Toward Sustainable Tourism: An Activity-Based Segmentation of the Rural Tourism Market in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Basis
2.1. Various Dimensions of Rural Tourism Activities
2.2. Activity-Based Segmentation in Rural Tourism
2.3. Tourist Demand and Sustainability
3. Methodology
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Profile
4.2. Tourist Motivation
4.3. Segment of Tourist Cluster
4.3.1. Urbanists
4.3.2. Food and Architecture Enthusiasts
4.3.3. History Lovers
4.3.4. Multiple Experience Seekers
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | Gender | ||
Under 18 years old | 16 (3.1%) | Male | 241 (46.6%) |
19–29 years old | 121 (23.4%) | Female | 276 (53.4%) |
30–45 years old | 236 (45.6%) | Education level | |
46–64 years old | 135 (26.1%) | Junior middle school | 52 (10.0%) |
Above 65 years old | 9 (1.7%) | High school | 130 (25.2%) |
Annual income | University/college | 275 (53.2%) | |
Less than ¥50,000 | 141 (27.3%) | Graduate | 60 (11.6%) |
¥50,000–100,000 | 134 (25.9%) | Origin | |
¥100,000–150,000 | 98 (19.0%) | Live(d) or work(ed) in the countryside | 314 (60.8%) |
¥150,000–200,000 | 81 (15.7%) | Relatives in the countryside | 87 (16.8%) |
More than ¥200,000 | 63 (12.2%) | No roots in the countryside | 116 (22.4%) |
Dimension | Attributes | Factor Loading | Mean | S.D. | Cronbach Alpha | Variance Explained (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural experience (combined mean = 3.57) | Appreciate rural landscapes | 0.770 | 3.89 | 1.187 | 0.857 | 19.076 |
See rural animals | 0.757 | 3.34 | 1.282 | |||
Experience handicraft making | 0.673 | 3.17 | 1.203 | |||
Enjoy nature | 0.600 | 3.84 | 1.130 | |||
Participate in rural events | 0.592 | 3.87 | 1.100 | |||
Experience rural way of life | 0.505 | 3.29 | 1.289 | |||
General recreation (combined mean = 4.35) | Variety of leisure activities | 0.606 | 4.39 | 0.848 | 0.760 | 9.242 |
Hospitable service | 0.617 | 4.36 | 0.872 | |||
Value for money | 0.584 | 4.19 | 0.873 | |||
Easy to access | 0.515 | 4.49 | 0.689 | |||
Excellent facilities | 0.676 | 4.34 | 0.832 | |||
History and culture (combined mean = 4.07) | Visit heritage sites | 0.810 | 4.25 | 0.951 | 0.821 | 11.492 |
Learn local history | 0.767 | 4.15 | 1.001 | |||
Experience different cultures | 0.639 | 3.82 | 1.076 | |||
Agriculture experience (combined mean = 3.30) | Learn agriculture knowledge | 0.711 | 3.26 | 1.160 | 0.651 | 13.938 |
Contact with farmers | 0.655 | 3.10 | 1.181 | |||
Farming experience | 0.633 | 3.28 | 1.184 | |||
Farm and agricultural produce | 0.507 | 3.57 | 1.180 | |||
Food and architecture (combined mean = 4.115) | Enjoy local architecture | 0.731 | 4.04 | 1.046 | 0.597 | 8.761 |
Enjoy local cuisine | 0.701 | 4.19 | 0.944 |
Dimension | Urbanist (n = 76/14.7%) | Food and Architecture Enthusiast (n = 89/17.2%) | History Lover (n = 178/34.4%) | Multiple Experience Seeker (n = 174/33.7%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
General recreation | 4.07 | 4.37 | 4.14 | 4.66 |
Rural experience | 2.71 | 2.70 | 3.63 | 4.31 |
Agricultural experience | 2.34 | 2.42 | 3.39 | 4.08 |
Food and architecture | 2.87 | 4.46 | 3.76 | 4.84 |
History and culture | 2.95 | 3.72 | 4.35 | 4.67 |
Urbanist (n = 76/14.7%) | Food and Architecture Enthusiast (n = 89/17.2%) | History Lover (n = 178/34.4%) | Multiple Experience Seeker (n = 174/33.7%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Annual income (χ2 = 26.585, p = 0.009) | ||||
