Decomposition Analysis of the Factors that Influence Energy Related Air Pollutant Emission Changes in China Using the SDA Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology and Data Description
3.1. Methodology
3.2. Data Description
4. Empirical Results
4.1. Holistic Analysis
4.2. Sectoral Analysis
4.3. Sub-Sectoral Analysis in Industry
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Lelieveld, J.; Evans, J.S.; Fnais, M.; Giannadaki, D.; Pozzer, A. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 2015, 525, 367–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, C.W.; Yuan, X.; Yao, X. Social acceptance towards the air pollution in China: Evidence from public’s willingness to pay for smog mitigation. Energy Policy 2016, 92, 313–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matus, K.; Nam, K.M.; Selin, N.E.; Lamsal, L.N.; Reilly, J.M.; Paltsev, S. Health damages from air pollution in China. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2012, 22, 55–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Crooks, R. Toward an Environmentally Sustainable Future: Country Environmental Analysis of the People’s Republic of China; ADB: Manila, The Philippines, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.D.; Zhao, B.; Yang, F.M.; Xing, J.; Morawska, L.; Ding, A.J.; Kulmala, M.; Kerminen, V.-M.; Kujansuu, J.; Wang, Z.F.; et al. Particulate matter pollution over China and the effects of control policies. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 584–585, 426–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Su, B.; Ang, B.W. Structural decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions: Some methodological developments. Energy Econ. 2012, 34, 177–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, M.; Salmon, L.G.; Schauer, J.J.; Zeng, L.; Kiang, C.S.; Zhang, Y.; Cass, G.R. Seasonal trends in PM2.5 source contributions in Beijing, China. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3967–3976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, X.F.; He, L.Y.; Hu, M.; Zhang, Y.H. Annual variation of particulate organic compounds in PM2.5 in the urban atmosphere of Beijing. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 2449–2458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, W.; Cao, J.J.; Tao, Y.B.; Dai, L.Z.; Lu, S.E.; Hou, B.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, T. Seasonal variation of chemical species associated with short term mortality effects of PM2.5 in Xi’an, a central city in China. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 175, 556–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, P.S.; Dong, F.; He, D.; Zhao, X.J. Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2.5 in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 4631–4644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, Y.; Liu, Y.M. The influential factors of urban PM2.5 concentrations in China: A spatial econometric analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 1443–1453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.Y.; Du, M.; Zhang, W.; Huang, X.; Zhang, Y.Q.; Yang, Y.Y.; Zhang, J.M.; Deng, S.H.; Shen, F.; et al. Indentifying the major air pollutants base on factor and cluster analysis, a case study in 74 Chinese cities. Atmos. Environ. 2016, 144, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.; Tian, H.; Hua, S.; Zhu, C.; Gao, J.; Xue, J.; Hao, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, J. A comprehensive emission inventory of multiple air pollutants from iron and steel industry in China: Temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 559, 7–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xue, Y.F.; Tian, H.Z.; Yan, J.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, J.L.; Nie, L.; Pan, T.; Zhou, J.R.; Hua, S.B.; Wang, Y.; et al. Temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics of primary air pollutants emissions from coal-fired industrial boilers in Beijing, China. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 213, 717–726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peters, G.P.; Minx, J.C.; Weber, C.L.; Edenhofer, O. Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 8903–8908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Q.; Wang, Q. Reexamine SO2, emissions embodied in China’s exports using multiregional input–output analysis. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 113, 39–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, Y.; Huang, Z.; Ries, R.J.; Masanet, E. The embodied air pollutant emissions and water footprints of buildings in China: A quantification using disaggregated input–output life cycle inventory model. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 113, 274–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Román, R.; Cansino, J.M.; Rueda-Cantuche, J.M. A multi-regional input-output analysis of ozone precursor emissions embodied in Spanish international trade. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 137, 1382–1392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, G.Y.; Ding, Y.F.; Ren, S.L. The study on the air pollutants embodied in goods for consumption and trade in China: Accounting and structural decomposition analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 135, 332–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.; Fath, B.; Chen, B. Ecological network analysis of embodied particulate matter 2.5—A case study of Beijing. Appl. Energy 2016, 184, 882–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wakeel, M.; Yang, S.; Chen, B.; Hayat, T.; Alasedi, A.; Ahmad, B. Network perspective of embodied PM2.5, emissions: A case study of India. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 16, 3322–3331. [Google Scholar]
