The Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Sustainable Economic Development of Russian Regions
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
- China
- Southern Africa
- Europe
- The Role of Urbanization in Transport Infrastructure Development
- Russia as a Unique Case for Study
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
- -
- A model with space and time fixed effects if both regional and time effects are important.
- -
- A space fixed effects model if time effects are not so important.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MDPI | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
DOAJ | Directory of open access journals |
TLA | Three-letter acronym |
LD | Linear dichroism |
Appendix A. Literature Review
№ | Authors | Year | Journal | Name | Purpose | Methodology | Factors | Outcomes |
1 | Abam, F. I., et al. | 2021 | Energy Reports | Environmental sustainability of the Nigeria transport sector through decomposition and decoupling analysis with future framework for sustainable transport pathways [27] | To assess the sustainability of Nigeria’s transport sector and propose pathways for sustainable development | Decompositional and decoupling analysis | CO2 emissions, transport infrastructure | The need for transition to low-carbon technologies is shown |
2 | Alotaibi S. et al. | 2022 | Research in Transportation Business & Management | Transport investment, railway accessibility and their dynamic impacts on regional economic growth [30] | To study the impact of transport investment and railway accessibility on regional economic growth | Econometric analysis, panel data | Investment, accessibility, economic growth | The positive impact of investments on growth is shown |
3 | Alam K. M. et al. | 2021 | Research in Transportation Economics | Causality between transportation infrastructure and economic development in Pakistan: An ARDL analysis [33] | To study the cause-and-effect relationship between transport infrastructure and economic development in Pakistan | ARDL analysis | Infrastructure, GDP, transport | A two-way causal relationship is found |
4 | Bychkova, A. A. | 2024 | Bulletin of the University | The possibilities of using econometric methods in the study of interregional interactions of migration in transport [49] | To assess interregional migration interactions from a transport perspective | Econometric analysis | Migration, transport | Key interregional relations are identified |
5 | Cascetta E. et al. | 2020 | Transportation Research Part A | Economic growth, transport accessibility and regional equity impacts of high-speed railways in Italy: Ten years ex post evaluation and future perspectives [31] | To assess the impact of high-speed rail on economic growth and regional equity | Ex-post analysis | High-speed rail, equality | Improved accessibility and regional cohesion confirmed |
6 | Chacon-Hurtado D. et al. | 2020 | Journal of Transport Geography | The role of transportation accessibility in regional economic resilience [18] | To study the role of transport accessibility in the economic sustainability of regions | Spatial analysis | Availability, sustainability | Improved accessibility increases economic resilience |
7 | Elburz Z., Cubukcu K. M. | 2021 | Spatial Information Research | Spatial effects of transport infrastructure on regional growth: The case of Turkey [13] | Analysis of the spatial effects of transport infrastructure on regional growth | Spatial econometric analysis | Infrastructure, regional growth | Positive impact of infrastructure on growth found |
8 | Fong et al. | 2020 | Sustainable Development | Evidence of the environmental Kuznets curve for atmospheric pollutant emissions in Southeast Asia and implications for sustainable development: A spatial econometric approach [48] | Study of the Kuznets curve for emissions in Southeast Asia | Spatial econometrics | Emissions, factors of sustainable development | Confirmed Kuznets curve for emissions |
9 | Hakim et al. | 2019 | Transport Policy | Econometric evidence on the determinants of air transport in South Asian countries [26] | To identify the factors affecting air transport in South Asia | Econometric analysis | GDP, transport, infrastructure | Key determinants of air transport identified |
10 | Huang G. et al. | 2020 | Energy Economics | Impact of transportation infrastructure on industrial pollution in Chinese cities: A spatial econometric analysis [24] | Investigate the impact of transport infrastructure on industrial pollution | Spatial econometrics | Pollution, infrastructure | Infrastructure reduces pollution in major cities |
11 | Huang Y., Hong T., and Ma T. | 2020 | Cities | Urban network externalities, agglomeration economies and urban economic growth [34] | To study the effect of network external factors and agglomerations on economic growth | Econometric analysis | Network effects, agglomeration | A positive impact on economic growth is established |
