Spatio-Temporal Variations of Health Costs Caused by Chemical Fertilizer Utilization in China from 1990 to 2012
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Methodology
2.3. Regression Analysis
3. Results
3.1. National Health Costs
3.2. Regional Health Costs
3.3. Correslation Anlayses of Regional Health Costs
4. Discussion
4.1. Policy Implication
4.2. Spatial Variation of Amounts and Growth Rates
4.3. Limitations and Uncertainties
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Country/Region | Content | Cost Value | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
1990–1996 | U.K. | Environmental costs of agriculture | US $1.663–5.655 billion | [13] |
2004 | U.S. | Environmental costs of crop production | US $4.969–16.151 billion | [14] |
2011 | European Union 27 countries | Environmental costs of nitrogen overuse | US $79–362 billion | [15] |
2006 | Sahel | Health costs of pesticide | US $1.70 per hectare | [16] |
2020 | China | Environmental costs of nitrogen overuse | US $5 billion | [17] |
2015 | China | Environmental costs of food production | US $32–67 billion | [18] |
2002 | China | Environmental costs of fertilizer nitrogen emissions | US $57 billion | [19] |
2008 | China | Health costs of agriculture nitrogen emissions | US $10–34 billion | [20] |
Fertilizer Type | Use by Crops | Spread to Atmosphere | Residual in Soil | Underground Leaching | Surface Runoff | Data Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrogen | 35 (20–50) a | 20 (10–30) | 35 (30–40) | 0.5 | 10 | [36,37,38,39,40] |
Phosphate | 11 (7–15) | 5 | 65 (55–75) | 1 | 7.5 (5–10) | [41,42,43] |
Categories | Impact Dose (104 t) | DALYs/kg, Cdi (kg−1 a) | DALYs (a) | Emergy (sej) | Macro-Economic Value (Yuan, ¥) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atmosphere impact | 9.74 × 104 | 1.63 × 1021 | 3.71 × 109 | ||
NH3 | 145.71 | 5.10 × 10−5 | 7.43 × 104 | 1.25 × 1021 | 2.83 × 109 |
N2O | 25.27 | 4.00 × 10−6 | 1.01 × 103 | 1.70 × 1019 | 3.85 × 107 |
NOx | 32.57 | 6.79 × 10−5 | 2.21 × 104 | 3.71 × 1020 | 8.43 × 108 |
Soil impact | 2.52 × 105 | 4.23 × 1021 | 9.60 × 109 | ||
Nitrate | 372.58 | 4.90 × 10−5 | 1.83 × 105 | 3.06 × 1021 | 6.96 × 109 |
Sulphate | 71.64 | 1.70 × 10−6 | 1.22 × 103 | 2.04 × 1019 | 4.64 × 107 |
Cd | 11.19 | 6.09 × 10−4 | 6.81 × 104 | 1.14 × 1021 | 2.60 × 109 |
Water impact | 2.53 × 105 | 4.25 × 1021 | 9.65 × 109 | ||
NO3-N | 723.57 | 3.05 × 10−5 | 2.21 × 105 | 3.70 × 1021 | 8.41 × 109 |
NH4-N | 175.36 | 1.67 × 10−5 | 2.93 × 104 | 4.91 × 1020 | 1.12 × 109 |
Phosphate | 85.77 | 3.60 × 10−6 | 3.09 × 103 | 5.18 × 1020 | 1.18 × 108 |
Total | 6.02 × 105 | 1.01 × 1022 | 2.30 × 1010 |
Region | Year | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northeast | 1.57 | 3.04 | 4.60 | 7.87 | 16.98 | 21.31 | |
Percentage | 8.93% | 8.73% | 8.29% | 8.06% | 8.93% | 9.29% | |
Heilongjiang | 0.42 | 0.95 | 1.45 | 2.74 | 6.83 | 8.93 | |
Jilin | 0.54 | 0.98 | 1.53 | 2.47 | 4.96 | 6.22 | |
Liaoning | 0.60 | 1.11 | 1.62 | 2.65 | 5.19 | 6.16 | |
Huang-Huai-Hai | 4.27 | 8.93 | 14.86 | 26.23 | 47.36 | 55.74 | |
