Evaluation of the Microbial Viability of Soil Samples from Maize Crops in Freeze-Storage under Different Management Conditions in a Semi-Arid Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.3. DNA Extraction from Cultured Bacteria, PCR Amplification, Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal DNA, and Bacteria Identification
2.4. Biodiversity and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CT | conventional tillage |
DS | direct seeding |
DSC | direct seeding with a lopsided cover crop |
OUT | operational taxonomic unit |
rDNA | Ribosomal DNA |
SIR | Substrate-Induced Respiration |
TSA | Triptone Soy Agar |
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Type | Colony Morphology | Spores | Cell Shape | Gram | Microorganism (OTU) † | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Form | Margin | Texture | Opacity | Color | |||||
T1 | Circular | Entire | Shiny | Opaque | White | No | Cocci-rods | + | Arthrobacter dextranolyticus |
T2 | Circular | Entire | Shiny | Opaque | Yellow | No | Cocci-rods | + | Arthrobacter nicotinovorans |
T3 | Rhizoid | Curled | Wrinkled | Opaque | Beige | Yes | Rods | + | Bacillus mycoides |
T4 | Irregular | Entire | Granular | Opaque | White | Yes | Rods | + | Bacillus megaterium |
T5 | Irregular | Entire | Mucoid | Opaque | Beige | Yes | Rods | + | Bacillus simplex |
T6 | Irregular | Lobate | Mucoid | Translucent | Beige | Yes | Rods | + | Bacillus subtilis |
T7 | Irregular | Lobate | Granular | Translucent | Beige | Yes | Rods | + | Bacillus thuringiensis |
T8 | Circular | Entire | Rough | Opaque | Beige | Yes | Rods | + | Bacillus weihenstephanensis |
T9 | Irregular | Entire | Smooth | Opaque | Beige | No | Rods | - | Chryseobacterium indologenes |
T10 | Circular | Curled | Wrinkled | Opaque | Violet | No | Rods | - | Janthinobacterium lividum |
T11 | Circular | Entire | Smooth | Opaque | White | Yes | Rods | + | Paenibacillus polymyxa |
T12 | Circular | Entire | Shiny | Translucent | White | No | Rods | - | Pantoea agglomerans |
T13 | Irregular | Entire | Smooth | Transparent | n.a. | No | Rods | - | Pseudomonas cedrella |
T14 | Circular | Entire | Shiny | Opaque | White | No | Rods | - | Pseudomonas filiscindens |
T15 | Irregular | Entire | Rough | Opaque | Beige | No | Rods | - | Pseudomonas fluorecens |
T16 | Circular | Entire | Shiny | Opaque | Brown | No | Rods | - | Pseudomonas jessenii |
T17 | Circular | Entire | Shiny | Translucent | Brown | No | Rods | - | Pseudomonas mediterranea |
T18 | Circular | Entire | Shiny | Opaque | White | No | Rods | - | Pseudomonas mosselii |
T19 | Circular | Entire | Shiny | Opaque | Beige | No | Rods | - | Pseudomonas synxantha |
T20 | Circular | Entire | Dull | Opaque | White | No | Cocci | + | Staphylococcus epidermidis |
T21 | Irregular | Undulated | Wrinkled | Opaque | Beige | Yes | Large rods | + | Streptomyces scabrisporus |
T22 | Circular | Entire | Dusty | Opaque | Beige | Yes | Large rods | + | Streptomyces flavovirens |
T23 | Circular | Entire | Dusty | Opaque | Grey | Yes | Large rods | + | Streptomyces xanthophaeus |
T24 | Circular | Entire | Dusty | Opaque | White | Yes | Large rods | + | Streptomyces ciscaucasicus |
T25 | Circular | Entire | Dusty | Opaque | Brown | Yes | Large rods | + | Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus |
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Ramírez, M.; Muñoz, A.; López-Piñeiro, A.; Albarrán, Á.; Peña, D.; Nunes, J.M.R.; Gama, J.; Loures, L. Evaluation of the Microbial Viability of Soil Samples from Maize Crops in Freeze-Storage under Different Management Conditions in a Semi-Arid Climate. Sustainability 2017, 9, 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050690
Ramírez M, Muñoz A, López-Piñeiro A, Albarrán Á, Peña D, Nunes JMR, Gama J, Loures L. Evaluation of the Microbial Viability of Soil Samples from Maize Crops in Freeze-Storage under Different Management Conditions in a Semi-Arid Climate. Sustainability. 2017; 9(5):690. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050690
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez, Manuel, Ana Muñoz, Antonio López-Piñeiro, Ángel Albarrán, David Peña, José Manuel Rato Nunes, José Gama, and Luis Loures. 2017. "Evaluation of the Microbial Viability of Soil Samples from Maize Crops in Freeze-Storage under Different Management Conditions in a Semi-Arid Climate" Sustainability 9, no. 5: 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050690