Tourism and Sustainability in the Evaluation of World Heritage Sites, 1980–2010
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials: Advisory Body Evaluations of Nominated Sites
2.2. Methods: Analysis of Advisory Body Evaluations
3. Results
3.1. Word Count Results
3.2. Qualitative Coding Results
(a) maintains the current focus on low key, nature based tourism, based on the appreciation of natural values; (b) includes a carrying capacity assessment to guide tourism development …; (c) provides for direct and adequate financial contributions from tourism to … conservation and community development …; (d) closely involves the Yemeni General Tourism Development Authority and Tourism Promotion Board; (e) considers options for engaging in partnerships with environmentally sensitive private sector; and (f) addresses the lack of trained local tourist guides and literature[74] (p. 9).
4. Discussion
4.1. World Society Theory
4.2. Cultural Wealth of Nations
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Cultural (ICOMOS) | Natural (IUCN) | Year Total |
---|---|---|---|
1980–1985 | 113 | 37 | 150 |
1986–1990 | 74 | 21 | 95 |
1991–1995 | 105 | 27 | 132 |
1996–2000 | 180 | 36 | 216 |
2001–2005 | 99 | 21 | 120 |
2006–2010 | 77 | 21 | 98 |
Site total | 648 | 163 | 811 |
Threat | No Threat/Unclear | Positive | Recommendation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TOTAL % (N = 44) | 25.0% (11) | 52.3% (23) | 22.7% (10) | 22.7% (10) |
AFR % (N = 12) | 16.7% (2) | 41.7% (5) | 41.7% (5) | 25.0% (3) |
APA % (N = 9) | 11.1% (1) | 88.9% (8) | 0.0% (0) | 22.2% (2) |
ARB % (N = 3) | 0.0% (0) | 33.3% (1) | 66.7% (2) | 33.3% (1) |
EUR % (N = 15) | 33.3% (5) | 53.3% (8) | 20.0% (3) | 20.0% (3) |
LAC % (N = 5) | 60.0% (3) | 40.0% (2) | 0.0% (0) | 20.0% (1) |
Threat | No Threat/Unclear | Positive | Recommendation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TOTAL % (N = 90) | 37.8% (34) | 63.3% (57) | 14.4% (13) | 57.8% (52) |
AFR % (N = 9) | 44.4% (4) | 55.6% (5) | 0.0% (0) | 66.7% (6) |
APA % (N = 31) | 54.8% (17) | 51.6% (16) | 9.7% (3) | 74.2% (23) |
ARB % (N = 6) | 33.3% (2) | 66.7% (4) | 0.0% (0) | 83.3% (5) |
EUR % (N = 33) | 24.4% (8) | 72.7% (24) | 21.2% (7) | 42.4% (14) |
LAC % (N = 11) | 27.3% (3) | 72.7% (8) | 27.2% (3) | 36.4% (4) |
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Schmutz, V.; Elliott, M.A. Tourism and Sustainability in the Evaluation of World Heritage Sites, 1980–2010. Sustainability 2016, 8, 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030261
Schmutz V, Elliott MA. Tourism and Sustainability in the Evaluation of World Heritage Sites, 1980–2010. Sustainability. 2016; 8(3):261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030261
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchmutz, Vaughn, and Michael A. Elliott. 2016. "Tourism and Sustainability in the Evaluation of World Heritage Sites, 1980–2010" Sustainability 8, no. 3: 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030261