Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Area of Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Set for Coastline Delineation
3.2. Data Set for Coastline Delineation
3.2.1. Coastline Delineation
3.2.2. Analysis of Coastline Change
3.2.3. Classification of Erosion
3.2.4. Influencing Factors for Coastline Change
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Coastline Delineation
4.2. Analysis of the Rate of Coastline Change
4.3. Coastline Change Rate Statistics during the Last Three Decades (1989–2018)
4.4. Zone-Wise Coastline Change Rate by LRR Model
4.4.1. Karachi Coastline
4.4.2. IR West Zone
4.4.3. IR East Zone
4.5. Analysis of Influencing Factors of Coastline Change
4.6. Implications for Coastal Sustainability in Pakistan
4.7. Limitations and the Way Forward
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zone | Administrative Units |
---|---|
Karachi | Karachi West, Karachi South, and Karachi East |
IR West | Mirpur Sakro, Ghorabari, and Keti Bandar, located between Korangi Creek and Khobar Creek |
IR East | Kharo-Chhann and Shah Bandar, located between Ghara-Chan Creek and Sir Creek |
Dataset | Description | Processing Level | Spatial and Temporal Resolution | Source | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pixel Size | Acquisition Time (UTC) | Acquisition Date | Tidal Height | ||||
Satellite Images | TM | Level 2 | 30 m | 05:26:11 | 3 April 1989 | 1.90 m | US Geological Survey (https://espa.cr.usgs.gov/) |
30 m | 05:41:59 | 6 April 1999 | 2.5 m | ||||
30 m | 05:44:13 | 10 April 2009 | 0.1 m | ||||
OLI | 30 m | 05:56:49 | 2 March 2018 | 2.80 m | |||
Ocean Data | Mean Tide Level | - | 1989–2018 | Tides 4 Fishing (https://tides4fishing.com/) | |||
Mean Sea Level Data | - | 1916–2015 | Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) [36] | ||||
Topography | Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) | - | 30 m | Open-Topography (http://opentopo.sdsc.edu/datasets) |
Zone | Karachi Zone | IR West Zone | IR East Zone | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subzone | Karachi West | Karachi South | Karachi East | Mirpur Sakro | Keti-Bandar | Ghorabari | Kharo-Chhann | Shah-Bandar |
No. of transects | 128 | 69 | 13 | 385 | 122 | 137 | 106 | 272 |
Mean accretion rate (+) | 4.01 | 12.14 | 9.37 | 11.49 | 7.87 | 11.53 | 10.72 | 11.88 |
Mean erosion rate (−) | −4.17 | −6.09 | −13.95 | −19.98 | −20.04 | −19.57 | −27.46 | −23.37 |
Min accretion rate (+) | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.46 | 0.01 |
Max erosion rate (−) | −74.59 | −48.86 | −57.22 | −72.66 | −52.35 | −65.46 | −62.36 | −64.85 |
Max accretion rate (+) | 48.26 | 53.61 | 51.09 | 62.04 | 43.64 | 51.09 | 32.17 | 48.76 |
Min erosion rate (−) | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.20 | −0.11 | −0.25 | −0.25 | −1.30 | −0.41 |
Zonal average | −0.85 ± 0.45 | −14.17 ± 0.55 | −19.96 ± 0.65 | |||||
Category | Low Erosion | Severe Erosion | Severe Erosion |
Creek | Min | Max | Mean | Zone | Creek | Min | Max | Mean | Zone |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Waddi | −15.33 | −0.25 | −8.91 | IR West | Ghara-Chan | −17.36 | −3.01 | −4.01 | IR East |
Khal | −54.50 | −1.40 | −17.51 | IR West | Khar | −46.21 | 32.17 | −14.98 | IR East |
Pitiani | −65.46 | −0.85 | −9.48 | IR West | Nar | −53.55 | 21.00 | −13.34 | IR East |
Dabbo | −46.12 | −26.90 | −15.39 | IR West | Wari | −57.32 | 8.09 | −31.62 | IR East |
Chhan | −52.35 | −2.14 | −26.82 | IR West | Kajhar | −64.50 | −4.13 | −26.48 | IR East |
Turshian | −25.28 | 4.61 | −8.13 | IR West | Sir | −34.66 | −8.76 | −3.14 | IR East |
Khobar | −51.33 | −11.08 | −22.22 | IR West /IR East |
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Kanwal, S.; Ding, X.; Sajjad, M.; Abbas, S. Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010008
Kanwal S, Ding X, Sajjad M, Abbas S. Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanwal, Shamsa, Xiaoli Ding, Muhammad Sajjad, and Sawaid Abbas. 2020. "Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment" Remote Sensing 12, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010008