Using Historical Archives and Landsat Imagery to Explore Changes in the Mangrove Cover of Peninsular Malaysia between 1853 and 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
2.2.1. Historical Data
2.2.2. Remote Sensing Data
3. Results
3.1. Retrospective Information to Study Historical Mangrove Extent in Peninsular Malaysia
3.2. Remote Sensing to Determine the Mangrove Area in Peninsular Malaysia
4. Discussion
4.1. Use of Historical Information to Understand Mangrove System in Peninsular Malaysia
4.2. Dynamics of the Mangrove System in Peninsular Malaysia
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor | Landsat Satellite | Bands | Wavelength (μm) | Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Multispectral Scanner (MSS) | Landsat 1, 2, 3 | Band 4—Green | 0.5–0.6 | 60 |
Band 5—Red | 0.6–0.7 | 60 | ||
Band 6—Near Infrared | 0.7–0.8 | 60 | ||
Band 7—Near Infrared | 0.8–1.1 | 60 | ||
Landsat 4, 5 | Band 1—Green | 0.5–0.6 | 60 | |
Band 2—Red | 0.6–0.7 | 60 | ||
Band 3—Near Infrared | 0.7–0.8 | 60 | ||
Band 4—Near Infrared | 0.8–1.1 | 60 | ||
Thematic Mapper (TM) | Landsat 4, 5 | Band 1—Blue | 0.45–0.52 | 30 |
Band 2—Green | 0.52–0.60 | 30 | ||
Band 3—Red | 0.63–0.69 | 30 | ||
Band 4—Near Infrared | 0.76–0.90 | 30 | ||
Band 5—Short-wave Infrared | 1.55–1.75 | 30 | ||
Band 6—Thermal Infrared | 10.40–12.50 | 30 | ||
Band 7—Short-wave Infrared | 2.08–2.35 | 30 | ||
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) | Landsat 7 | Band 1—Blue | 0.45–0.52 | 30 |
Band 2—Green | 0.52–0.60 | 30 | ||
Band 3—Red | 0.63–0.69 | 30 | ||
Band 4—Near Infrared | 0.77–0.90 | 30 | ||
Band 5—Short-wave Infrared | 1.55–1.75 | 30 | ||
Band 6—Thermal Infrared | 10.40–12.50 | 60 | ||
Band 7—Short-wave Infrared | 2.09–2.35 | 30 | ||
Band 8—Panchromatic | 0.52–0.90 | 30 | ||
Operational Land Imager (OLI)/ Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) | Landsat 8 | Band 1—Coastal aerosol | 0.43–0.45 | 30 |
Band 2—Blue | 0.45–0.51 | 30 | ||
Band 3—Green | 0.53–0.59 | 30 | ||
Band 4—Red | 0.64–0.67 | 30 | ||
Band 5—Near Infrared | 0.85–0.88 | 30 | ||
Band 6—Short-wave Infrared 1 | 1.57–1.65 | 30 | ||
Band 7—Short-wave Infrared 2 | 2.11–2.29 | 30 | ||
Band 8—Panchromatic | 0.50–0.68 | 15 | ||
Band 9—Cirrus | 1.36–1.38 | 30 | ||
Band 10—TIRS 1 | 10.60–11.19 | 100 | ||
Band 11—TIRS 2 | 11.50–12.51 | 100 |
Year | Classified Map | Reference Data (GCPs) | Total | Producer’s Accuracy | User’s Accuracy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mangrove | Non-Mangrove | |||||
1988 | Mangrove | 57 | 8 | 65 | 76.000 | 87.692 |
Non-mangrove | 18 | 160 | 178 | 95.238 | 89.888 | |
Total | 75 | 168 | 243 | |||
Total accuracy | 89.30 | |||||
Kappa coefficient | 0.740 | |||||
1992 | Mangrove | 59 | 11 | 70 | 79.730 | 84.286 |
Non-mangrove | 15 | 157 | 172 | 93.452 | 91.279 | |
Total | 74 | 168 | 242 | |||
Total accuracy | 89.256 | |||||
Kappa coefficient | 0.743 | |||||
2002 | Mangrove | 70 | 4 | 74 | 93.333 | 94.595 |
Non-mangrove | 5 | 161 | 166 | 97.576 | 96.988 | |
Total | 75 | 165 | 240 | |||
Total accuracy | 96.250 | |||||
Kappa coefficient | 0.912 | |||||
2012 | Mangrove | 57 | 3 | 60 | 76.000 | 95.000 |
Non-mangrove | 18 | 163 | 181 | 98.193 | 90.055 | |
Total | 75 | 166 | 241 | |||
Total accuracy | 91.286 | |||||
Kappa coefficient | 0.785 | |||||
2018 | Mangrove | 68 | 18 | 86 | 90.667 | 79.070 |
Non-mangrove | 7 | 337 | 344 | 94.930 | 97.965 | |
Total | 75 | 355 | 430 | |||
Total accuracy | 94.186 | |||||
Kappa coefficient | 0.809 |
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Gopalakrishnan, L.; Satyanarayana, B.; Chen, D.; Wolswijk, G.; Amir, A.A.; Vandegehuchte, M.B.; Muslim, A.B.; Koedam, N.; Dahdouh-Guebas, F. Using Historical Archives and Landsat Imagery to Explore Changes in the Mangrove Cover of Peninsular Malaysia between 1853 and 2018. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3403. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173403
Gopalakrishnan L, Satyanarayana B, Chen D, Wolswijk G, Amir AA, Vandegehuchte MB, Muslim AB, Koedam N, Dahdouh-Guebas F. Using Historical Archives and Landsat Imagery to Explore Changes in the Mangrove Cover of Peninsular Malaysia between 1853 and 2018. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(17):3403. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173403
Chicago/Turabian StyleGopalakrishnan, Lavaniadevi, Behara Satyanarayana, Danyang Chen, Giovanna Wolswijk, A. Aldrie Amir, Michiel B. Vandegehuchte, Aidy B. Muslim, Nico Koedam, and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas. 2021. "Using Historical Archives and Landsat Imagery to Explore Changes in the Mangrove Cover of Peninsular Malaysia between 1853 and 2018" Remote Sensing 13, no. 17: 3403. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173403