12 | Hussain et al. | 2023 | Innovation and Green Development | Towards sustainable development: The impact of transport infrastructure expenditure on the ecological footprint in India [25] | To assess the impact of transport infrastructure spending on India’s ecological footprint | Econometric analysis | Ecological footprint, infrastructure spending | Reduced environmental footprint with increased costs |
13 | Ke, X. et al. | 2020 | Sustainability | Transport infrastructure development and economic growth in China: recent evidence from dynamic panel system-GMM analysis [16] | To study the relationship between the development of transport infrastructure and economic growth in China | GMM system analysis | Infrastructure, economic growth | Significant link confirmed |
14 | Kikkas, K.N. | 2015 | MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Development) | Modeling the sustainable development of the Arctic region of Russia [15] | Modeling of sustainable development of the Arctic region of Russia | Econometric modeling | Sustainable development, Arctic | The importance of sustainable development was confirmed |
15 | Kwilinski, A et al. | 2023 | Sustainability | Environmental sustainability within attaining sustainable development goals: The role of digitalization and the transport sector [6] | To explore the role of digitalization and the transport sector in sustainable development | Econometric analysis | Sustainable development, digitalization | The impact of digitalization on sustainability is shown |
16 | Magazzino C., Mele M. | 2021 | Research in Transportation Economics | On the relationship between transportation infrastructure and economic development in China [19] | Analysis of the relationship between transport infrastructure and economic growth in China | Econometric analysis | Transport, economic growth | Significant correlation confirmed |
17 | Marinos T. et al. | 2022 | Research in Transportation Economics | The spatial spillover effect of transport infrastructures in the Greek economy (2000–2013): A panel data analysis [17] | Assessment of the spatial effects of transport infrastructure on the Greek economy | Panel Analysis | Transport infrastructure, economy | Installed spatial effects |
18 | Mohmand Y. T. et al. | 2021 | Research in Transportation Economics | Investigating the causal relationship between transport infrastructure, economic growth and transport emissions in Pakistan [22] | To explore the link between infrastructure, growth, and emissions in Pakistan | Causal analysis | Infrastructure, emissions | Significant causal relationships found |
19 | Pokharel R. et al. | 2021 | Journal of Transport Geography | Spatio-temporal evolution of cities and regional economic development in Nepal: Does transport infrastructure matter? [36] | To study the impact of transport infrastructure on the development of cities and regions | Spatio-temporal analysis | Infrastructure, development | The impact of infrastructure is established |
20 | Salimova D. R., Ponomarev Yu. Yu. | 2021 | Applied Econometrics | Assessment of the impact of transport infrastructure development on the geography of exports of Russian regions [42] | To study the impact of transport infrastructure on the geography of exports | Econometric analysis | Infrastructure, export | Positive effects found |
21 | Saidi S. et al. | 2020 | Transportation Research Part A | Dynamic linkages between transport, logistics, foreign direct investment, and economic growth: Empirical evidence from developing countries [35] | To explore the dynamic links between transport, logistics, FDI, and growth | Econometric analysis | Transport, logistics | Meaningful connections established |
22 | Serkov L. A., Petrov M. B., Kozhov K. B. | 2021 | Journal of New Economy | Cluster econometric tools for research Heterogeneities of Russian Regions [43] | To develop cluster methods to study regional differences | Econometric analysis | Regional differences | New methods of analysis are proposed |
23 | Shafique M. et al. | 2021 | Transport Policy | Investigating the nexus among transport, economic growth and environmental degradation: Evidence from panel ARDL approach [23] | To explore the relationship between transport, growth, and environmental degradation | ARDL panel analysis | Transport, degradation | Significant connections found |
24 | Tang Z. et al. | 2020 | Sustainability | Spatial econometric analysis of the relationship between urban land and regional economic development in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei coordinated development region [37] | To study the relationship between land use and regional development | Spatial econometrics | Land use, development | Connection confirmed |
25 | Tolcha T. D., Bråthen S., Holmgren J. | 2020 | Journal of Transport Geography | Air transport demand and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: Direction of causality [28] | Investigate the causality between air transport and development | Econometric analysis | Air transport, growth | Causality established |
26 | Ullah, A., et al. | 2021 | PLOS One | Nexus of regional integration, socio-economic determinants and sustainable development in belt and road initiative countries [7] | To explore regional integration and sustainable development in the countries of the initiative | Spatial analysis | Integration, development | Significant connections found |
