The Effect of a Pilot Dietary Intervention on Pain Outcomes in Patients Attending a Tertiary Pain Service
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Consent and Ethics
2.3. Recruitment and Screening
2.4. Intervention Inclusions and Delivery
2.4.1. Personalized Dietary Consultations
2.4.2. Dietary Supplement (Active Fruit Juice)
2.4.3. Control Group Conditions
2.5. Measurements
2.5.1. Pain
2.5.2. Quality of Life
2.5.3. Dietary Intake
2.5.4. Process Evaluation
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Number of Study Participants
3.2. Participant Demographics
3.3. Participants’ Description of Their Pain
3.4. Intervention Compliance
3.5. Pain Outcomes
3.6. Quality-of-Life Outcomes
3.7. Dietary Outcomes
3.8. Process Evaluation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PDC + AFJ (n = 17) | PDC + PFJ (n = 14) | WLC + AFJ (n = 15) | WLC + PFJ (n = 14) | Total (n = 60) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female n (%) | 12 (70.6) | 10 (71.4) | 9 (60) | 10 (71.4) | 41 (68.3) | 0.896 |
Male n (%) | 5 (29.4) | 4 (28.6) | 6 (40) | 4 (28.6) | 19 (31.7) | |
Age | 48.24 ± 14.60 | 47.00 ± 15.66 | 49.27 ± 16.72 | 50.93 ± 13.85 | 48.83 ± 14.92 | 0.930 |
BMI | 33.14 ± 8.31 | 32.83 ± 8.15 | 33.43 ± 5.82 | 30.78 ± 8.74 | 32.59 ± 7.70 | 0.561 |
Employment n (%) | 0.088 | |||||
- Unemployed (due to pain) | 7 (41.2) | 4 (28.6) | 5 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 16 (26.7) | |
- Retired | 3 (17.6) | 2 (14.3) | 4 (26.7) | 3 (21.4) | 12 (20) | |
- Part-time paid work | 0 (0) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (20.0) | 4 (28.6) | 10 (16.7) | |
- Unemployed (not due to pain) | 0 (0) | 2 (14.3) | 0 (0) | 3 (21.4) | 5 (8.3) | |
- Home duties | 1 (5.9) | 2 (14.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (6.7) | |
- Full-time paid work | 2 (11.8) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (6.7) | |
- Studying | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (13.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (6.7) | |
- At work (limited hours/duties) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (5.0) | |
- On leave from work due to pain | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 2 (3.3) |
Outcome Variable (mean ± SE *) | Time Point | PDC + AFJ | PDC + PFJ | WLC + AFJ | WLC + PFJ | Total | Time F Stat (p-Value) | Group F Stat (p-Value) | Group × Time F Stat (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | Baseline | 17 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 60 | |||
6 weeks | 11 | 8 | 13 | 10 | 42 | ||||
Number of juice bottles consumed (Maximum 42) | 6 weeks | 39.64 ± 1.89 | 41.00 ± 0.76 | 41.46 ± 0.31 | 41.90 ± 0.10 | 41.00 ± 3.39 | |||
