Spatial Distribution of Mercury (Hg) Concentration in Agricultural Soil and Its Risk Assessment on Food Safety in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Collection and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analyses
2.3. Spatial Distribution of Soil Hg Concentrations and Risk Assessment on Food Safety
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hg Concentration in Chinese Agricultural Soil
3.2. Spatial Distribution of Hg in Agricultural Soil
3.3. Risk Assessment of Soil Hg Concentrations on Food Safety
4. Limitations and Uncertainties
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Reference
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Country | Land Uses | Number of Samples | Mean (mg/kg) | Minimum (mg/kg) | Maximum (mg/kg) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | Agricultural soil | 139,334 | 0.108 | 0.003 | 150.000 | This study |
China | Farmland soil | 121 regions | 0.160 | 0.030 | 1.350 | [22] |
United Kingdom | Rural soil | 898 | 0.095 | [30] | ||
Belgium | Agricultural soil | 316 | 0.240 | 0.030 | 4.190 | [35] |
United states of America | All of land uses | 4841 | 0.050 | <0.010 | 56.400 | [33] |
Malaysian | Crop soil | 241 | 0.147 | 0.002 | 0.860 | [34] |
Thailand | Crop soil | 318 | 0.040 | 0.010 | 0.270 | [32] |
Europe | Agricultural soil | 2108 | 0.030 | <0.003 | 1.600 | [31] |
Dry Land | Paddy Field | Vegetable Field | Tea Garden | Orchard | Medicine Field | Tobacco Field | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample number | 80735 | 45426 | 8171 | 1578 | 2137 | 625 | 662 |
Minimum | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.030 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.011 |
Maximum | 66.490 | 150.000 | 1.089 | 0.180 | 0.617 | 0.850 | 0.140 |
Weighted means | 0.097 | 0.116 | 0.172 | 0.161 | 0.074 | 0.145 | 0.092 |
Standard deviation | 4.889 | 11.575 | 0.213 | 0.124 | 0.118 | 0.181 | 0.045 |
Semi-Variogram Model | Nugget (C0) | Sill (C0 + C) | Range (A) | SS | R2 | C/(C0 + C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linear | 0.851 | 1.482 | 24.930 | 0.328 | 0.583 | 0.426 |
Spherical | 0.382 | 1.309 | 9.920 | 0.073 | 0.907 | 0.708 |
Exponential | 0.213 | 1.328 | 10.740 | 0.086 | 0.891 | 0.840 |
Gaussian | 0.510 | 1.309 | 8.350 | 0.079 | 0.900 | 0.610 |
Grades | Dry Land (%) | Paddy Field (%) | Woodland (%) | Dry Land, Paddy Field and Woodland (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grade I | 66.9 | 52.2 | 57.9 | 62.5 |
Grade II | 27.2 | 40.4 | 39.1 | 31.3 |
Grade III | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
>Grade III | 3.9 | 5.2 | 2.0 | 4.2 |
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Wang, S.; Zhong, T.; Chen, D.; Zhang, X. Spatial Distribution of Mercury (Hg) Concentration in Agricultural Soil and Its Risk Assessment on Food Safety in China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080795
Wang S, Zhong T, Chen D, Zhang X. Spatial Distribution of Mercury (Hg) Concentration in Agricultural Soil and Its Risk Assessment on Food Safety in China. Sustainability. 2016; 8(8):795. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080795
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shanqian, Taiyang Zhong, Dongmei Chen, and Xiuying Zhang. 2016. "Spatial Distribution of Mercury (Hg) Concentration in Agricultural Soil and Its Risk Assessment on Food Safety in China" Sustainability 8, no. 8: 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080795