Multidecade Trends of Sea Surface Temperature, Chlorophyll-a Concentration, and Ocean Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Method
2.3.1. Linear Regression and Monthly Downsample Analysis
2.3.2. Phenology Analysis
2.3.3. Energetic Features of Ocean Eddies
- (1)
- Vorticity:
- (2)
- Swirling strength [36]:
- (3)
- Okubo–Weiss parameter [38]:
2.3.4. Source of Error
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sea Surface Temperature
3.1.1. Overall Linear Trend
3.1.2. Month-Specific Trend
3.1.3. Phonology Changes
3.2. Chlorophyll-a
3.2.1. Mean Concentration and Trend
3.2.2. Phase and Phase Shift
3.3. Eddy-Related Energetic Features
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Absolute Vorticity (s−1) | Swirling Strength (−) | Absolute Okubo–Weiss Parameter (s−2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Mean value | 1.3855 × 105 | 5.7026 × 104 | 2.7446 × 105 |
Standard deviation | 3.2647 × 104 | 1.5544 × 104 | 4.9428 × 104 | |
Slope of the regression (km2/decade) | −3.7065 × 102 | −9.0948 × 102 | −2.9844 × 103 | |
p-value of regression | 0.4052 | 1.7725 × 10−5 | 9.4555 × 10−6 | |
Strength | Mean value | 0.0038 | 8.1693 × 10−4 | 1.9182 × 10−8 |
Standard deviation | 9.9937 × 104 | 2.4407 × 10−4 | 5.2887 × 10−9 | |
Slope of the regression ([unit]/decade) | −3.8339 × 10−5 | −2.1015 × 10−5 | −6.1687 × 10−11 | |
p-value of regression | 0.0049 | 2.6258 × 10−10 | 0.3924 | |
Intensity | Mean value | 2.3900 × 10−8 | 1.3158 × 10−8 | 1.4849 × 10−13 |
Standard deviation | 1.0894 × 10−9 | 6.5858 × 10−10 | 1.0234 × 10−14 | |
Slope of the regression ([unit]/decade) | −1.0741 × 10−10 | −8.6675 × 10−11 | 4.6351 × 10−16 | |
p-value of regression | 4.5467 × 10−13 | 3.9722 × 10−22 | 8.9413 × 10−4 |
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Li, G.; Wang, Z.; Wang, B. Multidecade Trends of Sea Surface Temperature, Chlorophyll-a Concentration, and Ocean Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3754. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153754
Li G, Wang Z, Wang B. Multidecade Trends of Sea Surface Temperature, Chlorophyll-a Concentration, and Ocean Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(15):3754. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153754
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Geng, Zhankun Wang, and Binbin Wang. 2022. "Multidecade Trends of Sea Surface Temperature, Chlorophyll-a Concentration, and Ocean Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico" Remote Sensing 14, no. 15: 3754. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153754