Telehealth attendance | N/A | 12 | 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
Pain | |||||||||
VAS † | Baseline | 48.24 ± 5.31 | 52.00 ± 5.85 | 45.40 ± 5.65 | 47.64 ± 5.85 | 48.27 ± 2.75 | 1.16 (0.254) | 0.102 (0.959) | 0.113 (0.952) |
6 weeks | 43.87 ± 6.39 | 44.99 ± 7.43 | 43.61 ± 6.00 | 45.68 ± 6.74 | 44.57 ± 3.20 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −4.37 ± 6.71 | −7.02 ± 7.77 | −1.78 ± 6.39 | −1.96 ± 7.11 | −3.69 ± 3.37 | ||||
PSEQ ^ | Baseline | 26.82 ± 3.07 | 21.29 ± 3.38 | 26.87 ± 3.27 | 25.21 ± 3.38 | 25.17 ± 1.62 | 8.835 (0.004) | 0.606 (0.613) | 1.181 (0.321) |
6 weeks | 35.21 ± 3.74 | 33.61 ± 4.37 | 30.75 ± 3.48 | 26.41 ± 3.94 | 31.37 ± 1.91 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 8.38 ± 4.15 | 12.32 ± 4.79 | 3.89 ± 3.67 | 1.19 ± 4.40 | 6.21 ± 2.16 | ||||
PCS # | Baseline | 21.24 ± 3.27 | 27.43 ± 3.60 | 21.60 ± 3.48 | 24.93 ± 3.60 | 23.63 ± 1.72 | 4.074 (0.046) | 0.831 (0.480) | 0.073 (0.974) |
6 weeks | 18.23 ± 3.80 | 24.70 ± 4.37 | 17.63 ± 3.64 | 19.96 ± 4.03 | 19.86 ± 1.93 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −3.02 ± 3.49 | −2.73 ± 4.05 | −3.97 ± 3.28 | −4.97 ± 3.68 | −3.78 ± 1.75 | ||||
Quality of life | |||||||||
Physical function | Baseline | 45.59 ± 6.91 | 42.86 ± 7.62 | 36.67 ± 7.36 | 38.57 ± 7.62 | 41.08 ± 3.63 | 6.040 (0.016) | 0.689 (0.561) | 0.293 (0.830) |
6 weeks | 55.86 ± 7.87 | 56.22 ± 9.04 | 42.25 ± 7.66 | 43.79 ± 8.41 | 49.13 ± 4.02 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 10.28 ± 6.72 | 13.37 ± 7.83 | 5.58 ± 6.30 | 5.22 ± 7.09 | 8.05 ± 3.38 | ||||
Role limitation (physical limits) | Baseline | 23.53 ± 7.97 | 12.50 ± 8.78 | 1.67 ± 8.48 | 10.71 ± 8.78 | 12.50 ± 4.28 | 14.133 (<0.001) | 2.053 (0.112) | 0.238 (0.870) |
6 weeks | 43.78 ± 9.76 | 34.78 ± 11.40 | 17.23 ± 9.06 | 39.48 ± 10.26 | 33.13 ± 5.03 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 20.25 ± 11.04 | 22.28 ± 12.74 | 15.57 ± 10.59 | 28.77 ± 11.73 | 20.63 ± 5.62 | ||||
Role limitation (emotional issues) | Baseline | 50.98 ± 9.78 | 23.81 ± 10.77 | 26.67 ± 10.41 | 19.05 ± 10.77 | 31.11 ± 5.23 | 16.526 (<0.001) | 0.369 (0.776) | 1.838 (0.146) |
6 weeks | 53.41 ± 11.93 | 60.98 ± 13.94 | 55.10 ± 11.10 | 64.24 ± 12.56 | 58.25 ± 6.17 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 2.43 ± 13.31 | 37.17 ± 15.37 | 28.44 ± 12.75 | 45.19 ± 14.14 | 27.14 ± 7.02 | ||||
Energy & fatigue | Baseline | 35.29 ± 4.84 | 33.21 ± 5.34 | 22.67 ± 5.16 | 30.71 ± 5.34 | 30.58 ± 2.62 | 4.650 (0.34) | 2.409 (0.072) | 0.639 (0.592) |
