Stakeholders’ Expectations in Urban Renewal Projects in China: A Key Step towards Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sustainability in Urban Renewal
2.2. Redevelopment and Rehabilitation in Urban Renewal Projects
2.3. Stakeholders’ Expectations in Urban Renewal
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Interview
3.2. Questionnaire Survey
3.3. Data Analysis Method
4. Data Analysis and Results
4.1. Comparison of Expectations within each Stakeholder Group
4.2. Comparison of Expectations between Pairs of Stakeholder Groups
4.2.1. Comparison between Government Sectors and the Others
4.2.2. Comparison between Affected Residents in Redevelopment Projects and the Others
4.2.3. Comparison between Other Pairs of Stakeholders
4.3. Comparison of Expectations among all Stakeholder Groups
5. Discussion
5.1. Stakeholders’ Expectations in Sustainable Urban Renewal
5.2. Content of Public Interest
5.3. Diverse Needs in Redevelopment and Rehabilitation Projects
5.4. Awareness of Different Stakeholders
5.5. Policy Implications and Recommendations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Description | References |
---|---|---|
F1. Promotion of Local Development | Incl. economic growth indicators, e.g., GDP, investment environment, etc. | [80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88] |
F2. Optimization of Land Use | Rational land function to meet the requirement of sustainability | [52,80,81,83,84,85,86,88,89,90,91] |
F3. Increase in Local Employment | To increase the employment rate of local people through urban renewal projects | [52,82,85,87,88,89,90,92] |
F4. Conservation of Cultural, Historical Value and Local Characteristics | To preserve the existing neighborhoods in urban renewal areas in terms of cultural, historical value, or unique local characters | [80,81,82,85,86,91] |
F5. Maintenance of Social Network and Neighborhood Relations | Social network and neighborhood relations built in the existing neighborhoods may include valuable social capital to be maintained after the urban renewal process | [80,85,87,88] |
F6. Improvement of Community Security | The criminal rate may be higher in the existing neighborhood, which is to be reduced in the new/rehabilitated neighborhoods | [89,90,92] |
F7. Improvement of Geographic Accessibility | Urban renewal projects should improve accessibility of space through optimized transportation planning and systems | [52,80,81,82,83,85,86,87,90,91,92,93] |
F8. Availability of Amenities, Community and Welfare Facilities in the Area | Urban renewal should improve the availability and accessibility of basic amenities and community facilities | [52,80,81,82,83,86,87,88,89,91,92,93] |
F9. Economic Benefits to Governments and Local People | (1) Financial benefits, such as the benefit from future land leasing. (2) increase in income, such as rental income, and a decrease in the living cost, including energy, transportation, service facilities, etc. | [52,86,87,92] [90,93] |
