A Circa 2010 Thirty Meter Resolution Forest Map for China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Sets
2.1. Landsat Data
2.2. MODIS
2.3. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM
3. Methods
3.1. Forest/Non-Forest Classification
3.1.1. Feature Extraction
3.1.2. Training and Test Sample Collection
3.1.3. Forest/non-forest Classification
3.1.4. Post-Classification
3.2. Forest Type Classification
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Results
4.2. Classification Accuracy
4.2.1. Forest/Non-Forest Classification Accuracy
4.2.2. Forest Type Classification Accuracy
4.3. Influences of Resolution
4.4. Comparison with Other Sources
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
- Author ContributionsPeng Gong and Congcong Li conceived and designed this research. Congcong Li did most of the analysis. All authors contributed extensively to data collection and writing of this paper.
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Feature | Formula or Algorithm |
---|---|
Spectral features | Surface reflectance Band 1–Band 5, Band 7 |
Temperature | Calibrated from thermal infrared band |
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) | |
Shadow Index (SI) | ((10000 − BLUE) × (10000 − GREEN) × (10000 − RED))1/3 |
Bare soil Index (BI) | |
Greenness | −0.2848 (Band 1) − 0.2435 (Band 2) − 0.5436 (Band 3) + 0.7243 (Band 4) + 0.0840 (Band 5) − 0.1800 (Band 7) |
Wetness | 0.1509 (Band 1) + 0.1973 (Band 2) + 0.3279 (Band 3) + 0.3406 (Band 4) − 0.7112 (Band 5) − 0.4572 (Band 7) |
Brightness | 0.3037 (Band 1) + 0.2793 (Band 2) + 0.4743 (Band 3) + 0.5585 (Band 4) + 0.5082 (Band 5) + 0.1863 (Band 7) |
Slope | Calculated from SRTM |
Mean Winter EVI | Averaged EVI values of December, January and February |
EVI time series | All the EVI values except those in winter |
Province | Forest Area (10,000 ha) | Forest Coverage Rate | Province | Forest Area (10,000 ha) | Forest Coverage Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anhui | 322.691 | 23.00% | Liaoning | 313.901 | 21.57% |
Macao | 0.028 | 12.47% | Inner Mongolia | 1338.422 | 11.67% |
Beijing | 25.334 | 15.46% | Ningxia | 5.194 | 1.00% |
Fujian | 674.005 | 55.40% | Qinghai | 23.512 | 0.33% |
Gansu | 276.577 | 6.82% | Shandong | 52.075 | 3.39% |
Guangdong | 646.289 | 36.56% | Shanxi | 248.106 | 15.86% |
Guangxi | 909.395 | 38.49% | Shaanxi | 766.779 | 37.24% |
Guizhou | 593.855 | 33.75% | Shanghai | 0.055 | 0.09% |
Hainan | 80.465 | 23.80% | Sichuan | 1347.007 | 27.84% |
Hebei | 176.739 | 9.44% | Taiwan | 210.065 | 58.25% |
Henan | 219.540 | 13.26% | Tianjin | 1.380 | 1.19% |
Heilongjiang | 1822.689 | 40.27% | Tibet | 790.407 | 6.57% |
Hubei | 714.795 | 38.43% | Hong Kong | 4.929 | 46.45% |
Hunan | 938.114 | 44.24% | Xinjiang | 157.376 | 0.96% |
Jilin | 735.188 | 38.52% | Yunnan | 1450.589 | 37.85% |
Jiangsu | 37.491 | 3.71% | Zhejiang | 514.054 | 50.44% |
Jiangxi | 797.623 | 47.75% | Chongqing | 295.540 | 35.84% |
Total | 16,490.208 | 17.38% |
Errors | Main Causes | Number of Samples |
---|---|---|
Omission Errors | Mixed pixels | 4 |
The edge of land cover type | 17 | |
Shadow of mountains | 2 | |
Shadow of clouds or contaminated by clouds | 3 | |
Pepper and Salt | 1 | |
Others | 4 | |
Commission Errors | Mixed pixels | 1 |
The edge of land cover type | 8 | |
Shadow of clouds or contaminated by clouds | 1 | |
Others | 6 |
Ground Truth | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evergreen Broadleaf | Deciduous Broadleaf | Evergreen Needleleaf | Deciduous Needleleaf | Mixed Forests | Bamboos | Total | |
Evergreen Broadleaf | 166 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 31 | 7 | 211 |
Deciduous Broadleaf | 0 | 273 | 7 | 2 | 90 | 0 | 372 |
Evergreen Needleleaf | 7 | 5 | 478 | 14 | 66 | 8 | 578 |
Deciduous Needleleaf | 0 | 1 | 9 | 50 | 10 | 0 | 70 |
Mixed forests | 30 | 111 | 78 | 29 | 437 | 16 | 701 |
Bamboos | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 28 | 37 |
Total | 206 | 390 | 580 | 95 | 639 | 59 | 1969 |
Overall Accuracy: 72.73% |
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Li, C.; Wang, J.; Hu, L.; Yu, L.; Clinton, N.; Huang, H.; Yang, J.; Gong, P. A Circa 2010 Thirty Meter Resolution Forest Map for China. Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 5325-5343. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065325
Li C, Wang J, Hu L, Yu L, Clinton N, Huang H, Yang J, Gong P. A Circa 2010 Thirty Meter Resolution Forest Map for China. Remote Sensing. 2014; 6(6):5325-5343. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065325
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Congcong, Jie Wang, Luanyun Hu, Le Yu, Nicholas Clinton, Huabing Huang, Jun Yang, and Peng Gong. 2014. "A Circa 2010 Thirty Meter Resolution Forest Map for China" Remote Sensing 6, no. 6: 5325-5343. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065325