Comparison of Methods for Estimating Dietary Food and Nutrient Intakes and Intake Densities from Household Consumption and Expenditure Data in Mongolia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- to compare (a) per-capita estimates of household food and nutrient consumption obtained from household-level measurements with (b) per-capita dietary measurements that were obtained from individuals in the same households;
- to compare (a) estimates of individuals’ food and nutrient intake obtained by applying the AME disaggregation method to household consumption measurements with (b) direct measurements of dietary intake obtained from the same individuals;
- to compare (a) estimates of individuals’ food and nutrient intake obtained by applying the statistical disaggregation method to household consumption measurements with (b) direct measurements of dietary intake obtained from the same individuals; and,
- To evaluate the ability of household survey data to predict individuals’ dietary nutrient intake given the availability of (i) direct dietary measurements and (ii) a broad set of household- and individual level characteristics that were obtained from the same individuals.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sources of Household Food Consumption Data
2.2. Sources of Dietary Intake Data
2.3. Preparation of Data for Analysis
2.4. Exclusion Criteria and Descriptive Statistics
2.5. Aim 1: Direct Comparison between Per-Capita Household Consumption and Per-Capita Dietary Measurements from the Same Households
2.6. Statistical Disaggregation of Household Food and Nutrient Consumption
2.7. AME Disaggregation of Household Food and Nutrient Consumption
2.8. Comparison between Disaggregated Household Consumption Estimates and Individual Dietary Intake Measurements (Aims 2 and 3)
- (1)
- Bias (observed—predicted value) was calculated for each of the 1356 individuals thatanalyzed in the FCS-24, between (a) the individual’s 24HR dietary intake or intake density measurement and (b) the corresponding statistical or AME disaggregated household estimate predicted for the individual based on their age group and sex. Mean bias was calculated for each food group or nutrient and within both the FCS-HH and HSES-HH by averaging bias over all 1356 individuals.
- (2)
- Coverage probability, which was calculated as the proportion of FCS-24 dietary intake or intake density measurements contained within the 95% confidence limits of the estimate predicted by each of the two household consumption disaggregation methods that were based on each individuals’ age and sex, was assessed across all 1356 individuals analyzed in the FCS-24.
- (3)
- For both the statistical and AME methods, disaggregated household consumption and consumption density estimates for each of the 14 age-sex groups captured by the FCS-24 sample (i.e., not including males and females aged 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years, which were represented in HSES-HH and FCS-HH, but not in the nested FCS-24) was assigned a rank from 1 to 14. From each rank was subtracted the rank of mean observed dietary intake or intake density for the same age-sex group in the FCS-24 to produce an age- and sex-specific absolute rank bias. Mean absolute rank bias was then calculated for each of the two disaggregation methods by averaging absolute rank bias across the 14 age-sex groups.
2.9. Aim 4: Direct Prediction of Dietary Nutrient Intake by Individuals
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Populations
3.2. Aim 1: Direct Comparison between Per-Capita Household Consumption and Per-Capita Dietary Measurements from the Same Households
3.3. Aims 2 and 3: Comparison between Disaggregated Household Consumption Estimates and Individual Dietary Intake Measurements
3.4. Aim 4: Direct Prediction of Dietary Nutrient Intake by Individuals
4. Discussion
4.1. Aim 1: Direct Comparison between Per-Capita Household Consumption and Per-Capita Dietary Measurements from the Same Households
4.2. Aims 2 and 3: Comparison between Disaggregated Household Consumption Estimates and Individual Dietary Intake Measurements
4.3. Aim 4: Direct Prediction of Dietary Nutrient Intake by Individuals
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Details of Multiple Pass 24-h Recall
Appendix B. Creation of Food Groups, Age Groups, and Other Derived Variables
Appendix C. Derivation and Application of Survey Weights
Appendix D. Adjustment of Household Food Consumption Measurements
Appendix E. Calculation of Dietary Nutrient Intake and Total Household Nutrient Consumption
Appendix F. Adjustment of Dietary Nutrient Intakes for Within-Person Variance
Appendix G. Equations for Describing the Statistical and AME Disaggregation Methods
Appendix G.1. Statistical Method
- HCi = total household consumption of a food group or nutrient.