F10. Good Relocation and Compensation Plan | Urban renewal projects provide a fair compensation plan for the affected residents to upgrade their living environment, as part of social equity and justice. | [83,84,87,88,90,91] |
F11. Maintenance of Social Stability | To minimize the social conflicts during the urban renewal process | [82,84,86] |
F12. Transparency of Urban Renewal Process | Urban renewal is a public issue, of which the information should be transparent to the public | [82,83,88] |
F13. Increase of Participation and Cooperation | Different stakeholder groups are actively involved and well communicated in urban renewal process | [52,81,82,84,85,86,87,88,89,92,93] |
F14. Improvement of Neighborhood Sanitation and the Natural Environment | Many old neighborhoods have poor hygienic conditions and a low green rate, which should be improved through urban renewal | [52,80,81,82,83,86,87,88,90,91,92,93] |
F15. Beautification of the Landscape and Buildings | To bring aesthetic values for the neighborhoods through architecture and landscape design | [80,82,83,86,87,88,89,93] |
F16. Improved Building Safety | To meet the requirement of building safety, including structural safety, fire safety, etc. | [80,81,82,83,84,85,87,89,90,92,93] |
F17. Improved Living Comfort in Buildings | To guarantee adequate living functions (e.g., elevators, independent toilets), layout and space, air ventilation, acoustical and illumination environment, etc., that increase the sense of comfort of residents | [85,87,89,90,92,93] |
F18. Construction or Renovation of Green Buildings | To meet the requirements of building energy efficiency | [52,83,85,91] |
Group/No. | Cd. | Profile |
---|---|---|
Government Sectors (10) | G1 | Officer of Chongqing Municipal Commission of Development and Reform |
G2 | Officer of Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Urban Planning | |
G3 | Officer of Chongqing Municipal Administration of Land, Resources and Housing | |
G4 | Officer of Chongqing Municipal Commission of Urban-Rural Development | |
G5 | Officer of Yuzhong District Bureau of Land and Resources | |
G6 | Officer of Yuzhong District Bureau of Housing Management | |
G7 | Officer of Yuzhong District Bureau of Urban Planning | |
G8 | Officer of Yuzhong District Commission of Development and Reform | |
G9 | Officer of Shangqingsi Sub-district Administrative Office | |
G10 | Officer of Jiaxicun Neighborhood Committee | |
Consulting Parties (5) | C1 | Professor at Chongqing University |
C2 | Researcher at Tongji University | |
C3 | Researcher at Chongqing University | |
C4 | Professor at Chongqing University | |
C5 | Consultant of Chongqing Planning and Design Institute | |
Developers (2) | D1 | Manager of a Real Estate Development Company |
D2 | Employee of a Real Estate Development Company | |
Financial Institutions (1) | F1 | Employee of China Development Bank |
Affected Residents (3) | R1 | Resident of a Neighborhood that will be Redeveloped |
R2 | Resident of a Neighborhood that will be Redeveloped | |