- Tecer, L.H.; Alagha, O.; Karaca, F.; Tuncel, G.; Eldes, N. Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10-2.5, and PM10) and children’s hospital admissions for asthma and respiratory diseases: A bidirectional case-crossover study. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 2008, 71, 512–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guaita, R.; Pichiule, M.; Mate, T.; Linares, C.; Diaz, J. Short-term impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) on respiratory mortality in Madrid. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2011, 21, 260–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, W.; Downward, G.S.; Reiss, B.; Xu, J.; Bassig, B.A.; Hosgood, H.D.; Zhang, L.; Seow, W.J.; Wu, G.; Chapman, R.S.; et al. Personal and indoor PM2.5 exposure from burning solid fuels in vented and unvented stoves in a rural region of China with a high incidence of lung cancer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 8456–8464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lipsett, M.J.; Ostro, B.D.; Reynolds, P.; Goldberg, D.; Hertz, A.; Jerrett, M.; Smith, D.F.; Garcia, C.; Chang, E.T.; Bernstein, L. Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory disease in the California teachers study cohort. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011, 184, 828–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lepeule, J.; Laden, F.; Dockery, D.; Schwartz, J. Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: An extended follow-up of the harvard six cities study from 1974 to 2009. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, 965–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ostro, B.; Malig, B.; Broadwin, R.; Basu, R.; Gold, E.B.; Bromberger, J.T.; Derby, C.; Feinstein, S.; Greendale, G.A.; Jackson, E.A.; et al. Chronic PM2.5 exposure and inflammation: Determining sensitive subgroups in mid-life women. Environ. Res. 2014, 132, 168–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nawahda, A.; Yamashita, K.; Ohara, T.; Kurokawa, J.; Yamaji, K. Evaluation of premature mortality caused by exposure to PM2.5 and ozone in east Asia: 2000, 2005, 2020. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2012, 223, 3445–3459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baxter, L.K.; Duvall, R.M.; Sacks, J. Examining the effects of air pollution composition on within region differences in PM2.5 mortality risk estimates. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2013, 23, 457–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chalbot, M.C.; Jones, T.A.; Kavouras, I.G. Trends of non-accidental, cardiovascular, stroke and lung cancer mortality in Arkansas are associated with ambient PM2.5 reductions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 7442–7455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Atkinson, R.W.; Kang, S.; Anderson, H.R.; Mills, I.C.; Walton, H.A. Epidemiological time series studies of PM2.5 and daily mortality and hospital admissions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2014, 69, 660–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, H.; Park, Y.; Park, K.; Yoo, B. Association between Pollen Risk Indexes, Air Pollutants, and Allergic Diseases in Korea. Osong Public Health Res. Perspect. 2016, 7, 172–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, R.; Chen, S.; Wang, W.; Huang, J.; Wang, K.; Liu, L.; Wei, S. The impact of short-term exposure to air pollutants on the onset of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016, 226, 110–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, T.; Wang, W.; Ciren, P.; Zhu, Y. Assessment of human health impact from exposure to multiple air pollutants in China based on satellite observations. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 2016, 52, 542–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maji, S.; Ahmed, S.; Siddiqui, W.A.; Ghosh, S. Short term effects of criteria air pollutants on daily mortality in Delhi, India. Atmos. Environ. 2017, 150, 210–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuo, Y.M.; Wang, S.W.; Jang, C.S.; Yeh, N.; Yu, H.L. Identifying the factors influencing PM2.5 in southern Taiwan using dynamic factor analysis. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 7276–7285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, Y.; Xiong, X.; Liu, Y.; Pan, Y.R.; Zhang, Y.B. The analysis of factors affecting SO2 emission of Chinese industry. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer and Management (CAMAN), Wuhan, China, 19–21 May 2011; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2011; pp. 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Fujii, H.; Managi, S.; Kaneko, S. Decomposition analysis of air pollution abatement in China: Empirical study for ten industrial sectors from 1998 to 2009. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 59, 22–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, D.B.; Su, X.; Zhang, Q.; Peters, G.P.; Liu, Z.; Lei, Y.; He, K. The socioeconomic drivers of China’s primary PM2.5 emissions. Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, L.; Zhou, W.; Li, W.; Li, L. Impact of urbanization level on urban air quality: A case of fine particles (PM2.5) in Chinese cities. