Subsidies in Aviation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subsidies: Overview and Definitions
3. Method
4. Subsidies along the Value Chain (Types and Examples)
4.1. Manufacturers
4.2. Infrastructure Providers
4.3. Airlines
4.3.1. Grants, Equity Infusions, Loans, and Loan Guarantees
4.3.2. Grants to Provide Air Transport Services to Remote Regions
4.3.3. Hidden Subsidies: Reduced Infrastructure User Fees and Cross-Subsidization
4.3.4. Tax Exemptions and Reductions
5. Discussion
6. Framework for Analysing Effects of Subsidies along the Value Chain
6.1. Overview
6.2. Airlines
6.3. Infrastructure Providers
6.4. Manufacturers
6.5. Overall Effects
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Manufacturers | Infrastructure Providers | Airlines | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aircraft | Suppliers | Air Traffic Control | Airports | ||
Grants: | |||||
Research and development | X | X | X | ||
Exports | X | X | |||
Investments | X | X | X | X | X |
Loss coverage | X | X | |||
Equity infusions | X | X | X | X | |
Loans and loan guarantees | X | X | X | X | |
Grants to provide air transport services to remote regions | X | X | |||
Dedicated transfers to | |||||
Residents buying tickets | X | ||||
Hidden subsidies: | |||||
Reduced infrastructure fees | X | X | X | ||
Cross-subsidisation | X | X | |||
Monopoly rights | X | X | |||
No or reduced taxes: | |||||
Fuel | X | ||||
Value Added Taxes | X | ||||
Frequent flyer programs | X |
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Gössling, S.; Fichert, F.; Forsyth, P. Subsidies in Aviation. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081295
Gössling S, Fichert F, Forsyth P. Subsidies in Aviation. Sustainability. 2017; 9(8):1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081295
Chicago/Turabian StyleGössling, Stefan, Frank Fichert, and Peter Forsyth. 2017. "Subsidies in Aviation" Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081295