Comparative Physicochemical and Microbiological Qualities of Source and Stored Household Waters in Some Selected Communities in Southwestern Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling
2.2. Physicochemical Analyses of Collected Samples
2.3. Microbiological Analyses of Collected Samples
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical Analysis of Source and Stored Samples
3.2. Microbial Analysis of Source and Stored Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Oyo State | Osun State | Lagos State | WHO Limits | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stored (45) | Source (15) | F | P | Stored (45) | Source (15) | F | P | Stored (45) | Source (15) | F | P | ||
pH | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.74 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.58 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.16 | 6.5–8.5 |
Temperature(°C) | 16.7 ± 0.4 | 15.8 ± 0.2 | 4.7 | 0.03 | 24.5 ± 0.8 | 25.0 ± 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.66 | 24.5 ± 0.3 | 24.5 ± 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.00 | 25–30 |
TDS (mg/L) | 355.3 ± 22.4 | 373.2 ± 23.2 | 0.3 | 0.58 | 349.9 ± 29.2 | 376.0 ± 26.0 | 0.5 | 0.51 | 368.3 ± 20.9 | 377.1 ± 21.2 | 0.1 | 0.77 | 500 |
Turbidity(NTU) | 19.4 ± 2.2 | 24.3 ± 2.6 | 2.1 | 0.30 | 10.4 ± 1.0 | 12.7 ± 1.2 | 2.6 | 0.16 | 17.0 ± 2.1 | 20.8 ± 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.26 | <5 |
DO(mgO2/L) | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.8 | 0.06 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.30 | ≥5 |
BOD(mgO2/L) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.90 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.05 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.90 | - |
Total hardness(mg/L) | 177.3 ± 15.7 | 202.2 ± 18.1 | 1.1 | 0.30 | 134.2 ± 12.1 | 118.2 ± 12.0 | 0.9 | 0.35 | 67.5 ± 12.2 | 51.8 ± 9.5 | 1.0 | 0.31 | 500 |
Calcium ion (mg/L) | 34.2 ± 3.2 | 38.9 ± 3.8 | 0.9 | 0.35 | 24.5 ± 2.9 | 21.9 ± 3.3 | 0.6 | 0.56 | 13.1 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 1.4 | 4.5 | 0.03 | - |
Magnesium ion(mg/L) | 23.0 ± 2.3 | 25.7 ± 2.5 | 0.6 | 0.44 | 17.9 ± 1.7 | 15.3 ± 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.21 | 9.5 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 4.4 | 0.04 | - |
States | Osun | Lagos | Oyo | WHO Limits | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Points of Collection (No. of Samples) | Stored (45) | Source (15) | F | P | Stored (45) | Source (15) | F | P | Stored (45) | Source (15) | F | P | ||
Microbial Parameters | Heterotrophic Plate Count (cfu/100mL) | 140.9 ± 13.4 | 82.0 ± 10.7 | 11.8 | 0.00 | 112.3 ± 13.3 | 77.4 ± 7.9 | 5.1 | 0.03 | 152.6 ± 15.2 | 80.9 ± 7.6 | 17.8 | 0.75 | <10 |
Faecal Coliform Count (cfu/100mL)) | 42.0 ± 7.0 | 9.6 ± 2.5 | 18.8 | 0.00 | 12.8 ± 6.8 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.10 | 14.48 ± 6.07 | 10.0 ± 4.2 | 0.4 | 0.55 | 0 | |
Enterococci Count (cfu/100mL) | 59.1 ± 8.8 | 24.9 ± 4.7 | 11.8 | 0.00 | 26.3 ± 7.9 | 16.7 ± 5.2 | 1.0 | 0.32 | 49.28 ± 11.34 | 12.0 ± 3.3 | 1.0 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Total Coliform Count (cfu/100mL) | 46.2 ± 7.1 | 12.3 ± 3.3 | 18.9 | 0.00 | 72.0 ± 15.5 | 49.9 ± 10.5 | 1.4 | 0.24 | 28.40 ± 9.70 | 11.3 ± 4.7 | 2.5 | 0.12 | no limit given | |
Fungal Count (cfu/100mL) | 109.6 ± 12.5 | 46.0 ± 6.0 | 21.0 | 0.00 | 93.6 ± 8.4 | 111.5 ± 7.1 | 2.7 | 0.11 | 99.58 ± 9.22 | 55.9 ± 3.4 | 19.8 | 0.00 | no limit given |
Sampled Area | Isolated Bacteria | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citrobacter fruendii | Serratia marcescens | Proteus mirabilis | Salmonella sp. | Bacillus sp. | Shigella sp. | Escherichia coli | Vibrio cholerae | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Enterococcus faecalis | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Aeromonas sp. | Micrococcus sp. | Enterobacter aerogenes | Staphylococcus aureus | ||
Osun State | ✓ | ★ | ✓ | ✓ | ★ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ★ | ✓✓✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ★ | ★ | ✓✓✓ | ✓ | |
Lagos State | ★ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ★ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Oyo State | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | ★ | ✓ | ✓ |
Sampled Area | Isolated Fungi | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candida krusei | Candida parapsilosis | Candida albicans | Rhizopus stolonifer | Mucor janssenii | Trichoderma viridae | Trichoderma harzianum | Rhizoctonia solani | Aspergillus niger | A. brevipes | A. parasiticus | A. wentii | A. fumigatus | Penicillium roqueforti | ||
Osun State | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ★ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ★ | ★ | ✓✓✓✓ | ✓ | |
Lagos State | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Oyo State | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ✓✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ★ | ✓✓✓ | ★ |
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Bisi-Johnson, M.A.; Adediran, K.O.; Akinola, S.A.; Popoola, E.O.; Okoh, A.I. Comparative Physicochemical and Microbiological Qualities of Source and Stored Household Waters in Some Selected Communities in Southwestern Nigeria. Sustainability 2017, 9, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030454
Bisi-Johnson MA, Adediran KO, Akinola SA, Popoola EO, Okoh AI. Comparative Physicochemical and Microbiological Qualities of Source and Stored Household Waters in Some Selected Communities in Southwestern Nigeria. Sustainability. 2017; 9(3):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030454
Chicago/Turabian StyleBisi-Johnson, Mary A., Kehinde O. Adediran, Saheed A. Akinola, Elizabeth O. Popoola, and Anthony I. Okoh. 2017. "Comparative Physicochemical and Microbiological Qualities of Source and Stored Household Waters in Some Selected Communities in Southwestern Nigeria" Sustainability 9, no. 3: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030454