Assessment of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Gaps, and Development of Food-Based Recommendations, among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Zinder, Niger: An Optifood Linear Programming Analysis

Wessells, K. Ryan; Young, Rebecca R.; Ferguson, Elaine L.; Ouédraogo, Césaire T.; Faye, M. Thierno; Hess, Sonja Y.

doi:10.3390/nu11010072

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Assessment of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Gaps, and Development of Food-Based Recommendations, among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Zinder, Niger: An Optifood Linear Programming Analysis

^1,*

^1,†,

^2,†,

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Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA

Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK

Helen Keller International, Niamey 0000, Niger

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

The two authors contributed equally.

Nutrients 2019, 11(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010072

Received: 20 November 2018 / Revised: 18 December 2018 / Accepted: 20 December 2018 / Published: 2 January 2019

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients Intake and Status during Pregnancy and Lactation)

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Abstract

Pregnant and lactating women in rural Niger are at high risk for inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients. Thus, 24 h dietary recalls were conducted and analyzed for dietary intakes in this population (n = 202). Using linear programming analyses, micronutrient gaps in women’s diets were identified, food-based recommendations (FBR) to improve dietary micronutrient adequacy were developed, and various supplementation strategies were modelled. Energy intakes were below estimated requirements, and, for most micronutrients, >50% of women were at risk of inadequate intakes. Linear programming analyses indicated it would be difficult to select a diet that achieved recommended dietary allowances for all but three (vitamin B₆, iron and zinc) of 11 modeled micronutrients. Consumption of one additional meal per day, and adherence to the selected FBR (daily consumption of dark green leafy vegetables, fermented milk, millet, pulses, and vitamin A fortified oil), would result in a low percentage of women at risk of inadequate intakes for eight modeled micronutrients (vitamin A, riboflavin, thiamin, B_6, folate, iron, zinc, and calcium). Because the promotion of realistic FBRs likely will not ensure that a low percentage of women are at risk of inadequate intakes for all modeled micronutrients, multiple micronutrient supplementation or provision of nutrient-dense foods should be prioritized. View Full-Text

Keywords: linear programming; food-based recommendations; Optifood; micronutrient; deficiency; dietary intake; pregnant; lactation; women

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Wessells, K.R.; Young, R.R.; Ferguson, E.L.; Ouédraogo, C.T.; Faye, M.T.; Hess, S.Y. Assessment of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Gaps, and Development of Food-Based Recommendations, among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Zinder, Niger: An Optifood Linear Programming Analysis. Nutrients 2019, 11, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010072

AMA Style

Wessells KR, Young RR, Ferguson EL, Ouédraogo CT, Faye MT, Hess SY. Assessment of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Gaps, and Development of Food-Based Recommendations, among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Zinder, Niger: An Optifood Linear Programming Analysis. Nutrients. 2019; 11(1):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010072

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wessells, K. R., Rebecca R. Young, Elaine L. Ferguson, Césaire T. Ouédraogo, M. T. Faye, and Sonja Y. Hess. 2019. "Assessment of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Gaps, and Development of Food-Based Recommendations, among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Zinder, Niger: An Optifood Linear Programming Analysis" Nutrients 11, no. 1: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010072

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Assessment of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Gaps, and Development of Food-Based Recommendations, among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Zinder, Niger: An Optifood Linear Programming Analysis

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