Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the Cosenza Cathedral Façade (South Calabria, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. IR Thermography
2.2. Photogrammetric Survey and 3D Reconstruction
2.3. Damage Analysis
2.4. Polarizing Optical Microscopy
2.5. Ion Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3. Results
3.1. IR Thermography
- to map the different materials relating to the changes in the architectural system verifying the known historical information about the several restorations that the building has undergone in the past;
- to quickly assess the presence of thermal discontinuities attributable to efflorescence degradation, moisture, and physical damage on the stone surfaces of the façade.
3.2. Photogrammetric Survey and 3D Reconstruction
3.3. Damage Analysis
3.4. Polarizing Optical Microscopy
3.5. Ion Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample ID | Description | Height above Ground (m) | Employed Techniques |
---|---|---|---|
D1 | CLC, U | 1.1 | IC |
D2 | CLC, GSL | 1.1 | IC |
D3 | CLC, GSL | 2.3 | POM |
D4 | CLC, GSL | 1.4 | FTIR |
D5 | EF | 2.2 | IC, FTIR |
D6 | D-CLC | 1.8 | IC |
D7 | CLC, U | 3.0 | FTIR |
D8 | CLC, BSL | 1.6 | POM |
D9 | CLC, U | 2.6 | IC, FTIR |
D10 | CLC, U | 1.9 | FTIR |
D11 | D-CLC, EF-SEF | 2.3 | IC, FTIR |
D12 | CLC, U | 1.2 | FTIR |
D13 | CLC, BSL | 5.9 | POM |
D14 | D-CLC, BSL | 4.6 | IC, FTIR |
D15 | D-CLC, BSL | 4.8 | IC, FTIR |
D16 | D-CLC | 4.9 | IC |
D17 | CLC, U | 5.0 | IC |
D18 | D-CLC | 5.4 | IC, FTIR |
D19 | D-CLC | 5.5 | IC, FTIR |
D20 | D-CLC, BSL | 5.5 | IC, FTIR |
D21 | CLC, BSL | 7.6 | POM |
D22 | CLC, GSL | 7.3 | FTIR |
D23 | CLC, BSL | 7.5 | POM |
D24 | CLC, BSL | 7.8 | FTIR |
D25 | CLC, BSL | 8.1 | FTIR |
D26 | CLC, GSL | 9.0 | FTIR |
D27 | CLC, U | 9.2 | FTIR |
D28 | CLC, GSL | 9.3 | POM |
D29 | CLC, U | 4.3 | FTIR |
D30 | D-CLC, BSL | 4.1 | FTIR |
D31 | CLC, BSL | 4.0 | POM |
D32 | CLC, GSL | 4.0 | FTIR |
D33 | CLC, BSL | 4.1 | FTIR |
D34 | D-CLC, BSL | 7.8 | IC |
D35 | CLC, BSL | 7.2 | FTIR |
D36 | CLC, BSL | 7.7 | FTIR |
D37 | CLC, BSL | 8.2 | POM |
D38 | CLC, BSL | 8.9 | POM |
D39 | D-CLC, BSL | 7.5 | IC, FTIR |
D40 | D-CLC, BSL | 8.3 | IC, FTIR |
D41 | CLC, BSL | 15.0 | FTIR |
D42 | CLC, GSL | 14.4 | FTIR |
D43 | CLC, BSL | 22.4 | POM |
Day | T °C (medium) | T °C (min) | T °C (max) | RH% (medium) |
---|---|---|---|---|
February 22 | 13 °C | 10 °C | 18 °C | 76% |
February 23 | 13 °C | 7 °C | 17 °C | 78% |
February 24 | 12 °C | 7 °C | 16 °C | 83% |
March 3 | 10 °C | 4 °C | 16 °C | 65% |
March 4 | 9 °C | 2 °C | 15 °C | 81% |
March 5 | 10 °C | 2 °C | 15 °C | 79% |
Black Crusts | Erosion/ Disaggregation | Efflorescences | Biological Patina/Superficial Deposits | Loss of Material | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (cm2) | 198,328.5 | 481,235.3 | 51,506.3 | 471,502.5 | 31,402.5 |
Area (%) | 5.75 | 13.95 | 1.49 | 2.29 | 0.91 |
Weathering Forms | Parameters Considered during Evaluation | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black crusts | Intensity | Cover degree of the surface (%) | |||||||||
<15 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | |||||||
Damage category | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
Erosion/ Disaggregation | Depth (mm and/or cm) | ||||||||||
Intensity | <0.5 | 0.5–1 | 1–3 | 3–5 | 5–10 | 10–25 | |||||
Damage category | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
Efflorescences | Cover degree of the surface (%)–Color change degree | ||||||||||
Intensity | <10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||||||
Chromatic alteration | Whitening | ||||||||||
Damage category | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
Biological patina/ Superficial deposits | Cover degree of the surface (%) | ||||||||||
Intensity | <10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||||||
Damage category | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
Loss of material | Cover degree of the surface (%) | ||||||||||
Intensity | <10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||||||
Damage category | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Sample ID | Li+ | Na+ | NH4+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | Sr2+ | F− | Cl− | HCO3− | Br− | NO3− | PO43− | SO42− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 10.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 19.8 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 12.7 |
D2 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 29.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 21.4 | 0.0 | 9.6 | 0.0 | 62.4 |
