Dietary Flavonoids, Copper Intake, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Questionnaire Data Collection
2.3. Dietary Flavonoid Assessment
2.4. Anthropometric Measurement and Biochemical Assessment
2.5. Study Outcome Definition
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Nutrient and Flavonoid Intakes
3.3. Relationship between Flavonoid and Cu Intake, and MetS Risk
3.4. Joint Analyses of Flavonoid and Cu Intake on MetS Risk
3.5. Suggestions for Flavonoid Intake for the Prevention of MetS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Control (n = 6473) | MetS (n = 2635) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographics | |||
Age (years) | 49.33 ± 10.34 | 54.17 ± 9.34 | 0.000 |
Male, no. (%) | 2266 (35.0) | 978 (37.1) | 0.057 |
Drinking, no. (%) | 2140 (34.1) | 889 (34.5) | 0.747 |
Smoking, no. (%) | 0.000 | ||
Yes | 1064 (16.6) | 500 (19.1) | |
No | 5174 (80.7) | 1988 (76.0) | |
Quit | 175 (2.7) | 127 (4.9) | |
Physical activity, no. (%) | 0.047 | ||
Light | 5250 (82.9) | 2189 (85.0) | |
Middle | 973 (15.4) | 352 (13.7) | |
Heavy | 110 (1.7) | 35 (1.4) | |
Body Composition and Clinical Parameters | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.12 ± 3.24 | 27.13 ± 3.26 | 0.000 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.01 | 5.31 ± 1.08 | 0.000 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.31 ± 0.33 | 1.13 ± 0.29 | 0.000 |
Uric Acid | 306.38 ± 84.71 | 335.49 ± 89.42 | 0.000 |
Metabolic Parameters | |||
Waist Circumference (cm) | 82.97 ± 9.67 | 92.98 ± 8.07 | 0.000 |
SBP (mmHg) | 130.93 ± 16.83 | 144.83 ± 19.15 | 0.000 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.64 ± 8 | 85.62 ± 9.68 | 0.000 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 4.68 ± 1.32 | 5.8 ± 2.24 | 0.000 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.59 ± 1.6 | 2.31 ± 2.17 | 0.000 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.98 ± 0.84 | 3.18 ± 0.9 | 0.000 |
Variable | Control (n = 6473) | MetS (n = 2635) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Nutrient Intake | |||
Energy (kcal/day) | 2297.17 ± 731.26 | 2328.96 ± 754.7 | 0.049 |
Carbohydrate | |||
Intake (g/day) | 355.97 ± 135.28 | 360.85 ± 137.48 | 0.120 |
Intake (g/kcal) | 152.95 ± 21.57 | 153.2 ± 21.66 | 0.607 |
Fat | |||
Intake (g/day) | 72.52 ± 23.89 | 73.34 ± 25.2 | 0.145 |
Intake (g/kcal) | 32.67 ± 8.22 | 32.51 ± 8.11 | 0.394 |
Protein | |||
Intake (g/day) | 70.2 ± 29.53 | 71.33 ± 31.11 | 0.101 |
Intake (g/kcal) | 30.22 ± 6.22 | 30.28 ± 6.6 | 0.673 |
Fiber | |||
Intake (g/day) | 13.66 ± 6.58 | 13.76 ± 6.61 | 0.536 |
Intake (g/kcal) | 6.05 ± 2.41 | 6.05 ± 2.5 | 0.975 |
Copper | |||
Intake (ug/day) | 2433.62 ± 904.96 | 2454 ± 927.69 | 0.328 |
Intake (ug/kcal) | 1053.54 ± 181.91 | 1044.85 ± 193.73 | 0.048 |
Flavonoid intake | |||
Total flavonoid | |||
Intake (mg/day) | 34.68 ± 20.88 | 34.12 ± 20.81 | 0.241 |
Intake (mg/kcal) | 15.43 ± 8.19 | 15.04 ± 8.31 | 0.042 |
Kaempferol | |||
Intake (mg/day) | 11.34 ± 6.81 | 11.4 ± 6.9 | 0.687 |
Intake (mg/kcal) | 5.05 ± 2.7 | 5.05 ± 2.82 | 0.981 |
Luteolin | |||
Intake (mg/day) | 9.08 ± 5.66 | 8.85 ± 5.54 | 0.081 |
Intake (mg/kcal) | 4.03 ± 2.18 | 3.89 ± 2.12 | 0.004 |
Isorhamnetin | |||
Intake (mg/day) | 8.32 ± 5.11 | 8.25 ± 5.07 | 0.534 |
intake (mg/kcal) | 3.71 ± 2.02 | 3.65 ± 2.04 | 0.221 |
Quercetin | |||
Intake (mg/day) | 3.58 ± 2.21 | 3.52 ± 2.17 | 0.236 |
Intake (mg/kcal) | 1.59 ± 0.86 | 1.55 ± 0.85 | 0.044 |
Apigenin | |||
Intake (mg/day) | 2.36 ± 1.54 | 2.42 ± 1.6 | 0.086 |
intake (mg/kcal) | 1.05 ± 0.64 | 1.08 ± 0.69 | 0.099 |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Ptrend | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoid | Case/control | 712/1594 | 662/1607 | 645/1622 | 616/1650 | |
Mode1 | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 0.72 (0.63–0.82) | 0.000 | |
Mode2 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.84–1.13) | 0.83 (0.72–0.97) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 0.002 | |
Copper | Case/control | 678/1568 | 681/1602 | 633/1657 | 628/1661 | |
Mode1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 0.001 | |
Mode2 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.85 (0.74–0.99) | 0.81 (0.70–0.94) | 0.020 |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Pinteraction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoid | Case/control | 932/2105 | 858/2174 | 845/2194 | 0.000 |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.73–0.91) | 0.75 (0.67–0.85) | ||
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) | ||
Copper | Case/control | 1374/3180 | 1261/3293 | ||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | |||
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) |
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Qu, R.; Jia, Y.; Liu, J.; Jin, S.; Han, T.; Na, L. Dietary Flavonoids, Copper Intake, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2018, 10, 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080991
Qu R, Jia Y, Liu J, Jin S, Han T, Na L. Dietary Flavonoids, Copper Intake, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults. Nutrients. 2018; 10(8):991. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080991
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Rongge, Yubing Jia, Junyi Liu, Shanshan Jin, Tianshu Han, and Lixin Na. 2018. "Dietary Flavonoids, Copper Intake, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults" Nutrients 10, no. 8: 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080991