- Xij = the number of persons in the j-th age-sex group within the i-th household (j = 1, …, 20).
- Zi = a vector of covariates (education, family composition, locality, outside food consumption, caloric contribution of impermanent members).
- l = 1012 or 9424 households in the FCS-HH and HSES-HH, respectively.
Appendix G2. AME Method
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Characteristic | FCS-HH | HSES-HH | |
---|---|---|---|
Household Characteristics | Households (n) | 1012 | 9424 |
Location, n (%) | |||
Ulaanbaatar | 472 (46.6) | 2332 (24.7) | |
Provincial/county center | 168 (16.6) | 4937 (52.4) | |
Rural | 372 (36.8) | 2155 (23.3) | |
Household size, mean (SD) | 4.0 ± 1.7 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | |
Family composition n (%) | |||
1 man | 40 (4.0) | 574 (6.1) | |
1 woman | 34 (3.4) | 662 (7.0) | |
2 or more adults | 326 (32.2) | 2922 (31.0) | |
Adult(s) and children | 612 (60.5) | 5235 (55.5) | |
Children only | 0 (0.0) | 31 (0.3) | |
Maximum education (years), n (%) | |||
0 to 4 | 32 (3.2) | 694 (7.4) | |
6 to 10 | 593 (58.6) | 4719 (50.1) | |
14+ | 387 (38.2) | 4011 (42.6) | |
% TEE from impermanent members, mean (SD) | 1.81 ± 3.28 | 2.5 ± 8.2 | |
% food spending outside home, mean (SD) | 12.1 ± 12.3 | 9.1 ± 24.6 | |
Household TEI/TEE, mean (SD) | 1.35 ± 0.65 | 1.09 ± 0.79 | |
Individual Characteristics | Individuals (n) | 4070 | 34,946 |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 28.7 ± 19.6 | 28.4 ± 19.1 | |
Sex, n (%) | |||
Female | 2140 (52.6) | 17,873 (51.1) | |
Male | 1930 (47.4) | 17,073 (48.9) | |
Married or living with partner, n (%) | 1648 (40.5) | 17,667 (50.6) | |
TEI/TEE, mean (SD) | 0.77 ± 0.14 | - |
Validation Metric: | Mean Bias in Intake | Mean Bias in Intake Density (Per 100 kcal) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Household Survey: | FCS-HH (n = 1012) | HSES-HH (n = 9424) | FCS-HH (n = 1012) | HSES-HH (n = 9424) | |||||||||||
Disaggregation Method: | Intake | SD1 | SD2 | AME | SD1 | SD2 | AME | Density | SD1 | SD2 | AME | SD1 | SD2 | AME | |
Food Groups | Animal fat, eggs, and dairy products (g) | 92.1 | −6.3 | 109.7 | 128.6 | −61.9 | −13.2 | 16.2 | 4.90 | −0.72 | 1.19 | 5.44 | −1.32 | −1.16 | 3.41 |
Baked and fried flour products (g) | 115.0 | −16.2 | 64.1 | 63.6 | −75.0 | 0.3 | 19.6 | 6.06 | −1.23 | −0.54 | 2.22 | −1.62 | −0.57 | 4.09 | |
Flours, grains, and noodles (g) | 231.9 | −29.7 | 49.0 | 64.1 | −146.8 | −48.6 | −38.8 | 12.06 | −1.75 | −2.99 | 1.17 | −2.96 | −3.29 | −0.17 | |
Fruits and non-tuber vegetables (g) | 31.6 | 9.1 | 101.5 | 90.0 | −7.7 | 42.7 | 57.2 | 1.77 | 0.27 | 2.57 | 5.09 | 0.63 | 1.94 | 5.17 | |
Meat, fish, and poultry (g) | 114.4 | 2.7 | 126.7 | 89.0 | −47.6 | 50.7 | 53.4 | 5.88 | −0.14 | 1.67 | 2.77 | 0.99 | 1.87 | 3.97 | |
Milk (except fermented) (g) | 77.9 | 36.3 | 232.6 | 189.6 | 0.4 | 133.2 | 148.7 | 4.18 | 1.38 | 5.33 | 8.21 | 3.94 | 5.23 | 9.69 | |
Salt (g) | 1.8 | 2.8 | 6.7 | 6.0 | −0.3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.34 | |
Starchy root vegetables (g) | 30.7 | 35.4 | 75.7 | 82.4 | −0.8 | 28.3 | 42.9 | 1.69 | 1.61 | 1.70 | 5.02 | 1.44 | 1.15 | 4.19 | |
