053) | 0.031 |
n-6 polyunsaturated fat (Δg/d) | 0.14 | (0.30) | 0.642 | −0.10 | (0.48) | 0.836 | 0.004 | (0.013) | 0.770 | −0.004 | (0.021) | 0.864 |
Cholesterol (Δmg/d) | 0.00 | (0.01) | 0.772 | 0.00 | (0.01) | 0.850 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.318 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.438 |
Total dietary fiber (Δg/d) | −0.64 | (0.28) | 0.022 | −0.73 | (0.29) | 0.013 * | −0.012 | (0.012) | 0.320 | −0.014 | (0.013) | 0.298 |
Soluble dietary fiber (Δg/d) | −2.31 | (0.94) | 0.014 | −2.59 | (0.97) | 0.007 ** | −0.046 | (0.041) | 0.264 | −0.050 | (0.043) | 0.245 |
Insoluble dietary fiber (Δg/d) | −0.74 | (0.41) | 0.070 | −0.82 | (0.43) | 0.055 | −0.017 | (0.018) | 0.333 | −0.019 | (0.019) | 0.313 |
Alcohol (Δg/d) | −0.03 | (0.05) | 0.584 | −0.01 | (0.05) | 0.908 | 0.001 | (0.002) | 0.541 | 0.001 | (0.002) | 0.497 |
Daidzein (Δmg/d) | −0.11 | (0.09) | 0.205 | −0.14 | (0.09) | 0.126 | 0.003 | (0.004) | 0.405 | 0.003 | (0.004) | 0.428 |
Genistein (Δmg/d) | −0.07 | (0.05) | 0.213 | −0.08 | (0.05) | 0.132 | 0.002 | (0.002) | 0.414 | 0.002 | (0.002) | 0.438 |
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Ozato, N.; Saito, S.; Yamaguchi, T.; Katashima, M.; Tokuda, I.; Sawada, K.; Katsuragi, Y.; Imoto, S.; Ihara, K.; Nakaji, S. Association between Nutrients and Visceral Fat in Healthy Japanese Adults: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study Brief Title: Micronutrients Associated with Visceral Fat Accumulation. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112698
Ozato N, Saito S, Yamaguchi T, Katashima M, Tokuda I, Sawada K, Katsuragi Y, Imoto S, Ihara K, Nakaji S. Association between Nutrients and Visceral Fat in Healthy Japanese Adults: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study Brief Title: Micronutrients Associated with Visceral Fat Accumulation. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112698
Chicago/Turabian StyleOzato, Naoki, Shinichiro Saito, Tohru Yamaguchi, Mitsuhiro Katashima, Itoyo Tokuda, Kaori Sawada, Yoshihisa Katsuragi, Seiya Imoto, Kazushige Ihara, and Shigeyuki Nakaji. 2019. "Association between Nutrients and Visceral Fat in Healthy Japanese Adults: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study Brief Title: Micronutrients Associated with Visceral Fat Accumulation" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112698