Remote Detection of the Fluorescence Spectrum of Natural Pollens Floating in the Atmosphere Using a Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Spectrum (LIFS) Lidar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Spectral Characteristics of Pollen Fluorescence
3. LIFS Lidar System
3.1. Design and Construction
3.2. Performance Check of LIFS Lidar
3.2.1. Detection of False Pollen (Flour Powder)
3.2.2. Detection of Natural Tree Pollen (Japanese Black Pine Tree)
4. Field Observations
4.1. Cedar Pollen Observations
4.2. Ragweed Pollen Observations
5. Discussions
5.1. System Operations
5.2. Pollen Observations in Field
5.3. Estimation of Detected Particle Numbers
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Symbol | Value | |
---|---|---|---|
For PMA sensitivity calculation | Transmittance of lens | Tl | 92% |
Optics efficiency | To | 93% | |
Transmittance of filter | Tf | 92% | |
Filter spectral width | ΔλF | 10 × 10−9 (m) | |
PMT anode sensitivity | S | 4.4 × 101 (A/W) at −300 (V) | |
Resistance | R | 50 (Ω) | |
PMT output | VPMT | 21.42 × 10−3 (V) at −300 (V) | |
PMA output | PPMA | 53376 (count/3 nm) at gain 8 | |
For pollen number calculation | Laser power | P | 10 × 10−3 (/6 ns) |
Fluorescence cross section of Cedar pollen | σ | 2 × 10−18 (m2 sr−1 nm−1) | |
Overlapping factor | Y | 1 | |
Telescope effective area | A | 0.045 (m2) | |
Range | r | 20 (m) | |
Velocity of light | c | 3 × 108 (m/s) | |
Laser pulse width | tL | 6 × 10−9 (s) | |
Atmospheric transmittance of laser | TL | 0.992 (km−1) at 355 nm for visibility of 20 km [35] | |
Atmospheric transmittance of fluorescence | TF | 0.995 (km−1) at 460 nm for visibility of 20 km [36] | |
PMA output | PPMA | 320 (count/3 nm) at gain 8 |
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Saito, Y.; Ichihara, K.; Morishita, K.; Uchiyama, K.; Kobayashi, F.; Tomida, T. Remote Detection of the Fluorescence Spectrum of Natural Pollens Floating in the Atmosphere Using a Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Spectrum (LIFS) Lidar. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101533
Saito Y, Ichihara K, Morishita K, Uchiyama K, Kobayashi F, Tomida T. Remote Detection of the Fluorescence Spectrum of Natural Pollens Floating in the Atmosphere Using a Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Spectrum (LIFS) Lidar. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(10):1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101533
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaito, Yasunori, Kentaro Ichihara, Kenzo Morishita, Kentaro Uchiyama, Fumitoshi Kobayashi, and Takayuki Tomida. 2018. "Remote Detection of the Fluorescence Spectrum of Natural Pollens Floating in the Atmosphere Using a Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Spectrum (LIFS) Lidar" Remote Sensing 10, no. 10: 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101533