Estimation of Long-Term River Discharge and Its Changes in Ungauged Watersheds in Pamir Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. UAV Data and River Sections
2.2.2. Satellite Remote Sensing Data
2.2.3. Field Measurement Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Remote Sensing Hydrological Station Technology
2.3.2. Estimation of Rivers’ Width
2.3.3. Estimation of Discharge in High Mountain Glacierized Basin
2.3.4. Assessment of Glacier Area Changes
2.3.5. Accuracy Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Changes of Glacier Area
3.2. River Discharge from UAV and Satellite Remote Sensing
3.3. Glacier Discharge from Water Balance Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Motivation and the Study Objective
4.2. Changing of Climatic Factor
4.3. Runoff Characteristics of High-Altitude Headwaters
4.4. Opportunities and Challenges of UAV-Based Survey on High Mountain Areas
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basin | Section | Location | Altitude | Overlapped Rate (%) | Flight Height (m) | Number of Images | Control Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kashgar River Basin | K1 | 39°33′34″, 75°03′55″ | 1976 | 90 | 120 | 268 | 1497.19 |
K2 | 38°31′41″, 76°03′06″ | 2250 | 90 | 120 | 216 | 1163 | |
K3 | 38°34′28″, 76°02′49″ | 2351 | 90 | 120 | 288 | 141.25 | |
K4 | 38°58′51″,75°28′57″ | 1992 | 90 | 120 | 305 | 532.79 | |
Taxkorgan River Basin | T1 | 36°51′03″, 75°31′10″ | 4287 | 90 | 120 | 218 | 2514.35 |
T2 | 37°01′27″, 75°31′49″ | 3908 | 90 | 120 | 234 | 2956.18 | |
T3 | 37°08′46″, 75°27′58″ | 3932 | 90 | 120 | 276 | 364.24 | |
T4 | 37°09′05″, 75°28′16″ | 3725 | 90 | 120 | 246 | 3246.58 | |
T5 | 37°12′34″, 75°22′24″ | 3587 | 90 | 120 | 288 | 1943.22 | |
T6 | 37°19′12″, 75°25′04″ | 3497 | 90 | 120 | 268 | 6150.97 |
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Wufu, A.; Yang, S.; Chen, Y.; Lou, H.; Li, C.; Ma, L. Estimation of Long-Term River Discharge and Its Changes in Ungauged Watersheds in Pamir Plateau. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4043. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204043
Wufu A, Yang S, Chen Y, Lou H, Li C, Ma L. Estimation of Long-Term River Discharge and Its Changes in Ungauged Watersheds in Pamir Plateau. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(20):4043. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204043
Chicago/Turabian StyleWufu, Adilai, Shengtian Yang, Yun Chen, Hezhen Lou, Chaojun Li, and Ligang Ma. 2021. "Estimation of Long-Term River Discharge and Its Changes in Ungauged Watersheds in Pamir Plateau" Remote Sensing 13, no. 20: 4043. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204043