6 weeks | 48.56 ± 5.75 | 35.67 ± 6.67 | 26.95 ± 5.45 | 26.63 ± 6.09 | 39.92 ± 3.00 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 13.26 ± 5.75 | 2.46 ± 6.68 | 4.28 ± 5.45 | 5.92 ± 6.09 | 6.33 ± 2.97 | ||||
Emotional wellbeing | Baseline | 60.71 ± 4.79 | 49.43 ± 5.28 | 54.40 ± 5.10 | 50.29 ± 5.28 | 54.07 ± 2.53 | 9.348 (0.003) | 0.488 (0.692) | 0.485 (0.693) |
6 weeks | 63.81 ± 5.67 | 61.86 ± 6.57 | 64.25 ± 5.38 | 60.76 ±6.00 | 62.80 ± 2.89 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 3.12 ± 5.62 | 12.43 ± 6.52 | 9.85 ± 5.32 | 10.48 ± 5.94 | 8.73 ± 2.83 | ||||
Social functioning | Baseline | 27.94 ± 3.24 | 25.89 ± 3.58 | 16.67 ± 3.45 | 15.18 ± 3.58 | 21.67 ± 1.84 | 11.342 (0.001) | 5.285 (0.002) | 0.401 (0.753) |
6 weeks | 37.15 ± 3.98 | 33.36 ± 4.66 | 20.98 ± 3.69 | 26.30 ± 4.19 | 29.07 ± 2.16 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 9.21 ± 4.55 | 7.46 ± 5.25 | 4.32 ± 4.38 | 11.12 ± 4.84 | 7.40 ± 2.36 | ||||
Pain | Baseline | 37.21 ± 4.83 | 48.39 ± 5.33 | 36.00 ± 5.15 | 36.96 ± 5.33 | 39.46 ± 2.57 | 0.345 (0.559) | 1.107 (0.350) | 0.768 (0.515) |
6 weeks | 44.91 ± 5.95 | 44.02 ± 6.96 | 33.65 ± 5.51 | 44.49 ± 6.25 | 41.27 ± 3.05 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 7.71 ± 6.92 | −4.38 ± 7.97 | −2.35 ± 6.66 | 7.52 ± 7.36 | 1.82 ± 3.59 | ||||
General health | Baseline | 43.82 ± 4.82 | 38.93 ± 5.31 | 39.67 ± 5.13 | 27.86 ± 5.31 | 37.92 ± 2.65 | 15.839 (<0.001) | 2.567 (0.059) | 0.958 (0.416) |
6 weeks | 54.10 ± 5.40 | 53.59 ± 6.17 | 44.30 ± 5.31 | 33.98 ± 5.78 | 46.17 ± 2.89 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 10.27 ± 4.30 | 14.66 ± 5.02 | 4.63 ± 4.02 | 6.12 ± 4.54 | 8.25 ± 2.19 |
Outcome Variable (mean ± SE *) | Time Point | PDC + AFJ | PDC + PFJ | WLC + AFJ | WLC + PFJ | Total | Time F Stat (p-Value) | Group F Stat (p-Value) | Group × Time F Stat (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kJ) (recommended intake) | Baseline | 9247.00 ± 932.65 | 9051.39 ± 1034.68 | 9046.07 ± 963.23 | 8138.00 ± 1034.98 | 8870.61 ± 496.16 | 4.210 (0.043) | 0.032 (0.992) | 1.263 (0.292) |
6 weeks | 7708.05 ± 1059.79 | 8399.67 ± 1149.39 | 7736.72 ± 1007.31 | 8487.45 ± 1094.25 | 8082.97 ± 239.08 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −1539.92 ± 785.52 | −651.72 ± 835.58 | −1309.35 ± 689.08 | 349.45 ± 753.60 | −787.64 ± 363.89 | ||||
Carbohydrates (% of total energy (E)) 45–65% [51] | Baseline | 43.06 ± 2.32 | 46.31 ± 2.58 | 42.87 ± 2.40 | 45.31 ± 2.58 | 44.39 ± 1.24 | 1.703 (0.195) | 1.530 (0.212) | 0.440 (0.725) |
6 weeks | 40.33 ± 3.01 | 46.06 ± 3.21 | 38.04 ± 2.65 | 44.61 ± 2.90 | 42.26 ± 1.47 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −2.74 ± 2.29 | −0.25 ± 3.52 | −4.82 ± 2.97 | −0.70 ± 3.24 | −2.13 ± 1.63 | ||||