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 194, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, B.; Lin, B. Regional differences of pollution emissions in China: Contributing factors and mitigation strategies. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 1454–1463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, B.; Luo, L.Q.; Lin, B.Q. A dynamic analysis of air pollution emissions in China: Evidence from nonparametric additive regression models. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 63, 346–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, J.; Liu, J.; Guo, S.; Huang, Y.; Tao, S. The impact of domestic and foreign trade on energy-related PM emissions in Beijing. Appl. Energy 2016, 184, 853–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalez, C.M.; Gomez, C.D.; Rojas, N.Y.; Acevedo, H.; Aristizabal, B.H. Relative impact of on-road vehicular and point-source industrial emissions of air pollutants in a medium-sized Andean city. Atmos. Environ. 2016, 152, 152–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Höllbacher, E.; Ters, T.; Rieder-Gradinger, C.; Srebotnik, E. Emissions of indoor air pollutants from six user scenarios in a model room. Atmos. Environ. 2017, 150, 389–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Zhang, L. Can the development of electric vehicles reduce the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases in developing countries? Transp. Res. Part D 2017, 51, 129–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S.C.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Y.T.; Zhang, W.W.; He, Z.X.; Long, R.Y.; Chen, H. Determination of the factors that influence increments in CO2, emissions in Jiangsu, China using the SDA method. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 142, 3061–3074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.C.; Fan, Y.; Wu, G.; Wei, Y.M. Using LMDI method to analyze the change of China’s industrial CO2 emissions from final fuel use: An empirical analysis. Energy Policy 2007, 35, 5892–5900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S.C.; He, Z.X.; Long, R.Y. Factors that influence carbon emissions due to energy consumption in China: Decomposition analysis using LMDI. Appl. Energy 2014, 127, 182–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Sun, S.; Li, H. Decomposing the decoupling relationship between energy-related CO2 emissions and economic growth in China. Nat. Hazards 2015, 79, 977–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S.C.; He, Z.X.; Long, R.Y.; Chen, H.; Han, H.M.; Zhang, W.W. Comparative analysis of the regional contributions to carbon emissions in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 127, 406–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S.C.; Han, H.M.; Zhang, W.W.; Zhang, Q.Q.; Long, R.Y.; Chen, H.; He, Z.X. Analysis of regional contributions to the national carbon intensity in China in different Five-Year Plan periods. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 145, 209–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.H.; Wu, J.H. Analyzing the driving forces behind CO2 emissions and reduction strategies for energy-intensive sectors in Taiwan, 1996–2006. Energy 2013, 57, 402–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.Y.; Lahr, M.L. China’s energy consumption change from 1987 to 2007: A multi-regional structural decomposition analysis. Energy Policy 2014, 67, 682–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, B.; Ang, B.W. Multi-region comparisons of emission performance: The structural decomposition analysis approach. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 67, 78–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, B.; Ang, B.W. Attribution of changes in the generalized Fisher index with application to embodied emission studies. Energy 2014, 69, 778–786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, B.; Ang, B.W. Multiplicative decomposition of aggregate carbon intensity change using input-output analysis. Appl. Energy 2015, 154, 13–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, B.; Ang, B.W. Multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities. Energy Econ. 2017, 65, 137–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyu, W.; Li, Y.; Guan, D.; Zhao, H.Y.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, Z. Driving forces of Chinese primary air pollution emissions: An index decomposition analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 133, 136–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mukhopadhya, K. A structural decomposition analysis of air pollution from fossil fuel consumption in India. Environ. Pollut. 2002, 18, 486–491. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y.X.; Wang, H.K.; Liang, S.; Xu, M.; Zhang, Q.; Zhao, H.Y.; Bi, J. A dual strategy for controlling energy consumption and air pollution in China’s metropolis of Beijing. Energy 2015, 81, 294–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Wang, J.; Zhang, B.; Bi, J.; Jiang, H. Can China comply with its 12th five-year plan on industrial emissions control: A structural decomposition analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 4816–4824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Q.L.; Wang, Q. How China achieved its 11th Five-Year Plan emissions reduction target: A structural decomposition analysis of industrial SO2 and chemical oxygen demand. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 574, 1104–1116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nehorai, A.; Morf, M. Estimation of time difference of arrivals for multiple ARMA sources by a pole decomposition method. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Orlando, FL, USA, 8–10 December 1982; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 1982; pp. 1000–1002. [Google Scholar]