27 | Wang C., Kim Y. S., and Kim C. Y. | 2021 | Transport Policy | Causality between logistics infrastructure and economic development in China [50] | To study the cause-and-effect relationship between logistics infrastructure and economic development in China | Econometric analysis | Logistics infrastructure, economic development | Positive cause-and-effect relationships were found |
28 | Wang C. et al. | 2020 | Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice | Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth [32] | To study the impact of railway and road infrastructure in the countries of the Belt and Road Initiative on economic growth | Econometric analysis | Transport infrastructure, economic growth | Positive impact of infrastructure on economic growth found |
29 | Wang H. et al. | 2021 | Research in Transportation Economics | The relationship between freight transport and economic development: A case study of China [20] | To study the relationship between cargo transportation and economic development in the example of China | Econometric analysis | Cargo transportation, economic growth | Significant positive associations are identified |
30 | Washington, S. et al. | 2020 | Chapman and Hall/CRC | Statistical and econometric methods for transportation data analyses [14] | To provide tools for vehicle data analysis | Econometric and statistical analysis | Econometric methods of analysis | Methods of data analysis are proposed |
31 | Yang, et al. | 2021 | Energy Reports | How does technological progress impact transportation green total factor productivity: A spatial econometric perspective [51] | To study the impact of technological progress on the environmental productivity of transport | Spatial econometrics | Technological progress, environmental performance | The positive impact of technology is established |
32 | Zhang F., and Graham D. J. | 2020 | Transport Reviews | Air transport and economic growth: A review of the impact mechanism and causal relationships [29] | Overview of the impact of air transport on economic growth | Review of studies | Air transport, economic growth | The mechanisms of influence are indicated |
33 | Zhang, G., et al. | 2021 | Journal of Cleaner Production | Environmental regulation, economic development and air pollution in the cities of China: Spatial econometric analysis based on policy scoring and satellite data [52] | To investigate the relationship between environmental regulations, development, and air pollution | Spatial econometrics | Environmental regulations, air pollution | Reduced pollution due to standards |
34 | Zhu F., Wu X., and Peng W. | 2022 | Transportation Letters | Road transportation and economic growth in China: Granger causality analysis based on provincial panel data [21] | To study the impact of road transport on economic growth in China | Granger analysis of causality | Road transport, economic growth | A causal relationship is found |
35 | Ianoș I., Cocheci R. M., Petrișor A. I. | 2024 | Urban Science | Exploring the Relationship between the Dynamics of the Urban–Rural Interface and Regional Development in a Post-Socialist Transition [1] | To investigate the relationship between the dynamics of the urban interface and regional development | Data analysis | Urbanization, regional development | Significant connections found |
36 | Karpenko E., Rasseko Y. | 2021 | University Economic Bulletin | Gross regional product: study of influencers [5] | To study the factors influencing the gross regional product | Econometric analysis | GRP, influencing factors | Key determinants identified |
37 | Lindgren E., Pettersson-Lidbom P., Tyrefors B. | 2021 | IFN Working Paper | The causal effect of transport infrastructure: Evidence from a new historical database [10] | To investigate the causal influence of transport infrastructure on economic development | Historical data analysis | Transport infrastructure, economic development | Significant infrastructure impact established |
38 | Tsiotas D., Geraki M., Niavis S. | 2020 | arXiv preprint | Transportation networks and their significance to economic development [11] | To study the importance of transport networks for economic development | Spatial analysis | Transport networks, development | The importance of networks for economic growth was confirmed |
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Research (Appendix A) | Y | X | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Export | Cargo | Population | Num_Transport | Roads | Invest | Econ | ||
[3,5,8,11,13,16,30,33,37] | economic growth | + | + | + | +/− | +/− | + | +/− |
[3,18,21,22,26,32,42,43] | GDP | + | + | + | − | − | + | + |
[1,15,17,23,36,44] | environmental pollution | − | none | +/− | + | + | − | − |
[6,9,25,34] | trade flows | none | + | + | + | + | none | + |
[5,7,11,14,20,24] | transport development | + | + | + | none | + | + | − |
Name of the Factor | Factor Code | Units |
---|---|---|
Endogenous variable | ||
GRP per capita | grp | Rubles |
Exogenous variable | ||
Cargo turnover by road transport [34] | cargo | thousand tonne-kilometres |