Protein (% total E) 15–25% [51] | Baseline | 19.81 ± 1.08 | 18.23 ± 1.20 | 21.00 ± 1.12 | 17.08 ± 1.20 | 19.03 ± 0.58 | 0.128 (0.721) | 2.920 (0.038) | 0.769 (0.515) |
6 weeks | 18.50 ± 1.35 | 18.38 ± 1.44 | 22.22 ± 1.21 | 17.95 ± 1.32 | 19.26 ± 0.67 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −1.31 ± 1.32 | 0.15 ± 1.41 | 1.21 ± 1.18 | 0.88 ± 1.28 | 0.23 ± 0.65 | ||||
Fat (% total E) 20–35% [51] | Baseline | 35.81 ± 1.61 | 33.69 ± 1.79 | 35.20 ± 1.66 | 33.08 ± 1.79 | 34.45 ± 0.86 | 0.633 (0.428) | 2.156 (0.099) | 3.290 (0.024) |
6 weeks | 30.09 ± 2.10 | 32.07 ± 2.23 | 39.13 ± 1.84 | 32.87 ± 2.01 | 33.54 ± 1.02 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −5.73 ± 2.30 ** | −1.62 ± 2.47 | 3.93 ± 2.09 | −0.21 ± 2.27 | −0.91 ± 1.14 | ||||
Saturated fat (% total E) <10% [52] | Baseline | 14.63 ± 0.83 | 14.46 ± 0.92 | 15.33 ± 0.86 | 14.85 ± 0.92 | 14.82 ± 0.44 | 1.624 (0.206) | 2.259 (0.087) | 2.029 (0.116) |
6 weeks | 11.88 ± 1.08 | 13.70 ± 1.15 | 16.50 ± 0.95 | 14.21 ± 1.03 | 14.07 ± 0.53 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −2.75 ± 1.18 | −0.77 ± 1.26 | 1.17 ± 10.7 | −0.63 ± 1.16 | −0.75 ± 0.59 | ||||
Alcohol (% total E) <5% [52] | Baseline | 2.00 ± 1.26 | 2.39 ± 1.39 | 1.47 ± 1.30 | 5.23 ± 1.39 | 2.77 ± 0.67 | 0.034 (0.854) | 2.485 (0.066) | 1.541 (0.209) |
6 weeks | 0.04 ± 1.46 | 4.03 ± 1.58 | 1.06 ± 1.37 | 5.52 ± 1.49 | 2.66 ± 0.74 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | -1.96 ± 1.18 | 1.65 ± 1.26 | −0.40 ± 1.04 | 0.29 ± 1.14 | −0.12 ± 0.18 | ||||
Saturated fat (% total fat) | Baseline | 44.81 ± 1.60 | 47.31 ± 1.77 | 47.40±1.65 | 48.54 ± 1.77 | 47.02 ± 0.85 | 3.085 (0.083) | 3.840 (0.012) | 1.054 (0.373) |
6 weeks | 38.85 ± 2.12 | 46.98 ± 2.25 | 46.20 ± 1.84 | 47.34 ± 2.01 | 44.84 ± 1.03 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −5.97 ± 2.48 | −0.32 ± 2.66 | −1.20 ± 2.27 | −1.20 ± 2.47 | −2.17 ± 1.24 | ||||
MUFA (% total fat) | Baseline | 41.56 ± 1.28 | 40.31 ± 1.42 | 40.13 ± 1.32 | 39.54 ± 1.42 | 40.39 ± 0.68 | 0.109 (0.742) | 0.208 (0.891) | 1.444 (0.236) |
6 weeks | 37.80 ± 1.69 | 40.41 ± 1.80 | 41.55 ± 1.47 | 40.47 ± 1.61 | 40.06 ± 0.82 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −3.76 ± 1.99 | 0.10 ± 2.14 | 1.42 ± 1.83 | 0.94 ± 1.99 | −0.33 ± 0.99 | ||||
PUFA (% total fat) | Baseline | 41.56 ± 1.28 | 40.31 ± 1.42 | 40.13 ± 1.32 | 39.54 ± 1.42 | 40.39 ± 0.68 | 0.109 (0.742) | 0.208 (0.891) | 1.444 (0.236) |
6 weeks | 37.80 ± 1.69 | 40.41 ± 1.80 | 41.55 ± 1.47 | 40.47 ± 1.61 | 40.06 ± 0.82 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −3.76 ± 1.99 | 0.10 ± 2.14 | 1.42 ± 1.83 | 0.94 ± 1.99 | −0.33 ± 0.99 | ||||
