Differences of Cycling Experiences and Perceptions between E-Bike and Bicycle Users in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. E-Bike
2.2. North American E-Bike Users
3. Method
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Ordinal Logit Model of Interest in E-Bike Purchase in the Future
4. Results
4.1. Demographics
4.2. Bicycles and E-Bike Use
4.2.1. Cycling Experience
4.2.2. Motives and Perception for E-Bike Use
4.2.3. Expectation of E-Bikes
4.3. Model Result
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey Component | Factors |
---|---|
Cycling experience |
|
Motives and perception for e-bike |
|
Expectation of future e-bikes |
|
Bike purchase |
|
Demographics |
|
Total | Bicycle Only (BO) | E-Bike Only (EO) | Bicycle and E-Bike (BE) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Value | % | Value | % | Value | % | Value | % |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 622 | 83% | 323 | 83% | 98 | 80% | 201 | 83% |
Female | 128 | 17% | 64 | 17% | 24 | 20% | 40 | 17% |
Age | ||||||||
Under 18 | 2 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0% |
18 to 34 | 55 | 7% | 37 | 10% | 8 | 7% | 10 | 4% |
35 to 49 * | 152 | 21% | 78 | 21% | 14 | 12% | 60 | 25% |
50 to 69 | 448 | 61% | 233 | 62% | 78 | 64% | 137 | 57% |
over 69 * | 81 | 11% | 29 | 8% | 21 | 17% | 31 | 13% |
Education | ||||||||
High school or less | 37 | 5% | 17 | 4% | 9 | 7% | 11 | 5% |
Technical Education | 57 | 8% | 34 | 9% | 9 | 7% | 14 | 6% |
Some college | 181 | 24% | 85 | 22% | 37 | 30% | 59 | 24% |
Bachelor’s Degree | 243 | 32% | 128 | 33% | 35 | 29% | 80 | 33% |
Advanced College Degree | 232 | 31% | 123 | 32% | 32 | 26% | 77 | 32% |
Annual Household Income | ||||||||
Below $20,000 | 29 | 5% | 16 | 5% | 8 | 8% | 5 | 3% |
$20,000 to $60,000 | 158 | 26% | 77 | 25% | 29 | 29% | 52 | 27% |
$61,000 to $100,000 | 174 | 29% | 97 | 31% | 32 | 32% | 45 | 24% |
$101,000 to $140,000 | 121 | 20% | 55 | 18% | 17 | 17% | 49 | 26% |
$141,000 to $180,000 | 57 | 9% | 32 | 10% | 6 | 6% | 19 | 10% |
Above $180,000 | 63 | 10% | 34 | 11% | 9 | 9% | 20 | 11% |
Household Children under the age of 18 | ||||||||
None * | 577 | 77% | 300 | 78% | 106 | 87% | 171 | 71% |
1 | 71 | 10% | 38 | 10% | 12 | 10% | 21 | 9% |
2 | 77 | 10% | 35 | 9% | 4 | 3% | 38 | 16% |
3 or more | 21 | 3% | 13 | 3% | 0 | 0% | 8 | 3% |
No. of people in Household | ||||||||
1 * | 111 | 16% | 47 | 12% | 31 | 25% | 33 | 14% |
2 | 380 | 54% | 203 | 52% | 62 | 51% | 115 | 48% |
3 or more | 215 | 30% | 111 | 29% | 27 | 22% | 77 | 32% |
Personal vehicle ownership | ||||||||
Bicycle | 628 | 84% | 387 | 100.0% | - | - | 241 | 100% |
E-bike | 363 | 48% | - | - | 122 | 100% | 241 | 100% |
E-scooter | 20 | 3% | 6 | 2% | 1 | 1% | 13 | 5% |
Scooter | 42 | 6% | 22 | 6% | 5 | 4% | 15 | 6% |
Regular automobile * | 536 | 71% | 294 | 76% | 53 | 43% | 189 | 78% |
Hybrid automobile | 80 | 11% | 44 | 11% | 14 | 11% | 22 | 9% |
Electric automobile | 42 | 6% | 19 | 5% | 3 | 2% | 20 | 8% |
Variables | Coef. | Std. Err. | Z-Test | p > |z| | 95% Conf. Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personally own regular automobile (Yes = 1; no = 0) | −0.379 | 0.363 | −1.050 | 0.296 | −1.090 | 0.332 |
Personally own hybrid auto (Yes = 1; no = 0) | −0.186 | 0.432 | −0.430 | 0.667 | −1.032 | 0.660 |
How do use your bicycle? | ||||||