Sugar and sweeteners (g) | 3.6 | 7.6 | 14.1 | 16.9 | 4.3 | 13.7 | 14.8 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 1.18 | |
Tea or coffee (solid equivalent) (g) | 3.6 | −1.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 | −1.1 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 0.20 | −0.07 | −0.02 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.31 | |
Vegetable oils (any) (g) | 6.6 | 1.3 | 8.7 | 8.9 | −2.5 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.69 | |
Macronutrients | Energy (kcal) | 1864 | 163 | 1335 | 1088 | −918 | 267 | 302 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Carbohydrates (g) | 241.10 | 19.13 | 132.57 | 123.41 | −127.89 | 4.79 | 16.54 | 12.920 | 0.052 | −1.166 | 0.890 | −0.783 | −1.295 | 0.669 | |
Protein (g) | 70.09 | 7.54 | 64.14 | 49.69 | −32.71 | 18.11 | 18.35 | 3.777 | 0.032 | 0.377 | 0.319 | 0.192 | 0.362 | 0.637 | |
Total fat (g) | 66.38 | 3.62 | 67.62 | 47.04 | −29.79 | 20.24 | 21.98 | 3.574 | −0.194 | 0.523 | 0.220 | 0.235 | 0.471 | 0.268 | |
Alcohol (g) | 1.47 | −1.23 | −0.90 | −0.51 | −1.46 | −0.88 | −0.18 | 0.067 | −0.049 | −0.055 | 0.204 | −0.048 | −0.040 | 0.441 | |
Water (g) | 572.27 | 96.92 | 704.75 | 558.11 | −208.99 | 335.68 | 325.36 | 31.081 | 1.629 | 8.337 | 11.702 | 6.622 | 11.052 | 18.846 | |
Fiber (g) | 8.6 | 1.6 | 6.4 | 5.8 | −4.0 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.47 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.10 | |
Phytosterols (mg) | 424 | 104 | 309 | 256 | −229 | −22 | −9 | 22.9 | 3.6 | 0.2 | 3.7 | −1.9 | −3.8 | 0.5 | |
Vitamins | Thiamin (mg) | 0.784 | 0.164 | 0.723 | 0.563 | −0.318 | 0.228 | 0.278 | 0.0426 | 0.0043 | 0.0045 | 0.0073 | 0.0071 | 0.0054 | 0.0148 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.220 | 0.184 | 1.225 | 0.990 | −0.486 | 0.463 | 0.484 | 0.0661 | 0.0033 | 0.0103 | 0.0127 | 0.0097 | 0.0119 | 0.0216 | |
Niacin (mg) | 13.064 | 2.539 | 12.945 | 9.419 | −5.335 | 3.891 | 4.392 | 0.7093 | 0.0625 | 0.1066 | 0.1304 | 0.1044 | 0.0910 | 0.2470 | |
Pantothenic acid (mg) | 3.111 | 0.668 | 3.099 | 2.383 | −1.238 | 1.218 | 1.146 | 0.1686 | 0.0176 | 0.0247 | 0.0240 | 0.0265 | 0.0336 | 0.0406 | |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.628 | 0.150 | 0.684 | 0.534 | −0.279 | 0.170 | 0.187 | 0.0342 | 0.0044 | 0.0071 | 0.0124 | 0.0022 | 0.0036 | 0.0119 | |
Folate (µg) | 132 | 4 | 95 | 76 | −65 | 21 | 27 | 7.1 | −0.4 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 6.35 | −0.85 | 2.29 | 1.98 | −3.00 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.339 | −0.058 | −0.057 | 0.019 | −0.007 | −0.021 | 0.036 | |
Vitamin C (mg) | 12.4 | 4.1 | 24.0 | 20.7 | −3.4 | 10.0 | 12.6 | 0.70 | 0.12 | 0.45 | 1.00 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.99 | |
Vitamin A (µg) | 448 | −112 | 187 | 173 | −200 | −2 | 54 | 23.7 | −6.6 | −2.8 | 6.5 | 0.6 | −2.5 | 4.7 | |
Vitamin D (IU) | 26 | 1 | 30 | 22 | −12 | 10 | 12 | 1.4 | −0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | |
Vitamin E (mg) | 5.28 | 0.24 | 5.24 | 4.33 | −2.68 | 0.92 | 1.57 | 0.286 | −0.016 | 0.040 | 0.113 | −0.008 | 0.010 | 0.137 | |
Minerals | Calcium (mg) | 432 | 100 | 544 | 466 | −151 | 255 | 288 | 23.6 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 9.2 | 5.8 | 8.1 | 13.6 |