Up to 50,000 | 34.2% | 20.2% | 28.1% | 27.0% |
50,000–150,000 | 34.2% | 36.0% | 48.9% | 50.0% |
More than 150,000 | 31.6% | 43.8% | 23.0% | 23.0% |
Origin (χ2 = 17.722, p = 0.039) | ||||
Live(d) or work(ed) in the countryside | 61.8% | 45.3% | 62.9% | 61.5% |
Relatives in the countryside | 17.1% | 13.3% | 17.4% | 19.0% |
No roots in the countryside | 21.1% | 41.4% | 19.6% | 19.5% |
Urbanist (n = 76/14.7%) | Food and Architecture Enthusiast (n = 89/17.2%) | History Lover (n = 178/34.4%) | Multiple Experience Seeker (n = 174/33.7%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Travel frequency p.a. (χ2 = 22.034, p = 0.001) | ||||
Once | 18.4% | 30.3% | 15.2% | 10.3% |
2–5 times | 67.1% | 49.4% | 57.9% | 62.1% |
More than 5 times | 14.5% | 20.2% | 27.0% | 27.6% |
Travel companion (χ2 = 23.019, p = 0.028) | ||||
With family(child) | 53.9% | 37.1% | 54.5% | 55.2% |
With partner | 17.1% | 24.7% | 20.8% | 16.7% |
With friend | 22.4% | 32.6% | 23.0% | 24.1% |
Alone | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 2.3% |
Others | 6.6% | 5.6% | 1.1% | 1.7% |
Preferred activities (χ2 = 65.218, p = 0.001) | ||||
Agriculture activities | 7.9% | 18.0% | 28.1% | 23.6% |
Meal and lodging | 10.5% | 50.6% | 24.2% | 27.6% |
Ecological activities | 47.4% | 21.3% | 37.6% | 29.9% |
Recreational activities | 34.2% | 10.1% | 10.1% | 28.0% |
Preferred accommodation (χ2 = 51.155, p = 0.001) | ||||
Star/chain hotel | 36.5% | 27.3% | 25.3% | 30.6% |
Rural hotel | 16.2% | 39.8% | 18.0% | 20.9% |
Farmhouse | 9.5% | 10.2% | 28.1% | 21.0% |
Rural camping | 8.1% | 4.5% | 1.7% | 3.4% |
Not stay in any accommodation | 29.7% | 18.2% | 27.0% | 24.1% |
Urbanist | Food and Architecture Enthusiast | History Lover | Multiple Experience Seeker | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interaction with local people | ○ | Low motives for interaction | ○ | Low motives for interaction | ● | High motives for interaction | ● | High motives for interaction |
Participate in nature/cultural activities | ●○ | Prefer ecological or recreational activities | ○ | Prefer meals and lodging | ● | Prefer ecological or agricultural activities | ●○ | Uncertain |
Appreciate local products | ○ | Low motives for purchase | ○ | Low motives for purchase | ● | High motives for purchase | ● | High motives for purchase |
Stay in the village and live in village accommodation | ○ | Not stay or stay in the chain hotel | ● | Stay in rural hotel | ● | Stay in Farmhouse | ●○ | Uncertain |
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Fu, L.; Sanada, J.; Zhang, W. Toward Sustainable Tourism: An Activity-Based Segmentation of the Rural Tourism Market in China. Sustainability 2025, 17, 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083341
Fu L, Sanada J, Zhang W. Toward Sustainable Tourism: An Activity-Based Segmentation of the Rural Tourism Market in China. Sustainability. 2025; 17(8):3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083341
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Lin, Junko Sanada, and Wenzheng Zhang. 2025. "Toward Sustainable Tourism: An Activity-Based Segmentation of the Rural Tourism Market in China" Sustainability 17, no. 8: 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083341
APA StyleFu, L., Sanada, J., & Zhang, W. (2025). Toward Sustainable Tourism: An Activity-Based Segmentation of the Rural Tourism Market in China. Sustainability, 17(8), 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083341