A Satellite-Observed Substantial Decrease in Multiyear Ice Area Export through the Fram Strait over the Last Decade
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. Data
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Sea Ice Area Flux Estimates
2.2.2. Uncertainty of Sea Ice Area Flux
2.2.3. MYI Export Index
2.2.4. Cyclone Activity Index
3. Results
3.1. MYI Area Export through the FS
3.2. Seasonal Cycle of MYI Area Export
3.3. Variability in Monthly MYI Area Export
3.4. Influence of MYI Distribution and Motion on MYI Export
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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D1 (2002/03–2010/11) | D2 (2012/13–2019/20) | All (2002/03–2019/20) | Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean1 (105 km2) | Trend1 (105 km2/yr) | Mean2 (105 km2) | Trend2 (105 km2/yr) | Mean (105 km2) | Trend (105 km2/yr) | (Mean2 − Mean1)/Mean2 (%) | |
MYI | 3.82 ± 0.48 | 0.14 | 3.00 ± 0.75 | -- | 3.44 ± 0.73 | -- | −22 |
Total ice | 5.28 ± 0.87 | 0.28 | 5.02 ± 0.67 | -- | 5.15 ± 0.77 | -- | −5 |
PCM | 72% | -- | 59% | -- | 67% | −1.3%/yr |
Year | October | November | December | January | February | March | April | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002/03 | 1.96 | 1.34 | 1.65 | 6.82 | 3.69 | 10.18 | 5.23 | 30.89 |
2003/04 | 3.35 | 2.92 | 7.46 | 5.88 | 6.33 | 3.06 | 2.59 | 31.58 |
2004/05 | 2.49 | 7.52 | 8.59 | 6.10 | 5.15 | 6.29 | 4.05 | 40.19 |
2005/06 | 6.93 | 8.10 | 3.33 | 1.43 | 7.85 | 7.56 | 2.29 | 37.49 |
2006/07 | 6.88 | 8.62 | 5.43 | 6.14 | 2.88 | 5.10 | 5.19 | 40.24 |
2007/08 | 7.53 | 6.49 | 5.26 | 5.13 | 3.41 | 4.26 | 3.37 | 35.45 |
2008/09 | 4.33 | 7.11 | 5.57 | 5.04 | 6.61 | 7.94 | 5.82 | 42.42 |
2009/10 | 8.75 | 6.12 | 6.97 | 6.41 | 4.74 | 7.45 | 4.85 | 45.30 |
2010/11 | 9.50 | 5.14 | 5.87 | 6.26 | 0.95 | 7.87 | 5.07 | 40.64 |
Mean | 5.75 | 5.93 | 5.57 | 5.47 | 4.62 | 6.64 | 4.27 | 38.24 |
S.D. | 2.77 | 2.42 | 2.10 | 1.62 | 2.13 | 2.19 | 1.26 | 14.49 |
2012/13 | 6.05 | 4.95 | 3.89 | 1.82 | 1.78 | 4.02 | 1.89 | 24.41 |
2013/14 | 3.49 | 7.37 | 4.35 | 0.90 | 2.21 | 2.60 | 3.90 | 24.82 |
2014/15 | 4.52 | 3.26 | 12.12 | 3.42 | 6.51 | 6.01 | 3.17 | 39.00 |
2015/16 | 1.53 | 6.19 | 7.23 | 2.53 | 5.44 | 4.83 | 4.05 | 31.79 |
2016/17 | 3.13 | 3.20 | 6.18 | 5.62 | 1.64 | 7.58 | 4.90 | 32.25 |
2017/18 | 2.92 | 4.69 | 3.16 | 2.11 | 1.19 | 1.85 | 1.46 | 17.39 |
2018/19 | 3.29 | 5.77 | 5.88 | 6.12 | 5.80 | 9.30 | 3.05 | 39.22 |
2019/20 | 3.27 | 2.21 | 3.61 | 2.73 | 6.83 | 9.31 | 3.77 | 31.75 |
Mean | 3.53 | 4.71 | 5.80 | 3.16 | 3.93 | 5.69 | 3.27 | 30.08 |
S.D. | 1.31 | 1.73 | 2.92 | 1.83 | 2.43 | 2.87 | 1.14 | 14.23 |
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Wang, Y.; Bi, H.; Liang, Y. A Satellite-Observed Substantial Decrease in Multiyear Ice Area Export through the Fram Strait over the Last Decade. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112562
Wang Y, Bi H, Liang Y. A Satellite-Observed Substantial Decrease in Multiyear Ice Area Export through the Fram Strait over the Last Decade. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(11):2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112562
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yunhe, Haibo Bi, and Yu Liang. 2022. "A Satellite-Observed Substantial Decrease in Multiyear Ice Area Export through the Fram Strait over the Last Decade" Remote Sensing 14, no. 11: 2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112562
APA StyleWang, Y., Bi, H., & Liang, Y. (2022). A Satellite-Observed Substantial Decrease in Multiyear Ice Area Export through the Fram Strait over the Last Decade. Remote Sensing, 14(11), 2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112562