Advancements for Snowmelt Monitoring by Means of Sentinel-1 SAR
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Characteristics
3. Methods
3.1. Classification Algorithm
3.2. Landsat Maps of Snow Extent
3.3. Comparison of Sentinel-1 and Landsat Snow Maps
4. Sentinel-1 Snow Maps of Iceland and European Alps
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DEM | Digital Elevation Model |
ENL | Effective Number of Looks |
ESA | European Space Agency: |
ETM+ | Enhanced Thematic Mapper |
EW | Extra Wide swath mode |
FFG | Austrian Research Promotion Agency |
GB | Giga Byte |
GLOVIS | Global Visualization Viewer |
GMES | Global Monitoring for Environment and Security |
GRD | Ground Range Detected |
IW | Interferometric Wide swath mode |
LOS | Line Of Sight |
MODIS | Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer |
NESZ | Noise Equivalent Sigma-0 |
OLCI | Ocean Land Color Instrument |
OLI | Operational Land Imager |
S1 | Sentinel-1 |
SAR | Synthetic Aperture Radar |
SLC | Single Look Complex |
SLSTR | Sea Land Surface Temperature Radiometer |
SM | Stripmap mode |
SRTM | Shuttle Radar Topography Mission |
TOPS | Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans |
TOPSAR | Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans SAR |
USGS | United States Geological Survey |
UTM | Universal Transverse Mercator |
VH | Vertical polarisation transmit and Horizontal polarisation receive |
VV | Vertical polarisation transmit and Vertical polarisation receive |
WV | Wave mode |
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Centre Frequency | Swath Width | Incidence Angle | Nominal Resolution GR × AZ | Pixel Spacing LOS × AZ | Maximum NESZ | Radiom. Stability (3σ) | Radiom. Accuracy (3σ) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.407 GHz | 250 km | 31°–46° | 5 m × 20 m | 2.4 m × 13.9 m | −22 dB | 0.5 dB | 1.0 dB |
Study Area | Satellite | Date & Time (UTC) | Lat/Lon | Sun Elev. |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1, Tröllaskagi, Iceland | Landsat-8 | 27 June 2015 12:45 | 65.59° N/19.98° W | 47.3° |
A2, Ötztal Alps, Austria | Landsat-7 | 5 June 2015 10:03 | 47.45° N/11.02° E | 61.4° |
A3, Swiss Alps | Landsat-7 | 3 June 2015 10:16 | 46.03° N/7.39° E | 62.1° |
Study Area | Date & Time UTC | Orbit Heading | Track Nr. | θ |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1, Tröllaskagi, Iceland | 26 June 2015 07:41 | Descending | 9 | 40° |
A2, Ötztal Alps, Austria | 2 June 2015 05:26 | Descending | 168 | 37° |
A3, Swiss Alps | 7 June 2015 05:35 | Descending | 66 | 42° |
Area | Rvv | Rvh | Rc | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1-S | S1-F | AR | S1-S | S1-F | AR | S1-S | S1-F | AR | ||
A1 | LS-S | 92.8 | 7.2 | 92.6 | 7.4 | 94.6 | 5.4 | |||
LS-F | 2.0 | 98.0 | 0.2 | 99.8 | 0.2 | 99.8 | ||||
0.954 | 0.962 | 0.972 | ||||||||
A2 | LS-S | 80.7 | 19.3 | 94.5 | 6.4 | 94.7 | 5.3 | |||
LS-F | 4.2 | 95.8 | 5.3 | 94.7 | 3.2 | 97.8 | ||||
0.882 | 0.946 | 0.962 | ||||||||
A3 | LS-S | 72.9 | 27.1 | 93.6 | 6.4 | 92.2 | 7.8 | |||
LS-F | 6.5 | 93.5 | 4.6 | 95.4 | 3.1 | 96.9 | ||||
0.832 | 0.945 | 0.946 |
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Nagler, T.; Rott, H.; Ripper, E.; Bippus, G.; Hetzenecker, M. Advancements for Snowmelt Monitoring by Means of Sentinel-1 SAR. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040348
Nagler T, Rott H, Ripper E, Bippus G, Hetzenecker M. Advancements for Snowmelt Monitoring by Means of Sentinel-1 SAR. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(4):348. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040348
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagler, Thomas, Helmut Rott, Elisabeth Ripper, Gabriele Bippus, and Markus Hetzenecker. 2016. "Advancements for Snowmelt Monitoring by Means of Sentinel-1 SAR" Remote Sensing 8, no. 4: 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040348