Percentage | 24.36% | 25.66% | 26.78% | 26.86% | 24.91% | 24.28% | |
Beijing | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.51 | 0.57 | |
Tianjin | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.50 | 0.95 | 1.07 | |
Shandong | 1.62 | 3.22 | 5.05 | 8.23 | 12.99 | 15.06 | |
Hebei | 0.99 | 2.21 | 3.77 | 6.75 | 12.23 | 14.33 | |
Henan | 1.52 | 3.17 | 5.57 | 10.42 | 20.67 | 24.71 | |
Northwest | 1.71 | 3.80 | 6.48 | 12.62 | 28.37 | 35.91 | |
Percentage | 9.76% | 10.93% | 11.67% | 12.93% | 14.92% | 15.64% | |
Shaanxi | 0.51 | 1.13 | 1.82 | 3.23 | 6.75 | 8.90 | |
Shanxi | 0.38 | 0.73 | 1.14 | 1.88 | 3.41 | 3.92 | |
Inner Mongolia | 0.22 | 0.56 | 1.11 | 2.65 | 6.60 | 8.04 | |
Ningxia | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.59 | 1.38 | 1.68 | |
Gansu | 0.24 | 0.49 | 0.85 | 1.65 | 3.17 | 3.91 | |
Qinghai | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.36 | |
Xinjiang | 0.24 | 0.66 | 1.14 | 2.47 | 6.78 | 9.11 | |
Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River | 5.80 | 11.20 | 16.91 | 28.62 | 52.98 | 62.14 | |
Percentage | 33.10% | 32.17% | 30.46% | 29.30% | 27.87% | 27.07% | |
Jiangsu | 1.59 | 2.97 | 4.78 | 7.83 | 14.13 | 15.79 | |
Anhui | 0.99 | 1.86 | 3.08 | 4.90 | 9.00 | 10.83 | |
Hubei | 1.00 | 2.26 | 3.50 | 6.41 | 12.98 | 15.57 | |
Hunan | 0.82 | 1.63 | 2.46 | 4.50 | 8.62 | 10.40 | |
Shanghai | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 0.48 | |
Zhejiang | 0.71 | 1.12 | 1.47 | 2.37 | 4.08 | 4.71 | |
Jiangxi | 0.51 | 1.05 | 1.26 | 2.24 | 3.71 | 4.36 | |
Southwest | 2.15 | 4.17 | 7.12 | 12.80 | 25.94 | 32.08 | |
Percentage | 12.25% | 11.98% | 12.82% | 13.11% | 13.64% | 13.97% | |
Sichuan | 1.48 | 2.66 | 3.19 | 5.41 | 10.61 | 12.46 | |
Chongqing | —— a | —— a | 1.19 | 2.07 | 4.00 | 4.81 | |
Yunnan | 0.39 | 0.88 | 1.67 | 3.44 | 7.71 | 10.02 | |
Guizhou | 0.28 | 0.63 | 1.06 | 1.88 | 3.61 | 4.79 | |
Southern | 2.03 | 3.66 | 5.54 | 9.52 | 18.48 | 22.37 | |
Percentage | 11.60% | 10.52% | 9.98% | 9.75% | 9.72% | 9.75% | |
Guangdong | 1.00 | 1.69 | 2.36 | 3.93 | 7.74 | 9.40 | |
Guangxi | 0.49 | 0.96 | 1.50 | 2.84 | 5.80 | 7.12 | |
Fujian | 0.47 | 0.89 | 1.42 | 2.24 | 3.88 | 4.54 | |
Hainan | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.51 | 1.07 | 1.31 | |
Total | 17.53 | 34.80 | 55.51 | 97.66 | 190.11 | 229.56 |
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Yang, H.; Shen, X.; Lai, L.; Huang, X.; Zhou, Y. Spatio-Temporal Variations of Health Costs Caused by Chemical Fertilizer Utilization in China from 1990 to 2012. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091505
Yang H, Shen X, Lai L, Huang X, Zhou Y. Spatio-Temporal Variations of Health Costs Caused by Chemical Fertilizer Utilization in China from 1990 to 2012. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091505
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Hong, Xiaoyan Shen, Li Lai, Xianjin Huang, and Yan Zhou. 2017. "Spatio-Temporal Variations of Health Costs Caused by Chemical Fertilizer Utilization in China from 1990 to 2012" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091505