Copper (mg) | 0.986 | 0.097 | 0.600 | 0.483 | −0.447 | 0.100 | 0.119 | 0.0528 | 0.0019 | −0.0019 | 0.0065 | 0.0035 | −0.0010 | 0.0078 | |
Iron (mg) | 10.03 | 1.07 | 7.47 | 5.84 | −4.73 | 1.53 | 1.92 | 0.541 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.044 | 0.027 | 0.006 | 0.102 | |
Magnesium (mg) | 168 | 29 | 141 | 115 | −77 | 41 | 41 | 9.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.6 | |
Manganese (mg) | 2.172 | 0.196 | 1.308 | 1.220 | −0.998 | 0.394 | 0.434 | 0.1171 | 0.0008 | −0.0075 | 0.0193 | 0.0073 | 0.0040 | 0.0347 | |
Phosphorus (mg) | 907 | 93 | 835 | 660 | −446 | 200 | 211 | 48.9 | 0.4 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 5.8 | |
Potassium (mg) | 1436 | 207 | 1637 | 1209 | −620 | 625 | 591 | 78.1 | 2.1 | 16.7 | 18.0 | 7.7 | 18.7 | 27.5 | |
Zinc (mg) | 10.85 | 0.91 | 11.20 | 7.80 | −4.97 | 3.58 | 3.52 | 0.587 | −0.011 | 0.096 | 0.084 | 0.030 | 0.086 | 0.159 |
Validation Metric: | Nutrient Intake Coverage Probability | Nutrient Density Coverage Probability | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Household Survey: | FCS-HH (n = 1012) | HSES-HH (n = 9294) | FCS-HH (n = 1012) | HSES-HH (n = 9294) | |||||
Disaggregation Method: | SD1 | SD2 | AME | SD1 | SD2 | AME | AME | AME | |
Macronutrients | Energy (kcal) | 88.5 | 13.2 | 3.0 | 10.4 | 37.5 | 13.8 | N/A | N/A |
Carbohydrates (g) | 76.7 | 25.8 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 23.2 | 10.7 | 37.0 | 17.8 | |
Protein (g) | 79.9 | 18.0 | 2.0 | 8.1 | 24.1 | 8.1 | 24.2 | 2.8 | |
Total fat (g) | 79.1 | 26.4 | 5.3 | 33.1 | 46.4 | 16.1 | 27.9 | 8.6 | |
Alcohol (g) | 45.4 | 26.4 | 27.5 | 37.8 | 32.2 | 7.4 | 1.6 | 0.1 | |
Water (g) | 71.5 | 20.3 | 3.9 | 21.8 | 10.8 | 3.2 | 8.9 | 2.4 | |
Fiber (g) | 76.3 | 12.4 | 2.0 | 6.8 | 32.6 | 11.4 | 13.4 | 6.0 | |
Phytosterols (mg) | 72.5 | 18.9 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 23.2 | 16.3 | 22.0 | 29.3 | |
Vitamins | Thiamin (mg) | 71.0 | 13.5 | 2.5 | 16.0 | 28.7 | 7.0 | 17.4 | 1.6 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 79.5 | 23.4 | 2.7 | 16.8 | 21.2 | 5.0 | 14.8 | 2.0 | |
Niacin (mg) | 75.9 | 7.0 | 1.6 | 10.5 | 25.2 | 5.1 | 21.4 | 1.4 | |
Pantothenic acid (mg) | 71.3 | 14.0 | 2.5 | 15.5 | 17.4 | 4.7 | 19.1 | 2.4 | |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 71.0 | 10.7 | 2.7 | 13.0 | 20.8 | 5.4 | 10.5 | 3.5 | |
Folate (µg) | 80.8 | 24.3 | 6.7 | 9.1 | 23.7 | 8.1 | 24.6 | 5.5 | |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 71.6 | 40.7 | 12.0 | 20.9 | 23.9 | 15.0 | 23.8 | 7.1 | |
Vitamin C (mg) | 84.6 | 14.9 | 0.6 | 50.3 | 9.6 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.1 | |
Vitamin A (µg) | 69.3 | 30.8 | 12.3 | 59.0 | 49.4 | 13.6 | 9.7 | 3.0 | |
Vitamin D (IU) | 76.2 | 28.6 | 4.5 | 67.0 | 47.1 | 13.4 | 13.8 | 7.9 | |
Vitamin E (mg) | 81.9 | 24.3 | 3.6 | 11.1 | 38.2 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 2.7 | |
Minerals | Calcium (mg) | 80.2 | 25.7 | 5.1 | 30.5 | 17.2 | 4.4 | 10.7 | 1.8 |
Copper (mg) | 63.8 | 21.0 | 7.6 | 12.5 | 26.4 | 10.1 | 18.0 | 6.2 | |
Iron (mg) | 77.2 | 15.1 | 3.3 | 6.8 | 27.3 | 8.2 | 31.0 | 2.7 | |