R3 | Resident of a Neighborhood that is under Rehabilitation | |
General Public (2) | P1 | Ordinary Citizen in Yuzhong District, Chongqing |
P2 | Ordinary Citizen in Yuzhong District, Chongqing |
Type of Group | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Government sectors | 54 | 21.0 |
Consulting parties | 55 | 21.4 |
General public | 52 | 20.2 |
Affected Residents in Redevelopment Projects | 49 | 19.1 |
Affected Residents in Rehabilitation Projects | 47 | 18.3 |
Total | 257 | 100 |
Cd. | Government Sectors | Consulting Parties | General Publics | Affected Residents (Redevelopment) | Affected Residents (Rehabilitation) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Rank | Mean | SD | Rank | Mean | SD | Rank | Mean | SD | Rank | Mean | SD | Rank | |
F1 | 4.78 | 0.50 | 1 | 4.15 | 0.70 | 6 | 4.42 | 0.64 | 1 | 2.59 | 0.98 | 11 | 3.32 | 1.42 | 18 |
F2 | 4.56 | 0.57 | 3 | 4.4 | 0.68 | 2 | 4.02 | 0.98 | 9 | 2.43 | 1.02 | 16 | 3.38 | 1.21 | 17 |
F3 | 3.89 | 0.88 | 9 | 3.44 | 0.79 | 12 | 4.08 | 0.80 | 6 | 2.94 | 0.92 | 6 | 3.74 | 0.67 | 14 |
F4 | 3.83 | 0.77 | 10 | 4.2 | 0.70 | 4 | 4.12 | 0.80 | 4 | 2.82 | 1.20 | 7 | 3.45 | 0.88 | 16 |
F5 | 2.24 | 1.03 | 18 | 2.82 | 1.02 | 17 | 3.56 | 0.94 | 17 | 3.92 | 0.79 | 3 | 4.21 | 0.88 | 11 |
F6 | 3.57 | 0.79 | 14 | 3.15 | 0.68 | 14 | 3.96 | 0.91 | 11 | 2.55 | 1.06 | 13 | 4.09 | 1.02 | 13 |
F7 | 4.22 | 0.94 | 6 | 4.16 | 0.94 | 5 | 3.75 | 0.93 | 15 | 2.67 | 1.14 | 9 | 4.32 | 0.52 | 10 |
F8 | 4.39 | 0.71 | 4 | 4.38 | 0.78 | 3 | 4.04 | 0.74 | 8 | 2.76 | 1.20 | 8 | 4.34 | 0.76 | 8 |
F9 | 4.09 | 0.71 | 8 | 3.36 | 0.80 | 13 | 3.73 | 0.93 | 16 | 2.33 | 0.82 | 18 | 4.38 | 0.61 | 6 |
F10 | 3.78 | 0.90 | 11 | 2.73 | 1.04 | 18 | 4.23 | 0.83 | 3 | 4.84 | 0.51 | 1 | 4.51 | 0.66 | 2 |
F11 | 4.59 | 0.69 | 2 | 3.13 | 0.98 | 15 | 3.98 | 0.96 | 10 | 2.51 | 0.96 | 15 | 3.55 | 0.95 | 15 |
F12 | 3.3 | 0.90 | 17 | 2.85 | 1.03 | 16 | 3.77 | 1.00 | 14 | 4.61 | 0.67 | 2 | 4.19 | 0.82 | 12 |
F13 | 4.35 | 0.89 | 5 | 4.53 | 0.63 | 1 | 3.46 | 0.96 | 18 | 3.9 | 1.03 | 4 | 4.47 | 0.58 | 3 |
F14 | 3.74 | 0.81 | 12 | 3.71 | 0.90 | 9 | 4.1 | 0.91 | 5 | 2.57 | 1.27 | 12 | 4.45 | 0.62 | 4 |
F15 | 3.7 | 0.94 | 13 | 3.82 | 0.90 | 8 | 3.9 | 0.91 | 13 | 2.53 | 1.04 | 14 | 4.36 | 0.92 | 7 |
F16 | 4.2 | 0.79 | 7 | 3.85 | 0.85 | 7 | 4.37 | 0.79 | 2 | 2.98 | 1.35 | 5 | 4.72 | 0.50 | 1 |
F17 | 3.43 | 1.06 | 15 | 3.53 | 0.86 | 10 | 3.92 | 0.90 | 12 | 2.61 | 1.30 | 10 | 4.34 | 0.70 | 8 |
F18 | 3.37 | 1.10 | 16 | 3.45 | 0.92 | 11 | 4.06 | 0.89 | 7 | 2.39 | 1.27 | 17 | 4.4 | 0.61 | 5 |
Factor | GS & CP | GS & GP | GS & ARR | ARD & GS | ARD & CP | ARD & GP | ARD & ARR | CP & GP | CP & ARR | GP & ARR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 0.632 | 0.355 | 1.459 | 2.186 | 1.554 | 1.554 | −0.727 | - | 0.826 | 1.104 |
F2 | - | 0.536 | 1.173 | 2.127 | 1.971 | 1.971 | −0.954 | 0.381 | 1.017 | 0.636 |
F3 | 0.453 | - | - | 0.950 | 0.498 | 0.498 | −0.806 | −0.641 | - | 0.332 |
F4 | −0.367 | - | 0.387 | 1.017 | 1.384 | 1.384 | −0.630 | - | 0.753 | 0.669 |
