Evaluating RADARSAT-2 for the Monitoring of Lake Ice Phenology Events in Mid-Latitudes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. RADARSAT-2
3.2. In Situ Data
3.3. MODIS Data
3.4. Mid-Latitude Lake Ice Phenology Detection
3.5. Freeze Onset Threshold Physical Basis
3.6. Melt Onset Threshold Physical Basis
3.7. Water Clear of Ice Threshold Determination
3.8. Ice Phenology Detection
4. Results
4.1. Validation of 2016 and 2017 Freeze Events for MacDonald, Clear, and Johnson Lakes
4.2. Validation of 2016 and 2017 Melt Events for MacDonald, Clear, and Johnson Lakes
4.3. Validation of 2016 and 2017 WCI Events for MacDonald, Clear, and Johnson Lakes
4.4. Validation of 2009–2017 Ice Seasons using MODIS Imagery
4.5. Variability in Ice Phenology 2009–2017 as Detected by RADARSAT-2
5. Discussion
Method Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Lake Name | Location | Lake Name | Location |
---|---|---|---|
MacDonald Lake | 78.56° W, 45.24° N | Boshkung Lake | 78.73° W, 45.06° N |
Clear Lake | 78.53° W, 45.25° N | Little Boshkung Lake | 78.72° W, 45.04° N |
Johnson Lake | 78.62° W, 45.27° N | Twelve Mile Lake | 78.71° W, 45.02° N |
Little Redstone Lake | 78.56° W, 45.22° N | Lake of Bays | 79.05° W, 45.23° N |
Kennisis Lake | 78.64° W, 45.22° N | Skeleton Lake | 79.45° W, 45.25° N |
Redstone Lake | 78.54° W, 45.19° N | Bernard Lake | 79.39° W, 45.74° N |
Kawagama Lake | 78.75° W, 45.30° N | Lake Opeongo | 78.37° W, 45.68° N |
Halls Lake | 78.75° W, 45.11° N |
Event Date | Johnson Lake | MacDonald Lake | Clear Lake |
---|---|---|---|
2015/2016 | |||
9 December | Not Validated | Not Validated | Not Validated |
19 December | Validated | Validated | Validated |
1 January | Validated | Validated | Validated |
2 January | Validated | Validated | Validated |
9 January | Not Validated | Not Validated | Not Validated |
23 January | Not Validated | Not Validated | Not Validated |
25 February | Validated | Validated | Validated |
6 April | Validated | Validated | Validated |
14 April | Validated | Validated | Validated |
2016/2017 | |||
13 December | Validated | Validated | Validated |
26 December | Not Captured | Not Validated | Not Validated |
2 January | Validated | Validated | Validated |
6 January | Validated | Validated | Validated |
26 January | Validated | Validated | Validated |
15 March | Not Validated | Not Captured | Not Validated |
2 April | Validated | Validated | Validated |
9 April | Validated | Validated | Not Captured |
Event Date | Johnson Lake | MacDonald Lake | Clear Lake |
---|---|---|---|
2015/2016 | |||
22 December | Validated | Validated | Validated |
12 January | Not Validated | Not Validated | Not Validated |
12 February | Not Captured | Not Validated | Not Validated |
13 March | Not Captured | Validated | Validated |
31 March | Validated | Validated | Not Captured |
17 April | Validated | Validated | Validated |
24 April | Validated | Validated (WCI) | Validated (WCI) |
30 April | Validated (WCI) | ||
2016/2017 | |||
9 December | Not Validated | Not Validated | Not Captured |
20 December | Not Captured | Not Validated | Not Validated |
27 December | Validated | Validated | Validated |
12 January | Validated | Validated | Validated |
26 March | Validated | Validated | Validated |
1 April | Not Validated | Not Validated | Not Validated |
12 April | Validated | Validated | Validated |
19 April | Validated | Validated | Validated |
25 April | Not Captured | Validated (WCI) | Validated (WCI) |
Freeze Onset | WCI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | RADARSAT-2 Date | MODIS Date | MBE | MAE | RADARSAT-2 Date | MODIS Date | MBE | MAE |
2009 | 110 | 114 | −4.2 | 5.1 | ||||
2010 | 346 | 350 | −4.0 | 5.1 | 92 | 94 | −2.4 | 2.7 |
2011 | 357 | 347 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 119 | 119 | −0.1 | 3.2 |
2012 | 357 | 361 | −3.1 | 3.2 | 86 | 86 | −0.1 | 1.5 |
2013 | 351 | 357 | −6.1 | 6.1 | 113 | 118 | −5.1 | 5.1 |
2014 | 351 | 347 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 126 | 124 | 1.1 | 7.1 |
2015 | 342 | 344 | −2.0 | 6.9 | 119 | 118 | 1.2 | 1.9 |
2016 | 368 | 369 | −1.5 | 2.9 | 114 | 117 | −3.0 | 3.0 |
2017 | 351 | 352 | −0.9 | 2.5 | 115 | 112 | 2.7 | 3.2 |
Year | Freeze Onset | Average Seasonal Temperature (SOND) | WCI | Average Spring Temperature (MAM) | Ice Cover Duration (days) | Average Full-Season Temperature (June 1–May 31) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008/2009 | Apr. 20 | 3.8 | ||||
2009/2010 | Dec. 12 | 3.6 | Apr. 2 | 7.7 | 111 | 5.9 |
2010/2011 | Dec. 23 | 3.7 | Apr. 29 | 4.4 | 127 | 5.3 |
2011/2012 | Dec. 23 | 6.0 | Mar. 26 | 7.1 | 94 | 7.4 |
2012/2013 | Dec. 16 | 4.6 | Apr. 23 | 4.5 | 128 | 6.1 |
2013/2014 | Dec. 17 | 2.6 | May 6 | 2.0 | 140 | 3.8 |
2014/2015 | Dec. 8 | 4.0 | Apr. 29 | 4.0 | 142 | 4.1 |
2015/2016 | Jan. 3 | 6.8 | Apr. 23 | 3.6 | 111 | 6.1 |
2016/2017 | Dec. 16 | 5.3 | Apr. 25 | 3.2 | 130 | 6.4 |
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Murfitt, J.; Brown, L.C.; Howell, S.E.L. Evaluating RADARSAT-2 for the Monitoring of Lake Ice Phenology Events in Mid-Latitudes. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1641. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101641
Murfitt J, Brown LC, Howell SEL. Evaluating RADARSAT-2 for the Monitoring of Lake Ice Phenology Events in Mid-Latitudes. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(10):1641. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101641
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurfitt, Justin, Laura C. Brown, and Stephen E.L. Howell. 2018. "Evaluating RADARSAT-2 for the Monitoring of Lake Ice Phenology Events in Mid-Latitudes" Remote Sensing 10, no. 10: 1641. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101641