Retrieval of the Absorption Coefficient of L-Band Radiation in Antarctica From SMOS Observations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The Tiuri model is correct, implying that Mätzler absorption is too low. In this case, bias is small and emissivity is very close to 1, which would correspond to negligible scattering effects. The warm bias computed with the Mätzler model is basically due to the overestimation of the deep layers’ contribution to the brightness-temperature signal. However, the Tiuri absorption is too strong to account for apparent spatial variations of the brightness temperature with the ice thickness.
- The Mätzler model is correct, implying that Tiuri absorption is too high. In this case, a mechanism that reduces ice emissivity to explain the warm bias is missing. Surface- and internal-layer roughnesses [39], or snow and firn heterogeneities, are potential sources of reflectivity and scattering that are able to lower emissivity, but they have to be quantified.
- None of the Mätzler and Tiuri models is appropriate, and an intermediate formulation is needed, possibly featuring a different dependence on temperature. Scattering processes should be considered in this case, as in the case of the second hypothesis.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. SMOS Brightness Temperature
2.2. Temperature Field from the GRISLI Ice-Sheet Model
2.3. Borehole Temperature Profiles
2.4. Absorption and Emissivity Retrieval
2.4.1. Forward Model
2.4.2. Retrieval Algorithm
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Comparison With Borehole Measurements
3.2. Lagrangian Function Optimization
3.3. Absorption Coefficients and Permittivity
3.4. Effective Temperature and Emissivity
3.5. Relationship between Emissivity, Wind, and Accumulation Fields
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Correction of the Temperature Profiles on Ice Thickness
Appendix B. Minimization of the Lagrangian Function
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East Ant. | −57.5 C | −52.5 C | −47.5 C | −42.5 C | −37.5 C | −32.5 C | −27.5 C |
(K) | 1.47 | 1.41 | 0.80 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.66 | 1.1 |
0.17 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.09 | |
(m) | 466 | 560 | 460 | 365 | 297 | 288 | 216 |
0.989 | 0.976 | 0.972 | 0.972 | 0.972 | 0.973 | 0.978 | |
West Ant. | −42.5 C | −37.5 C | −32.5 C | −27.5 C | |||
(K) | 1.56 | 0.96 | 0.67 | 0.84 | |||
0.09 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.15 | ||||
(m) | 275 | 319 | 299 | 216 | |||
0.979 | 0.987 | 0.986 | 0.976 |
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Passalacqua, O.; Picard, G.; Ritz, C.; Leduc-Leballeur, M.; Quiquet, A.; Larue, F.; Macelloni, G. Retrieval of the Absorption Coefficient of L-Band Radiation in Antarctica From SMOS Observations. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121954
Passalacqua O, Picard G, Ritz C, Leduc-Leballeur M, Quiquet A, Larue F, Macelloni G. Retrieval of the Absorption Coefficient of L-Band Radiation in Antarctica From SMOS Observations. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(12):1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121954
Chicago/Turabian StylePassalacqua, Olivier, Ghislain Picard, Catherine Ritz, Marion Leduc-Leballeur, Aurélien Quiquet, Fanny Larue, and Giovanni Macelloni. 2018. "Retrieval of the Absorption Coefficient of L-Band Radiation in Antarctica From SMOS Observations" Remote Sensing 10, no. 12: 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121954
APA StylePassalacqua, O., Picard, G., Ritz, C., Leduc-Leballeur, M., Quiquet, A., Larue, F., & Macelloni, G. (2018). Retrieval of the Absorption Coefficient of L-Band Radiation in Antarctica From SMOS Observations. Remote Sensing, 10(12), 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121954