Exports among regions [25] | export | million USD |
Population [6] | population | people |
Number of buses [26,28,42] | bus | units/1000 persons |
Number of trucks [26,28,42] | lorry | units/1000 persons |
Number of cars [26,28,42] | car | units/1000 persons |
Length of roads [33] | roads | km |
Investments in fixed capital [3,21,26] | dir_inv | million rub./capita |
Consumer price index [26] | CPI | % |
Control variables | ||
Provision of retail space | shop | unit/1000 people |
Land area allocated for industrial enterprises | S_industry | m2/1000 people |
Land used for transportation, communication, and engineering communications | S_transport | m2/1000 people |
Export | Cargo | Grp | Bus | Lorry | Car | Roads | Dir_Inv | Shop | CPI | S_Industry | S_Transport | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
export | 1.00 | |||||||||||
cargo | 0.49 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
grp | 0.40 | 0.37 | 1.00 | |||||||||
bus | −0.19 | −0.19 | 0.09 | 1.00 | ||||||||
lorry | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.36 | 0.59 | 1.00 | |||||||
car | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.53 | 0.30 | 0.58 | 1.00 | ||||||
roads | 0.35 | 0.57 | −0.06 | −0.22 | −0.18 | −0.05 | 1.00 | |||||
dir_inv | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.86 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.36 | −0.12 | 1.00 | ||||
shop | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.29 | −0.18 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 1.00 | |||
CPI | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.18 | −0.13 | −0.12 | −0.18 | −0.00 | −0.13 | −0.10 | 1.00 | ||
S_industry | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.37 | −0.20 | −0.13 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 0.27 | 0.26 | −0.00 | 1.00 | |
S_transport | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.36 | −0.15 | −0.07 | 0.22 | 0.54 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.88 | 1.00 |
Model | Pooled Regression | LSDV Models | FE Model (Panel) | FE Model (Panel + Year) | RE Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables and Model Parameters | |||||||
Export | 0.0254 *** | 0.0131 *** | 0.0131 *** | 0.0071 *** | 0.0254 *** | ||
(0.0050) | (0.0045) | (0.0045) | (0.0023) | (0.0050) | |||
Cargo | 0.0103 ** | 0.0307 *** | 0.0307 *** | 0.0084 ** | 0.0103 ** | ||
(0.0052) | (0.0077) | (0.0077) | (0.0039) | (0.0052) | |||
Bus | −0.1081 *** | −0.4821 *** | −0.4821 *** | 0.0501 | −0.1081 *** | ||
(0.0290) | (0.0578) | (0.0578) | (0.0321) | (0.0290) | |||
Lorry | 0.1449 *** | 0.1699 *** | 0.1699 *** | 0.0147 | 0.1449 *** | ||
(0.0373) | (0.0616) | (0.0616) | (0.0312) | (0.0373) | |||
Car | 0.2691 *** | 0.6858 *** | 0.6858 *** | −0.0746 * | 0.2691 *** | ||
(0.0479) | (0.0794) | (0.0794) | (0.0442) | (0.0479) | |||
Dir_inv | 0.6291 *** | 0.3383 *** | 0.3383 *** | 0.1156 *** | 0.6291 *** | ||
(0.0174) | (0.0265) | (0.0265) | (0.0151) | (0.0174) | |||
Roads | −0.0857 *** | 0.2626 *** | 0.2626 *** | −0.0492 * | −0.0857 *** | ||
(0.0157) | (0.0515) | (0.0515) | (0.0281) | (0.0157) | |||
Shops | 0.0796 *** | 0.2185 *** | 0.2185 *** | −0.0181 | 0.0796 *** | ||
(0.0134) | (0.0197) | (0.0197) | (0.0114) | (0.0134) | |||
S_industry | 0.0580 *** | 0.0742 | 0.0742 | 0.0159 | 0.0580 *** | ||
(0.0131) | (0.0833) | (0.0833) | (0.0420) | (0.0131) | |||
CPI | −0.8892 *** | −0.5887 *** | −0.5887 *** | −0.6160** | −0.8892 *** | ||
(0.2364) | (0.1556) | (0.1556) | (0.2815) | (0.2364) | |||
Model parameters | |||||||
R-squared | 0.8397 | 0.9435 | 0.7249 | 0.1787 | 0.8397 | ||
R-Squared (Within) | 0.5516 | 0.7249 | 0.7249 | 0.1073 | 0.5516 | ||
R-Squared (Between) | 0.9142 | 1.0000 | −0.0379 | 0.2772 | 0.9142 | ||
R-Squared (Overall) | 0.8397 | 0.9435 | 0.1188 | 0.2423 | 0.8397 | ||
F-statistic | 361.90 | 117.80 | 161.78 | 13.187 | 361.90 | ||
p-value (F-stat) | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
X | Y = GDP | Y = Economic Growth | This Study |
---|---|---|---|
export | + | + | + |
cargo | + | + | + |
num_transport | − | +/− | +/− |
roads | − | +/− | + |
invest | + | + | + |
econ | +/− | +/− | − |
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Gutman, S.; Malashenko, M. The Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Sustainable Economic Development of Russian Regions. Sustainability 2025, 17, 3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093776
Gutman S, Malashenko M. The Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Sustainable Economic Development of Russian Regions. Sustainability. 2025; 17(9):3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093776
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutman, Svetlana, and Marina Malashenko. 2025. "The Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Sustainable Economic Development of Russian Regions" Sustainability 17, no. 9: 3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093776
APA StyleGutman, S., & Malashenko, M. (2025). The Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Sustainable Economic Development of Russian Regions. Sustainability, 17(9), 3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093776