Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Iberia-Biscay-Ireland Wave (IBI-WAV) Operational Forecasting System
2.2. In Situ Observations
2.3. HF Radar (HFR)
2.4. Satellite Data
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Skill Assessment of HF Radar Wave Height Estimations
3.2. Analysis of Extreme Wave Height Events in Galicia (2015–2016)
3.3. Use of Satellite-Sensed and IBI-WAV Hs Estimations to Analyze the Impact of Storm Ophelia (October 2017)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metrics | Period 1 (2 Months) | Period 2 (3 Months) | Period 3 (1 Month) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBI-WAV Versus… | B1 | HFR | B1 | HFR | B1 | HFR |
Hourly data | 1416 | 1113 | 2184 | 1904 | 744 | 390 |
Bias (m) | −0.20 | −0.44 | −0.13 | −0.39 | −0.19 | −0.96 |
RMSE (m) | 0.47 | 1.06 | 0.41 | 1.09 | 0.38 | 1.03 |
CORR | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.95 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.75 |
Hs | Period 1 (2 Months) | Period 2 (3 Months) | Period 3 (1 Month) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | B1 | HFR | IBIW | B1 | HFR | IBIW | B1 | HFR | IBIW |
Hourly data | 1416 | 1113 | 1416 | 2184 | 1904 | 2184 | 744 | 390 | 744 |
Mean (m) | 3.34 | 3.99 | 3.13 | 3.83 | 4.27 | 3.70 | 2.71 | 4.19 | 2.52 |
Std (m) | 1.47 | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.29 | 1.46 | 1.25 | 1.19 | 1.15 | 1.04 |
Maximum (m) | 8.55 | 8.5 | 7.51 | 9.38 | 9.83 | 8.64 | 7.03 | 6.02 | 5.86 |
High (P90) (m) | 5.39 | 5.66 | 5.33 | 5.51 | 6.12 | 5.48 | 4.34 | 5.46 | 3.85 |
N Events P90 | 118 | 98 | 128 | 178 | 171 | 196 | 65 | 35 | 67 |
Extreme (P99) | 7.27 | 7.96 | 6.89 | 7.69 | 8.35 | 7.25 | 6.33 | 8.04 | 5.79 |
N Events P99 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 22 | 19 | 21 | 6 | 4 | 7 |
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Lorente, P.; Sotillo, M.G.; Aouf, L.; Amo-Baladrón, A.; Barrera, E.; Dalphinet, A.; Toledano, C.; Rainaud, R.; De Alfonso, M.; Piedracoba, S.; et al. Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010001
Lorente P, Sotillo MG, Aouf L, Amo-Baladrón A, Barrera E, Dalphinet A, Toledano C, Rainaud R, De Alfonso M, Piedracoba S, et al. Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorente, Pablo, Marcos G. Sotillo, Lotfi Aouf, Arancha Amo-Baladrón, Ernesto Barrera, Alice Dalphinet, Cristina Toledano, Romain Rainaud, Marta De Alfonso, Silvia Piedracoba, and et al. 2018. "Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach" Remote Sensing 10, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010001
APA StyleLorente, P., Sotillo, M. G., Aouf, L., Amo-Baladrón, A., Barrera, E., Dalphinet, A., Toledano, C., Rainaud, R., De Alfonso, M., Piedracoba, S., Basañez, A., García-Valdecasas, J. M., Pérez-Muñuzuri, V., & Álvarez-Fanjul, E. (2018). Extreme Wave Height Events in NW Spain: A Combined Multi-Sensor and Model Approach. Remote Sensing, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010001