Carrying goods/kids | ||||||
Male, carrying goods/kids = no | 1.073 ** | 0.510 | 2.100 | 0.036 | 0.072 | 2.073 |
Female, carrying goods/kids = no | 1.510 ** | 0.597 | 2.530 | 0.011 | 0.340 | 2.681 |
Male, carrying goods/kids = yes | base | |||||
Female, carrying goods/kids = yes | −0.605 | 1.186 | −0.510 | 0.610 | −2.930 | 1.720 |
For recreation and exercise (Yes = 1; no = 0) | −0.686 * | 0.398 | −1.720 | 0.085 | −1.465 | 0.094 |
Racing (Yes = 1; no = 0) | −1.426 * | 0.764 | −1.870 | 0.062 | −2.923 | 0.070 |
Trail/Mountain biking (Yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.245 | 0.376 | 0.650 | 0.516 | −0.493 | 0.983 |
Running general errands around residence (Yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.730 * | 0.391 | 1.870 | 0.062 | −0.037 | 1.497 |
What are the most important reason you ride your bicycle? Multiple choices | ||||||
For Fun (Yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.834 ** | 0.352 | 2.360 | 0.018 | 0.143 | 1.524 |
To get from one place to another (Yes = 1; no = 0) | 0.432 | 0.319 | 1.350 | 0.176 | −0.194 | 1.057 |
Familiarity of e-bikes | ||||||
Not at all familiar (Yes = 1; no = 0) | base | |||||
Somewhat familiar (Yes = 1; no = 0) | 1.021 | 0.638 | 1.600 | 0.110 | −0.230 | 2.272 |
Familiar (Yes = 1; no = 0) | 1.371 ** | 0.643 | 2.130 | 0.033 | 0.111 | 2.631 |
Very familiar (Yes = 1; no = 0) | 1.614 ** | 0.692 | 2.330 | 0.020 | 0.258 | 2.971 |
Extremely familiar (Yes = 1; no = 0) | 2.272 ** | 0.981 | 2.310 | 0.021 | 0.348 | 4.195 |
No. of people in household | 0.183 | 0.131 | 1.400 | 0.162 | −0.074 | 0.439 |
Education level (0: below college degree; 1: ≥ college degree) | −0.811 *** | 0.312 | −2.600 | 0.009 | −1.422 | −0.200 |
Annual household income | ||||||
Below $20,000 | base | |||||
$20,000 to $60,000 | 1.966 *** | 0.711 | 2.760 | 0.006 | 0.572 | 3.360 |
$61,000 to $100,000 | 1.164 * | 0.683 | 1.700 | 0.088 | −0.175 | 2.503 |
$101,000 to $140,000 | 1.707 ** | 0.735 | 2.320 | 0.020 | 0.266 | 3.148 |
$141,000 to $180,000 | 1.749 ** | 0.808 | 2.160 | 0.031 | 0.164 | 3.333 |
Above $180,000 | 1.105 | 0.762 | 1.450 | 0.147 | −0.389 | 2.600 |
I prefer not to answer | 1.489 ** | 0.724 | 2.060 | 0.040 | 0.071 | 2.908 |
Type of terrain | ||||||
Primarily flat | base | |||||
Mix of flat and hilly | 0.244 | 0.319 | 0.760 | 0.445 | −0.382 | 0.870 |
Primarily hilly | 0.935 | 0.594 | 1.570 | 0.116 | −0.230 | 2.099 |
Cut 1: Not interested to probably interested | −2.218 | 1.282 | −4.731 | 0.295 | ||
Cut 2: Probably interested to definitely interested | 1.261 | 1.240 | −1.170 | 3.692 |
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Ling, Z.; Cherry, C.R.; MacArthur, J.H.; Weinert, J.X. Differences of Cycling Experiences and Perceptions between E-Bike and Bicycle Users in the United States. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091662
Ling Z, Cherry CR, MacArthur JH, Weinert JX. Differences of Cycling Experiences and Perceptions between E-Bike and Bicycle Users in the United States. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091662
Chicago/Turabian StyleLing, Ziwen, Christopher R. Cherry, John H. MacArthur, and Jonathan X. Weinert. 2017. "Differences of Cycling Experiences and Perceptions between E-Bike and Bicycle Users in the United States" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091662