An Airborne Multispectral Imaging System Based on Two Consumer-Grade Cameras for Agricultural Remote Sensing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. System Design and Description
2.1. Selection and Configuration of System Components
2.2. Parameter Settings of Cameras
2.3. Image Alignment
2.4. Ground Coverage and Pixel Size
3. Image Acquisition, Visualization and Preprocessing
4. Application Examples
4.1. Estimating Cotton Canopy Cover
4.2. Mapping Cotton Root Rot
4.3. Mapping Henbit
4.4. Mapping Giant Reed
5. Error and Uncertainty Analysis of the Imaging System
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
- Author ContributionsChenghai Yang designed, assembled, tested and evaluated the imaging system, analyzed the sample images and wrote the manuscript. The coauthors participated in the evaluation of the system for different applications. John Westbrook and Charles Suh were involved in the evaluation of the system for estimating cotton canopy cover. Daniel Martin, Clint Hoffmann, Yubin Lan and Bradley Fritz were involved in the evaluation of the system for mapping henbit infestations for aerial application. John Goolsby was involved in the evaluation of the system for mapping giant reed infestations.
- DisclaimerMention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Characteristics | Description |
---|---|
Camera type | Digital, single-lens reflex |
Sensor type | CMOS |
Sensing area | 36 × 24 mm |
Pixel array | 2784 × 1856, 3861 × 2574 or 5616 × 3744 |
Image type | RAW (14-bit) + JPEG |
Image size | 10.8 + 2.1 MB, 14.8 + 3.6 MB or 25.8 + 6.1 MB |
Shooting speed | Max 3.9 shots/s |
Display | 3-in TFT color LCD |
Recording media | Type I or II CF card |
ISO speed | 100–6400 |
Shutter speed | 1/8000 to 30 s |
Dimensions | 152 × 113.5 × 75 mm |
Weight | 810 g |
Operating temperature | 0–40 °C |
Flight Height | Ground Coverage | Pixel Size * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m) | (ft) | (m × m) | (ft × ft) | (m) | (ft) |
305 | 1000 | 549 × 366 | 1800 × 1200 | 0.10 | 0.32 |
610 | 2000 | 1097 × 732 | 3600 × 2400 | 0.20 | 0.64 |
914 | 3000 | 1646 × 1097 | 5400 × 3600 | 0.29 | 0.96 |
1219 | 4000 | 2195 × 1463 | 7200 × 4800 | 0.39 | 1.28 |
1524 | 5000 | 2743 × 1829 | 9000 × 6000 | 0.49 | 1.60 |
1829 | 6000 | 3292 × 2195 | 10,800 × 7200 | 0.59 | 1.92 |
2134 | 7000 | 3840 × 2560 | 12,600 × 8400 | 0.68 | 2.24 |
2438 | 8000 | 4389 × 2926 | 14,400 × 9600 | 0.78 | 2.56 |
2743 | 9000 | 4938 × 3292 | 16,200 × 10,800 | 0.88 | 2.88 |
3048 | 10,000 | 5486 × 3658 | 18,000 × 12,000 | 0.98 | 3.21 |
Flight Height AGL | No. of Points | First-Order Transformation | Second-Order Transformation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | y | Total | x | y | Total | ||
305 m (1000 ft) | 4 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 5.1 | |||
5 | 5.3 | 2.5 | 5.9 | ||||
6 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 5.5 | ||||
7 | 4.9 | 2.4 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
8 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |
9 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |
10 | 4.2 | 2.1 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |
610 m (2000 ft) | 4 | 3.9 | 6.5 | 7.6 | |||
5 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 7.9 | ||||
6 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 7.8 | ||||
7 | 4.6 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
8 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 7.9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |
9 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 7.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | |
10 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | |
1219 m (4000 ft) | 4 | 5.8 | 3.1 | 6.6 | |||
5 | 5.6 | 2.9 | 6.3 | ||||
6 | 5.2 | 2.8 | 5.9 | ||||
7 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |
8 | 4.6 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |
9 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | |
10 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Application Example | Longitude | Latitude | Flight Height | First-Order | Second-Order | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degree | Degree | m | ft | x | y | Total | x | y | Total | |
Estimating cotton width | −98.0474 | 26.4257 | 305 | 1000 | 5.5 | 3.0 | 6.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Mapping root rot | −100.2948 | 31.3793 | 1524 | 5000 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
Mapping henbit | −96.4317 | 30.5369 | 457 | 1500 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Mapping giant reed | −100.7716 | 29.1869 | 2438 | 8000 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Application Example | Overlapped Area | Error | |
---|---|---|---|
pixel | % | % | |
Estimating cotton width | 20,365,805 | 96.86 | 3.14 |
Mapping root rot | 20,718,507 | 98.54 | 1.46 |
Mapping henbit | 20,374,554 | 96.90 | 3.10 |
Mapping giant reed | 20,509,004 | 97.54 | 2.46 |
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Yang, C.; Westbrook, J.K.; Suh, C.P.-C.; Martin, D.E.; Hoffmann, W.C.; Lan, Y.; Fritz, B.K.; Goolsby, J.A. An Airborne Multispectral Imaging System Based on Two Consumer-Grade Cameras for Agricultural Remote Sensing. Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 5257-5278. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065257
Yang C, Westbrook JK, Suh CP-C, Martin DE, Hoffmann WC, Lan Y, Fritz BK, Goolsby JA. An Airborne Multispectral Imaging System Based on Two Consumer-Grade Cameras for Agricultural Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing. 2014; 6(6):5257-5278. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065257
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chenghai, John K. Westbrook, Charles P.-C. Suh, Daniel E. Martin, W. Clint Hoffmann, Yubin Lan, Bradley K. Fritz, and John A. Goolsby. 2014. "An Airborne Multispectral Imaging System Based on Two Consumer-Grade Cameras for Agricultural Remote Sensing" Remote Sensing 6, no. 6: 5257-5278. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065257
APA StyleYang, C., Westbrook, J. K., Suh, C. P.-C., Martin, D. E., Hoffmann, W. C., Lan, Y., Fritz, B. K., & Goolsby, J. A. (2014). An Airborne Multispectral Imaging System Based on Two Consumer-Grade Cameras for Agricultural Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing, 6(6), 5257-5278. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065257