F5 | −0.577 | - | −1.972 | −1.678 | −1.100 | −1.100 | - | −0.740 | −1.395 | −0.655 |
F6 | 0.429 | −0.387 | −0.511 | 1.023 | 0.594 | 0.594 | −1.534 | −0.816 | −0.940 | - |
F7 | - | 0.472 | - | 1.549 | 1.490 | 1.490 | −1.646 | 0.414 | - | −0.569 |
F8 | - | 0.350 | - | 1.634 | 1.627 | 1.627 | −1.585 | 0.343 | - | - |
F9 | 0.729 | - | −0.290 | 1.766 | 1.037 | 1.037 | −2.056 | - | −1.019 | −0.652 |
F10 | 1.051 | −0.453 | −0.733 | −1.059 | −2.109 | −2.109 | 0.326 | −1.503 | −1.783 | - |
F11 | 1.465 | 0.612 | 1.039 | 2.082 | 0.617 | 0.617 | −1.043 | −0.853 | - | - |
F12 | 0.442 | −0.473 | −0.895 | −1.316 | −1.758 | −1.758 | 0.421 | −0.915 | −1.337 | −0.422 |
F13 | - | 0.890 | - | 0.454 | 0.629 | 0.629 | −0.570 | 1.066 | - | −1.007 |
F14 | - | - | −0.706 | 1.169 | 1.138 | 1.138 | −1.875 | - | −0.738 | - |
F15 | - | - | −0.658 | 1.173 | 1.288 | 1.288 | −1.831 | - | −0.544 | −0.458 |
F16 | 0.349 | - | −0.520 | 1.224 | 0.875 | 0.875 | −1.744 | −0.511 | −0.869 | −0.358 |
F17 | - | −0.497 | −0.914 | 0.814 | 0.915 | 0.915 | −1.728 | −0.396 | −0.813 | −0.417 |
F18 | - | −0.687 | −1.034 | 0.983 | 1.067 | 1.067 | −2.017 | −0.603 | −0.950 | −0.347 |
Factor | Between Groups | Within Groups | F | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of Squares | df | Sum of Squares | df | |||
F1 | 158.816 | 4 | 208.912 | 252 | 47.893 | 0.000 |
F2 | 153.450 | 4 | 208.620 | 252 | 46.339 | 0.000 |
F3 | 40.084 | 4 | 180.305 | 252 | 14.006 | 0.000 |
F4 | 64.954 | 4 | 196.572 | 252 | 20.817 | 0.000 |
F5 | 134.672 | 4 | 222.425 | 252 | 38.145 | 0.000 |
F6 | 78.076 | 4 | 201.745 | 252 | 24.381 | 0.000 |
F7 | 91.537 | 4 | 211.599 | 252 | 27.254 | 0.000 |
F8 | 97.643 | 4 | 187.353 | 252 | 32.834 | 0.000 |
F9 | 125.238 | 4 | 207.377 | 252 | 38.047 | 0.000 |
F10 | 140.991 | 4 | 169.912 | 252 | 52.277 | 0.000 |
F11 | 131.070 | 4 | 235.989 | 252 | 34.991 | 0.000 |
F12 | 100.457 | 4 | 204.236 | 252 | 30.988 | 0.000 |
F13 | 42.534 | 4 | 177.139 | 252 | 15.127 | 0.000 |
F14 | 96.841 | 4 | 241.852 | 252 | 25.226 | 0.000 |
F15 | 90.206 | 4 | 219.015 | 252 | 25.948 | 0.000 |
F16 | 85.823 | 4 | 202.037 | 252 | 26.762 | 0.000 |
F17 | 80.524 | 4 | 244.791 | 252 | 20.724 | 0.000 |
F18 | 116.023 | 4 | 246.008 | 252 | 29.712 | 0.000 |
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Zhuang, T.; Qian, Q.K.; Visscher, H.J.; Elsinga, M.G. Stakeholders’ Expectations in Urban Renewal Projects in China: A Key Step towards Sustainability. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091640
Zhuang T, Qian QK, Visscher HJ, Elsinga MG. Stakeholders’ Expectations in Urban Renewal Projects in China: A Key Step towards Sustainability. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091640
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuang, Taozhi, Queena K. Qian, Henk J. Visscher, and Marja G. Elsinga. 2017. "Stakeholders’ Expectations in Urban Renewal Projects in China: A Key Step towards Sustainability" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091640