D5 | 0.0 | 106.1 | 0.0 | 17.0 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.7 | 230.3 | 0.0 | 23.0 | 0.0 | 74.4 |
D6 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 25.9 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 3.9 |
D9 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 35.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 16.8 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 81.0 |
D11 | 0.0 | 53.2 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 172.4 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 20.0 |
D14 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 107.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 18.3 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 289.3 |
D15 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 144.0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 29.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 308.3 |
D16 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 32.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 5.2 |
D17 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 5.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 36.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.7 |
D18 | 0.0 | 56.7 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 152.5 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 17.4 |
D19 | 0.0 | 47.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 128.1 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 14.4 |
D20 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 58.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 45.8 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 131.6 |
D34 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 6.2 | 11.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 67.1 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 0.0 | 6.6 |
D39 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 86.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 38.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 224.8 |
D40 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 74.7 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 42.7 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 182.3 |
Sample ID | Calcite | Gypsum | Silicates |
---|---|---|---|
D4 | 1429, 879, 729 | 1646, 1167, 1082, 781 | |
D7 | 1429, 877, 729 | 1646, 1085, 781 | |
D9 | 1440, 878, 729 | 3546, 3403, 1621, 671, 609 | 1679, 1140, 1119 |
D10 | 1434, 877, 727 | 1022, 1084, 781 | |
D11 | 1404, 875, 713 | 1661, 1082, 1016 | |
D12 | 1435, 877, 727 | 3551, 3410, 1621, 661, 600 | 1623, 1082, 1038 |
D14 | 1458, 856, 713 | 3541, 1622, 1109, 1009, 670, 596 | |
D15 | 1779, 1447, 855, 714 | 3531, 3407, 1621, 1113, 1084, 1010, 670, 601 | |
D18 | 1403, 874, 713 | 3453, 1654, 648, 615 | 1790, 1082, 692 |
D19 | 104, 873, 714 | 3351, 1656, 649, 614 | 1790, 1081, 693 |
D20 | 1787, 1447, 874, 713 | 3542, 1622,1116, 1084, 670, 601 | 1083, 782, 700 |
D22 | 1804, 1435, 878, 730 | 1652, 1080, 1031, 781 | |
D24 | 1788, 1427, 878, 729 | 1640, 1083, 1031, 783 | |
D27 | 1808, 1417, 876, 728 | 1645, 1031, 784, 665 | |
D29 | 1800, 1417, 873,7 13 | 3554, 1621, 1121, 669, 602 | 1667, 1083, 783 |
D30 | 1791, 1415, 875, 713 | 3410, 1641, 607 | 1788, 1082, 698 |
D35 | 1793, 1417, 874, 713 | 1647, 1008 | |
D39 | 1787, 1446, 855, 713 | 3542, 1621, 1116, 1093, 670, 600 | |
D40 | 1785, 1446, 879, 710 | 3541, 3400, 1621, 1112, 1082, 671, 607 |
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Donato, A.; Randazzo, L.; Ricca, M.; Rovella, N.; Collina, M.; Ruggieri, N.; Dodaro, F.; Costanzo, A.; Alberghina, M.F.; Schiavone, S.; et al. Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the Cosenza Cathedral Façade (South Calabria, Italy). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3925. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193925
Donato A, Randazzo L, Ricca M, Rovella N, Collina M, Ruggieri N, Dodaro F, Costanzo A, Alberghina MF, Schiavone S, et al. Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the Cosenza Cathedral Façade (South Calabria, Italy). Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(19):3925. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193925
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonato, Antonio, Luciana Randazzo, Michela Ricca, Natalia Rovella, Matteo Collina, Nicola Ruggieri, Francesco Dodaro, Antonio Costanzo, Maria F. Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone, and et al. 2021. "Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the Cosenza Cathedral Façade (South Calabria, Italy)" Remote Sensing 13, no. 19: 3925. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193925