Retrieval of Solar Shortwave Irradiance from All-Sky Camera Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Instrumentation and Sites
2.1. Instruments
2.2. Sites
3. Method
3.1. Dataset
3.1.1. Initial Dataset and Data Filtering
3.1.2. CMF Calculation and Data Classification
3.2. Model
3.3. Test Set
4. Results
4.1. SW Irradiance
4.2. Daily SW Irradiation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Acronyms
AEMet | Meteorological State Agency of Spain |
AERONET | Aerosol Robotic Network |
BRDF | Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function |
BSRN | Baseline Surface Radiation Network |
CC | Cloud Cover |
CMF | Cloud Modification Factor |
CMFGHI | Cloud Modification Factor for Global Horizontal Irradiance |
CNN | Convolutional Neural Network |
CNN-CC | Convolutional Neural Network-Cloud Cover |
CNN-CMF | Convolutional Neural Network-Cloud Modification Factor |
DNA | Argentinian National Direction of the Antarctic |
DWD | Deutscher Wetterdienst—Germany Weather Service |
FMI | Finnish Meteorological Institute |
GHI | Global Horizontal Irradiance |
GHIcf | Global Horizontal Irradiance under cloud-free conditions |
GHId | Daily Global Horizontal Irradiation |
GHImeas | Global Horizontal Irradiance under cloudy conditions |
GOA-UVa | Group of Atmospheric Optics of the University of Valladolid |
GRUAN | The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network |
HDR | High Dynamic Range |
LW | Longwave |
MBE | Mean Bias Error |
MODIS | Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer |
MOL-RAO | Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg—Richard-Aßmann-Observatorium |
OMI-DOAS | Ozone Monitoring System Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy |
RGGB | Red Green Green Blue |
RTM | Radiative Transfer Models |
SBDART | Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer |
SD | Standard Deviation |
SMN | National Meteorological Service of Argentina |
SW | Shortwave |
SZA | Solar Zenith Angle |
WCRP | World Climate Research Program |
WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
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Site | Initial Dataset | Filtered Dataset | Train Dataset | Validation Dataset | Test Dataset |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valladolid | 82,865 | 70,962 | 25,654 | 7096 | 38,212 |
Izaña | 46,509 | 41,327 | 6104 | 4133 | 31,090 |
Lindenberg | 146,575 | 125,380 | 54,679 | 12,539 | 58,072 |
Total | 275,949 | 237,669 | 86,527 | 23,768 | 127,374 |
SZA [°] | 40 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 75 | 80 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oktas | MBE ± SD [%] | MBE ± SD [%] | MBE ± SD [%] | MBE ± SD [%] | MBE ± SD [%] | MBE ± SD [%] | MBE ± SD [%] | MBE ± SD [%] | MBE ± SD [%] |
0 | −1.1 ± 4.1 | 0.4 ± 6.4 | 1.3 ± 6.7 | −0.5 ± 6.4 | −0.7 ± 7.7 | −1.9 ± 10.1 | −1.8 ± 13.0 | −6.5 ± 15.1 | −12.8 ± 22.8 |
1 | −2.8 ± 7.5 | 0.4 ± 11.1 | −1.3 ± 9.8 | −0.1 ± 12.1 | −0.2 ± 14.3 | −1.9 ± 15.7 | −3.6 ± 20.4 | −11.8 ± 23.8 | −18.2 ± 26.8 |
2 | −0.9 ± 11.3 | −2.1 ± 17.2 | −0.8 ± 13.9 | −1.0 ± 17.3 | −2.0 ± 19.4 | −1.9 ± 22.2 | −2.5 ± 22.8 | −6.1 ± 27.9 | −8.6 ± 29.4 |
3 | −0.0 ± 16.8 | −0.4 ± 18.2 | 6.3 ± 18.2 | 2.9 ± 15.7 | −0.0 ± 20.1 | 2.7 ± 20.1 | 3.5 ± 21.8 | −4.5 ± 29.6 | −10.5 ± 31.7 |
4 | −3.2 ± 26.3 | −2.4 ± 19.3 | 0.0 ± 21.7 | 1.8 ± 23.8 | 3.9 ± 21.0 | 4.1 ± 22.9 | −4.6 ± 29.8 | −3.7 ± 25.6 | −9.7 ± 28.6 |
5 | −1.0 ± 23.6 | 2.8 ± 23.4 | 3.8 ± 18.8 | 2.7 ± 24.1 | 3.9 ± 26.2 | 5.4 ± 25.1 | −0.5 ± 26.8 | −1.3 ± 27.0 | −9.4 ± 32.7 |
6 | 3.0 ± 22.6 | 1.3 ± 25.9 | 6.3 ± 21.1 | 2.6 ± 23.4 | 3.7 ± 25.2 | −1.3 ± 24.2 | −1.5 ± 28.6 | −5.9 ± 27.0 | −10.6 ± 32.9 |
7 | 5.4 ± 24.1 | 8.9 ± 22.3 | 6.7 ± 22.7 | 2.0 ± 24.9 | 2.0 ± 27.0 | −3.9 ± 28.7 | −0.9 ± 28.5 | −3.7 ± 27.8 | −11.7 ± 31.4 |
8 | −0.8 ± 29.1 | 4.7 ± 29.1 | 4.1 ± 28.4 | 4.1 ± 28.5 | 5.1 ± 26.4 | 3.8 ± 27.4 | 3.0 ± 31.8 | 3.8 ± 29.5 | −5.2 ± 37.4 |
All | −0.0 ± 27.1 | 3.5 ± 21.8 | 3.3 ± 19.8 | 2.7 ± 21.8 | 3.3 ± 22.1 | 1.7 ± 23.4 | 0.9 ± 26.1 | −0.7 ± 27.3 | −8.5 ± 33.0 |
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González-Fernández, D.; Román, R.; Mateos, D.; Herrero del Barrio, C.; Cachorro, V.E.; Copes, G.; Sánchez, R.; García, R.D.; Doppler, L.; Herrero-Anta, S.; et al. Retrieval of Solar Shortwave Irradiance from All-Sky Camera Images. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 3821. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203821
González-Fernández D, Román R, Mateos D, Herrero del Barrio C, Cachorro VE, Copes G, Sánchez R, García RD, Doppler L, Herrero-Anta S, et al. Retrieval of Solar Shortwave Irradiance from All-Sky Camera Images. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(20):3821. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203821
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Fernández, Daniel, Roberto Román, David Mateos, Celia Herrero del Barrio, Victoria E. Cachorro, Gustavo Copes, Ricardo Sánchez, Rosa Delia García, Lionel Doppler, Sara Herrero-Anta, and et al. 2024. "Retrieval of Solar Shortwave Irradiance from All-Sky Camera Images" Remote Sensing 16, no. 20: 3821. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203821