Magnesium (mg) | 68.4 | 14.2 | 2.4 | 11.5 | 22.9 | 9.4 | 17.4 | 2.7 | |
Manganese (mg) | 78.4 | 19.7 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 27.0 | 9.7 | 24.8 | 2.2 | |
Phosphorus (mg) | 79.7 | 16.9 | 2.7 | 9.6 | 23.9 | 9.9 | 25.3 | 5.6 | |
Potassium (mg) | 74.4 | 15.4 | 1.8 | 15.4 | 14.6 | 4.1 | 10.4 | 0.8 | |
Zinc (mg) | 82.3 | 16.6 | 1.9 | 7.9 | 26.2 | 7.3 | 21.8 | 1.9 |
Models in Which Each Category Was Considered for Selection | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Variables Comprised by Each Category | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4a | 4b | 4c | 5 | |
Household and individual demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle characteristics | Household-level variables: Weekday of assessment; province and location (capital, provincial/county center, rural) of household; numbers of men, women, boy, and girl household members; presence of students, herders, pensioners, married men or women, and members of the agricultural, industrial, or service industries in the household; total household income; average daily value of all foods consumed by the household; average daily value of foods eaten outside home; sum and maximum of household members’ years of education; household family composition; average daily energy expenditure of all household members; average daily energy expenditure of all guests and visitors. Individual-level variables: Age, sex, relationship to head of household, marriage status, current pregnancy or lactation, years of education, occupation, industry of employment, any food allergy, self-evaluated physical activity level; overall health, presence of any metabolic disease, and presence of any other serious disease in past 6 months. | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Quantitative total household consumption of food groups and nutrients | Household-level variables: Average daily quantitative household consumption of 12 food groups and 27 nutrients from all sources combined (purchased, produced at home, and received as gifts). | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Individuals’ self-evaluation of nutrition knowledge and its application to their lives | Individual-level variables: “Qualitatively evaluate your bodyweight”; “Do you know of and understand the Mongolian national dietary guidelines?”; “Do you understand the importance of dietary diversity?”, “Do you understand the importance of eating regularly?”; “Do you try to cook with and eat less sugar and sugary foods, less fat and fatty foods, more fresh foods, more fruits, and more vegetables?”, “Do you understand what a healthy and balance diet is?”; “How would you evaluate the quality your diet?”; “Do you understand that nutrition is important for health maintenance, or for your child’s health?”, “How important is your nutrition knowledge to your health?”; “How do you evaluate your nutrition knowledge?”; “Do you pay attention to each of the following: nutrition facts, ingredient labels, health claims, expiration dates”; “Have you attended any nutrition training?”; “Do you take any nutritional supplements?”. | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Cursory qualitative 24-h recall and assessment of eating behaviors | Individual-level variables: Binary (yes or no) consumption of 12 food groups yesterday; “Did you ever out in the past year?”; “Did you skip any meals in the past 2 days?”; “Did you miss any meals with your family yesterday?”; “Did you eat more, less, or the same amount today as yesterday?”; “Did you eat any foods outside home yesterday?”; “Did you miss any meals yesterday (breakfast, lunch dinner)?”; “Did you eat any snacks yesterday?”. | √ | |||||||
Cursory semiquantitative 24-h recall and assessment of eating behaviors | Individual-level variables: Number of foods eaten yesterday from each of 12 food groups; frequency of snack consumption and eating out in the past year; number of meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) skipped in last 2 days; “Did you eat more, less, or the same today as yesterday?”; sum of meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) eaten with family yesterday; total number of food items eaten in each of the following places yesterday: home, outside, someone else’s house, elsewhere; total number of food items eaten yesterday for each meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and as snacks. | √ | |||||||
Detailed semiquantitative 24-h recall | Individual-level variables: Binary (yes or no) consumption of 136 different foods during the past 24 h. | √ | √ | ||||||
Measured anthropometry | Individual-level variables: Measured height and weight; body-mass index; measured waist, hip, mid-arm, and wrist circumference. | √ |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Bromage, S.; Rosner, B.; Rich-Edwards, J.W.; Ganmaa, D.; Tsolmon, S.; Tserendejid, Z.; Odbayar, T.-O.; Traeger, M.; Fawzi, W.W. Comparison of Methods for Estimating Dietary Food and Nutrient Intakes and Intake Densities from Household Consumption and Expenditure Data in Mongolia. Nutrients 2018, 10, 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060703
Bromage S, Rosner B, Rich-Edwards JW, Ganmaa D, Tsolmon S, Tserendejid Z, Odbayar T-O, Traeger M, Fawzi WW. Comparison of Methods for Estimating Dietary Food and Nutrient Intakes and Intake Densities from Household Consumption and Expenditure Data in Mongolia. Nutrients. 2018; 10(6):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060703
Chicago/Turabian StyleBromage, Sabri, Bernard Rosner, Janet W. Rich-Edwards, Davaasambuu Ganmaa, Soninkhishig Tsolmon, Zuunnast Tserendejid, Tseye-Oidov Odbayar, Margaret Traeger, and Wafaie W. Fawzi. 2018. "Comparison of Methods for Estimating Dietary Food and Nutrient Intakes and Intake Densities from Household Consumption and Expenditure Data in Mongolia" Nutrients 10, no. 6: 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060703
APA StyleBromage, S., Rosner, B., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Ganmaa, D., Tsolmon, S., Tserendejid, Z., Odbayar, T.-O., Traeger, M., & Fawzi, W. W. (2018). Comparison of Methods for Estimating Dietary Food and Nutrient Intakes and Intake Densities from Household Consumption and Expenditure Data in Mongolia. Nutrients, 10(6), 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060703