- Su, B.; Huang, H.C.; Ang, B.W.; Zhou, P. Input–output analysis of CO2 emissions embodied in trade: The effects of sector aggregation. Energy Econ. 2010, 32, 166–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, B.; Wang, S.X.; Dong, X.Y.; Wang, J.D.; Duan, L.; Fu, X.; Hao, J.M.; Fu, J. Environmental effects of the recent emission changes in China: Implications for particulate matter pollution and soil acidification. Environ. Res. Lett. 2013, 8, 024031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, B.; Wang, S.X.; Wang, J.D.; Fu, J.S.; Liu, T.H.; Xu, J.Y.; Fu, X.; Hao, J.M. Impact of national NOx and SO2 control policies on particulate matter pollution in China. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 77, 453–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, B.; Wang, S.X.; Liu, H.; Xu, J.Y.; Fu, K.; Klimont, Z.; Hao, J.M.; He, K.B.; Cofala, J.; Amann, M. NOx emissions in China: Historical trends and future perspectives. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 9869–9897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Z.H.; Lu, M.L.; Wang, J.C. Direct rebound effect on urban residential electricity use: An empirical study in China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 30, 124–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, S.Y.; Wang, Y.J.; Zhao, B.; Wang, S.X.; Chang, X.; Hao, J.M. The impact of the “Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan” on PM2.5 concentrations in Jing-Jin-Ji region during 2012–2020. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 580, 197–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, S.C.; He, Z.X.; Long, R.Y.; Chen, H. Factors that influence carbon emissions due to energy consumption based on different stages and sectors in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 115, 139–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, W.W.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, M. Using LMDI method to analyze transport sector CO2 emissions in China. Energy 2011, 36, 5909–5915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Ang, B.W.; Su, B. Assessing drivers of economy-wide energy use and emissions: IDA versus SDA. Energy Policy 2017, 107, 585–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, X.; Zhou, J.; Corsetti, G. How well have China’s recent Five-Year Plans been implemented for energy conservation and air pollution control? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 10036–10044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xue, B.; Mitchell, B.; Geng, Y.; Ren, W.; Müller, K.; Ma, Z.; Puppim de Oliveira, J.A.; Fujita, T.; Tobias, M. A review on China’s pollutant emissions reduction assessment. Ecol. Indic. 2014, 38, 272–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.; Flower, R.J.; Thompson, J.R. Sustaining China’s water resources. Science 2013, 339, 141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xie, S.H.; Cai, H.Y.; Xia, G.X. Calculation of the carbon emissions of Chinese transportation industry and the driving factors. J. Arid Land Resour. Environ. 2016, 30, 13–18. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
Intermediate Use | Final Demand (Y) | Total Output | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consumption | Capital Accumulation | Export | |||
Domestic intermediate input | Û A X | Û C | Û K | EXP | X |
Imports | IMP | ||||
Added value | V | ||||
Total input | XT | ||||
Energy intensity | E | ||||
Air pollutant emissions | QT = ê·Ê·X |
Variable | Definition |
---|---|
A | Direct input-output coefficient matrix |
Û | Diagonal matrix of the ratio of domestic supply |
imp | Import intermediate input |
X | Total output vector |
C | Consumption vector |
K | Capital accumulation vector |
EXP | Export vector |
IMP | Import vector |
V | Added value vector |
XT | Total input vector (Transport matrix of X) |
E | Row vector of energy intensity |
Ê | Diagonal matrix of energy intensity (Diagonal matrix of E) |
ê | Diagonal matrix of emissions efficiency |
QT | Air pollutant emissions matrix (Transpose matrix of Q) |
A · X | Column vector of intermediate use |
Y | final demand, which includes the vectors of C, K, and EX |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Xu, S.; Zhang, W.; Li, Q.; Zhao, B.; Wang, S.; Long, R. Decomposition Analysis of the Factors that Influence Energy Related Air Pollutant Emission Changes in China Using the SDA Method. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101742
Xu S, Zhang W, Li Q, Zhao B, Wang S, Long R. Decomposition Analysis of the Factors that Influence Energy Related Air Pollutant Emission Changes in China Using the SDA Method. Sustainability. 2017; 9(10):1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101742
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Shichun, Wenwen Zhang, Qinbin Li, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, and Ruyin Long. 2017. "Decomposition Analysis of the Factors that Influence Energy Related Air Pollutant Emission Changes in China Using the SDA Method" Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101742