Downscaling TRMM Monthly Precipitation Using Google Earth Engine and Google Cloud Computing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Precipitation
2.2.2. Vegetation
2.2.3. Land Cover
2.2.4. Elevation
2.2.5. Rain Gauge
2.3. Machine Learning Algorithms
2.4. Downscaling Framework
2.4.1. Data Preparation and Pre-Processing
2.4.2. Hyper-Parameter Optimization
2.4.3. Generation of 1 km TRMM Product
2.4.4. Assessment Indices
3. Results
3.1. The Optimal Prediction Model
3.2. Variable Importance
3.3. Annual Downscaled Products
3.4. Monthly Downscaled Products
4. Discussion
4.1. Result Compared to Previous Studies
4.2. Importance of Each Predictor and the Role of Vegetation Indices in TRMM Downscaling
4.3. Advantage and Disadvantage
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Source Code
Appendix A
Reference | Predictors | Residual correction | Regression model | Performance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | RMSE | MAE | ||||
(mm month−1) | ||||||
[34] * | DEM, aspect, roughness, humidity, temperature | Spline | MLR | 0.58 | 19.99 | -- |
TRMM | 0.58 | 39.45 | -- | |||
[24] | NDVI, DEM | Area-to-point Kriging | MLR | -- | 20.03 | 13.03 |
Ordinary Kriging | -- | 24.81 | 17.73 | |||
[57] | DEM, Long, Lat | Spline | ANN | 0.936 | 40.56 | -- |
MF | 0.934 | 41.20 | -- | |||
[74] | NDVI, LST, DEM, slope, Long, Lat | Ordinary Kriging | GWRK | 0.95 | 25 | 16 |
TRMM | 0.95 | 30 | 19 | |||
[75] | EVI, DEM, aspect, slope, Long, Lat | Bilinear | RF | 0.78 | 25 | 14 |
TRMM | 0.73 | 31 | 16 | |||
[54] | NDVI, VWSI, albedo, DEM, | Spline | MLR | 0.47 | 54 | -- |
ANN | 0.60 | 59 | -- | |||
TRMM | -- | 37 | -- | |||
[76] | NDVI, DEM, LST | - | SVM | 0.75 | 29.90 | -- |
RF | 0.82 | 26.10 | -- | |||
[35] | NDVI, DEM, LST | Spline | MLR | 0.46 | 27 | 14 |
kNN | 0.71 | 17 | 12 | |||
CART | 0.70 | 18 | 12 | |||
SVM | 0.73 | 16 | 11 | |||
RF | 0.74 | 16 | 11 | |||
[29] ** | NDVI, DEM, slope, Long, Lat | Kriging | GWRK | 0.91 | 22.2 | 13.5 |
0.84 | 7.50 | 4.8 | ||||
0.80 | 30.5 | 22.2 | ||||
TRMM | 0.88 | 26.5 | 13.7 | |||
-- | 5.10 | 3.8 | ||||
0.69 | 37.1 | 23.7 | ||||
[25] *** | NDVI, DEM | Bilinear | Exponential | 0.74 | 24 | -- |
0. 60 | 25 | |||||
GWR | 0.67 | 32 | -- | |||
0.42 | 20 | |||||
MLR | 0.80 | 22 | -- | |||
0.26 | 15 | |||||
QPP | 0.89 | 16 | -- | |||
0.45 | 11 | |||||
TRMM | 0.94 | 11 | -- | |||
0.64 | 9 | -- | ||||
[77] | DEM, Long, Lat, TRMM-1 km | - | GWR | 0.87 | 32.92 | 18.19 |
Ordinary Kriging | GWRK | 0.89 | 31.11 | 17.05 | ||
TRMM downscaled by ATPK to 1 km (TRMM-1 km) | 0.76 | 46.14 | 26.44 | |||
TRMM | 0.72 | 49.63 | 28.66 | |||
[30] | EVI, DEM | -- | GWR | -- | -- | -- |
NDVI, DEM | 0.86 | 35 | 23 | |||
TRMM | 0.85 | 38 | 26 |
Appendix B
Metrics | Source of Variation | SS | df | MS | F | p-Value | F crit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | Between Groups | 0.0008 | 2 | 0.00038 | 20 | 0.002 | 5.14 |
Within Groups | 0.0001 | 6 | 0.00002 | ||||
Total | 0.0009 | 8 | |||||
RMSE | Between Groups | 2069 | 2 | 1035 | 22 | 0.002 | 5.14 |
Within Groups | 286 | 6 | 48 | ||||
Total | 2355 | 8 | |||||
MAE | Between Groups | 728 | 2 | 364 | 72 | 0.0001 | 5.14 |
Within Groups | 30 | 6 | 5 | ||||
Total | 758 | 8 |
Appendix C
Appendix D
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Predictors | R2 | RMSE | MAE | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Static | Dynamic | ANN | GBR | SVR | ANN | GBR | SVR | ANN | GBR | SVR |
Elevation, Longitude, Latitude | NDVI | 0.983 | 0.971 | 0.953 | 73 | 95 | 121 | 54 | 69 | 77 |
EVI | 0.984 | 0.975 | 0.959 | 71 | 89 | 114 | 51 | 66 | 76 | |
LAI | 0.977 | 0.97 | 0.965 | 85 | 96 | 105 | 56 | 67 | 72 |
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Elnashar, A.; Zeng, H.; Wu, B.; Zhang, N.; Tian, F.; Zhang, M.; Zhu, W.; Yan, N.; Chen, Z.; Sun, Z.; et al. Downscaling TRMM Monthly Precipitation Using Google Earth Engine and Google Cloud Computing. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233860
Elnashar A, Zeng H, Wu B, Zhang N, Tian F, Zhang M, Zhu W, Yan N, Chen Z, Sun Z, et al. Downscaling TRMM Monthly Precipitation Using Google Earth Engine and Google Cloud Computing. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(23):3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233860
Chicago/Turabian StyleElnashar, Abdelrazek, Hongwei Zeng, Bingfang Wu, Ning Zhang, Fuyou Tian, Miao Zhang, Weiwei Zhu, Nana Yan, Zeqiang Chen, Zhiyu Sun, and et al. 2020. "Downscaling TRMM Monthly Precipitation Using Google Earth Engine and Google Cloud Computing" Remote Sensing 12, no. 23: 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233860