Fiber (g) 25–30 g/day [51] | Baseline | 25.79 ± 2.41 | 25.17 ± 2.67 | 22.79 ± 2.49 | 19.71 ± 2.67 | 23.39 ± 1.28 | 2.365 (0.128) | 0.901 (0.444) | 0.593 (0.621) |
6 weeks | 23.54 ± 2.86 | 23.19 ± 3.08 | 19.15 ± 2.65 | 20.24 ± 2.88 | 21.53 ± 1.44 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −2.25 ± 2.47 | −1.98 ± 2.67 | −3.74 ± 2.18 | 0.54 ± 2.38 | −1.86 ± 1.21 | ||||
Thiamin (mg) | Baseline | 1.53 ± 0.18 | 1.60 ± 0.20 | 1.47 ± 0.19 | 1.36 ± 0.20 | 1.49 ± 0.10 | 1.288 (0.260) | 0.398 (0.755) | 0.432 (0.730) |
6 weeks | 1.43 ± 0.21 | 1.57 ± 0.23 | 1.21 ± 0.20 | 1.34 ± 0.22 | 1.39 ± 0.12 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | -0.10 ± 0.18 | −0.03 ± 0.20 | −0.26 ± 0.16 | −0.02 ± 0.18 | −0.10 ± 0.09 | ||||
Riboflavin (mg) | Baseline | 2.19 ± 0.35 | 2.40 ± 0.38 | 2.56 ± 0.36 | 1.80 ± 0.38 | 2.24 ± 0.18 | 0.247 (0.620) | 0.602 (0.615) | 0.341 (0.796) |
6 weeks | 2.18 ± 0.37 | 2.38 ± 0.41 | 2.34 ± 0.37 | 1.84 ± 0.40 | 2.18 ± 0.19 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −0.02 ± 0.23 | −0.01 ± 0.24 | −0.23 ± 0.20 | 0.04 ± 0.22 | −0.06 ± 0.11 | ||||
Niacin (mg) | Baseline | 26.99 ± 2.60 | 23.693 ± 2.88 | 24.16 ± 2.68 | 20.70 ± 2.88 | 23.87 ± 1.38 | 0.703 (0.404) | 0.358 (0.783) | 0.948 (0.421) |
6 weeks | 23.62 ± 3.05 | 23.73 ± 3.29 | 21.53 ± 2.84 | 22.44 ± 3.09 | 22.83 ± 1.54 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −3.37 ± 2.53 | 0.10 ± 2.69 | −2.63 ± 2.23 | 1.75 ± 2.44 | −1.04 ± 1.24 | ||||
Calcium (mg) | Baseline | 971.25 ± 226.83 | 1160.92 ± 251.65 | 1483.19 ± 234.27 | 827.11 ± 251.65 | 1110.62 ± 120.63 | 0.340 (0.562) | 1.307 (0.277) | 0.256 (0.857) |
6 weeks | 972.89 ± 238.22 | 1051.28 ± 261.85 | 1445.13 ± 238.12 | 847.12 ± 256.59 | 1079.10 ± 124.46 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 1.63 ± 111.10 | −109.64 ± 117.95 | −38.06 ± 96.61 | 20.01 ± 105.78 | −31.51 ± 54.07 | ||||
Iron (mg) | Baseline | 13.47 ± 1.46 | 13.06 ± 1.62 | 12.75 ± 1.51 | 11.22 ± 1.62 | 12.63 ± 0.78 | 1.545 (0.217) | 0.156 (0.925) | 1.978 (0.123) |
6 weeks | 11.40 ± 1.62 | 13.16 ± 1.77 | 11.04 ± 1.56 | 12.26 ± 1.69 | 11.96 ± 0.83 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −2.08 ± 1.09 | 0.10 ± 1.16 | −1.71 ± 0.96 | 1.04 ± 1.04 | −0.66 ± 0.53 | ||||
Zinc (mg) | Baseline | 13.69 ± 1.56 | 12.65 ± 1.73 | 14.48 ± 1.61 | 11.02 ± 1.73 | 12.96 ± 0.83 | 1.410 (0.238) | 0.344 (0.793) | 1.506 (0.219) |
6 weeks | 11.68 ± 1.74 | 11.72 ± 1.89 | 13.27 ± 1.67 | 12.36 ± 1.81 | 12.26 ± 0.89 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −2.01 ± 1.21 | −0.93 ± 1.29 | −1.20 ± 1.06 | 1.34 ± 1.16 | 0.70 ± 0.59 | ||||
Core (%E) | Baseline | 57.77 ± 3.31 | 57.77 ± 3.78 | 67.20 ± 3.52 | 47.92 ± 3.78 | 57.66 ± 1.80 | 13.286 (<0.001) | 6.186 (0.001) | 0.633 (0.596) |
6 weeks | 61.88 ± 3.94 | 61.67 ± 4.20 | 75.52 ± 3.68 | 52.34 ± 3.99 | 52.85 ± 1.98 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 4.11 ± 3.03 | 3.90 ± 3.05 | 8.32 ± 2.52 | 4.42 ± 2.75 | 5.19 ± 1.42 | ||||
Energy-dense, nutrient-poor (%E) | Baseline | 42.24 ± 3.21 | 42.23 ± 3.78 | 32.80 ± 3.52 | 52.08 ± 3.78 | 42.34 ± 1.80 | 13.286 (<0.001) | 6.186 (0.001) | 0.633 (0.596) |
6 weeks | 38.12 ± 3.94 | 38.33 ± 4.20 | 24.48 ± 3.68 | 47.66 ± 3.99 | 37.15 ± 1.98 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −4.11 ± 3.03 | −3.90 ± 3.05 | −8.23 ± 2.52 | −4.42 ± 2.75 | −5.19 ± 1.42 | ||||
ARFS †: Total (73 points) | Baseline | 30.69 ± 2.65 | 32.54 ± 2.94 | 27.60 ± 2.74 | 25.69 ± 2.94 | 29.13 ± 1.41 | 0.028 (0.868) | 1.080 (0.362) | 0.211 (0.888) |
6 weeks | 31.49 ± 3.06 | 31.95 ± 3.23 | 26.64 ± 2.85 | 26.82 ± 3.08 | 29.30 ± 1.53 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 0.81 ± 2.21 | −0.59 ± 2.22 | −0.66 ± 1.83 | 1.13 ± 2.00 | 0.17 ± 1.04 | ||||
ARFS: Vegetables (21 points) | Baseline | 13.31 ± 1.33 | 11.77 ± 1.48 | 10.20 ± 1.37 | 10.92 ± 1.48 | 11.55 ± 0.71 | 0.400 (0.529) | 0.819 (0.487) | 0.259 (0.855) |
6 weeks | 12.77 ± 1.67 | 13.10 ± 1.72 | 10.64 ± 1.47 | 11.49 ± 1.60 | 12.00 ± 0.81 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −0.54 ± 1.50 | 1.33 ± 1.52 | 0.44 ± 1.26 | 0.56±1.38 | 0.45 ± 0.71 | ||||
ARFS: Fruit (12 points) | Baseline | 3.44 ± 0.77 | 6.08 ± 0.85 | 4.73 ± 0.79 | 2.77±0.85 | 4.25 ± 0.41 | 0.569 (0.453) | 2.153 (0.099) | 0.863 (0.464) |
6 weeks | 3.70 ± 0.90 | 4.92 ± 0.94 | 4.62 ± 0.83 | 2.82±0.90 | 4.01 ± 0.45 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 0.26 ± 0.68 | −1.15 ± 0.68 | −0.11 ± 0.56 | 0.05±0.62 | −0.24 ± 0.32 | ||||
ARFS: Meat, chicken & fish (7 points) | Baseline | 2.81 ± 0.35 | 3.15 ± 0.39 | 2.40 ± 0.36 | 2.31±0.39 | 2.67 ± 0.19 | 0.064 (0.801) | 1.090 (0.358) | 0.107 (0.956) |
6 weeks | 3.03 ± 0.46 | 3.01 ± 0.47 | 2.45 ± 0.39 | 2.40±0.43 | 2.72 ± 0.22 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 0.22 ± 0.45 | −0.14 ± 0.46 | 0.05 ± 0.39 | 0.10±0.42 | 0.06 ± 0.22 | ||||
ARFS: Vegetarian choices (6 or 12 points) | Baseline | 2.13 ± 0.31 | 1.85 ± 0.34 | 1.47 ± 0.32 | 1.54±0.34 | 1.74 ± 0.17 | 1.663 (0.201) | 0.940 (0.425) | 0.160 (0.923) |
6 weeks | 1.72 ± 0.42 | 1.74 ± 0.42 | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 1.13±0.38 | 1.48 ± 0.20 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | −0.41 ± 0.43 | −0.11 ± 0.44 | −0.14 ± 0.37 | −0.41 ± 0.40 | −0.27 ± 0.21 | ||||
ARFS: Grains (13 points) | Baseline | 3.94 ± 0.47 | 3.92 ± 0.52 | 4.07 ± 0.48 | 3.54 ± 0.52 | 3.87 ± 0.25 | 1.189 (0.279) | 0.182 (0.908) | 1.350 (0.264) |
6 weeks | 4.41 ± 0.61 | 4.44 ± 0.62 | 3.50 ± 0.52 | 4.32 ± 0.57 | 4.17 ± 0.29 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 0.47 ± 0.58 | 0.52 ± 0.59 | −0.57 ± 0.49 | 0.78 ± 0.54 | 0.30 ± 0.28 | ||||
ARFS: Dairy (11 points) | Baseline | 3.38 ± 0.46 | 4.62 ± 0.51 | 3.27 ± 0.47 | 3.54 ± 0.51 | 3.70 ± 0.24 | 0.363 (0.548) | 0.782 (0.507) | 0.959 (0.416) |
6 weeks | 3.67 ± 0.57 | 3.79 ± 0.59 | 3.15 ± 0.50 | 3.63 ± 0.55 | 3.56 ± 0.28 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 0.29 ± 0.50 | −0.83 ± 0.50 | −0.12 ± 0.42 | 0.09 ± 0.46 | −0.14 ± 0.23 | ||||
ARFS: Condiments (2 points) | Baseline | 1.19 ± 0.18 | 0.62 ± 0.20 | 0.73 ± 0.19 | 0.62 ± 0.20 | 0.79 ± 0.10 | 1.460 (0.230) | 3.374 (0.022) | 1.115 (0.347) |
6 weeks | 1.46 ± 0.24 | 0.86 ± 0.24 | 0.53 ± 0.20 | 0.86 ± 0.22 | 0.93 ± 0.11 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 0.27 ± 0.24 | 0.25 ± 0.25 | 0.20 ± 0.21 | 0.25 ± 0.23 | 0.14 ± 0.12 | ||||
ARFS: Water (1 point) | Baseline | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.54 ± 0.14 | 0.73 ± 0.13 | 0.46 ± 0.14 | 0.56 ± 0.07 | 1.138 (0.254) | 1.867 (0.141) | 1.911 (0.134) |
6 weeks | 0.75 ± 0.15 | 0.61 ± 0.16 | 0.85 ± 0.13 | 0.30 ± 0.15 | 0.63 ± 0.07 | ||||
∆6 week − baseline | 0.25 ± 0.13 | 0.08 ± 0.13 | 0.11 ± 0.11 | −0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.07 ± 0.06 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Brain, K.; Burrows, T.L.; Rollo, M.E.; Hayes, C.; Hodson, F.J.; Collins, C.E. The Effect of a Pilot Dietary Intervention on Pain Outcomes in Patients Attending a Tertiary Pain Service. Nutrients 2019, 11, 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010181
Brain K, Burrows TL, Rollo ME, Hayes C, Hodson FJ, Collins CE. The Effect of a Pilot Dietary Intervention on Pain Outcomes in Patients Attending a Tertiary Pain Service. Nutrients. 2019; 11(1):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010181
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrain, Katherine, Tracy L. Burrows, Megan E. Rollo, Chris Hayes, Fiona J. Hodson, and Clare E. Collins. 2019. "The Effect of a Pilot Dietary Intervention on Pain Outcomes in Patients Attending a Tertiary Pain Service" Nutrients 11, no. 1: 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010181
APA StyleBrain, K., Burrows, T. L., Rollo, M. E., Hayes, C., Hodson, F. J., & Collins, C. E. (2019). The Effect of a Pilot Dietary Intervention on Pain Outcomes in Patients Attending a Tertiary Pain Service. Nutrients, 11(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010181