Study on the Spatial Distribution Patterns and Influencing Factors of Soil Organic Carbon Components in Ecological Vegetative Slope Areas
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Vegetation Selection and Substrate Formulation
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Physical and Chemical Analysis
2.5. Date Processing
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Slope Soil pH Value
3.2. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon Components on Slopes
3.2.1. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Organic Carbon Components Under Different Slope Gradients and Position
3.2.2. Distribution Characteristics of Organic Carbon Components Under Different Vegetation Types
3.2.3. Distribution Characteristics of Organic Carbon Components Under Different Cement Content in the Substrate
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Slope Gradient, Slope Position, Vegetation Type, and Cement Dosage on the Spatial Distribution of Soil pH in Ecological Vegetative Slopes
4.2. The Impact of Slope Gradient, Slope Position, Vegetation Type, and Cement Content on the Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Components in Ecological Vegetative Slopes
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The soil pH of all slopes is weakly alkaline and exhibits a significant correlation with the slope gradient; as the slope gradient decreases, the pH increases. Grass–shrub slopes, which combine the advantages of Magnolia and Bermudagrass, have the lowest pH, followed by Bermudagrass, Magnolia, and bare slopes. The amount of cement added to the soil substrate significantly affects the variation in soil pH on slopes—the higher the cement dosage, the higher the pH value. Additionally, pH increases with soil depth, with the surface soil having the lowest pH. Slope position has a minimal impact on soil pH, primarily in the following order: lower slope < middle slope < upper slope.
- (2)
- In this experiment, the TOC, ROC, and DOC contents of slope soils were at moderate to low levels, with their contents decreasing as soil depth and slope gradient increased. The TOC, ROC, and DOC contents on Bermudagrass slopes significantly increased as the slope gradient decreased. An increase in slope gradient exacerbates the variation in the contents of different organic carbon components across slope positions. These findings provide actionable guidelines for the design and management of eco-restored slopes.
- (3)
- The content of each organic carbon component follows the order of grass–shrub slope > Bermudagrass > Magnolia > bare slope. On vegetated slopes, the contents of TOC, ROC, and DOC decrease with increasing slope position and soil depth, showing a surface accumulation phenomenon. However, on bare slopes, the trend is the opposite, with organic carbon content increasing with depth. Planting Bermudagrass is suitable for the stabilization and protection of surface soil, while Magnolia is more suitable for the protection of deeper soil layers. Grass–shrub slopes, by effectively combining the advantages of Bermudagrass and Magnolia, promote the accumulation of organic carbon components in the soil. Mixed planting of Bermudagrass and Magnolia floribunda significantly promoted SOC accumulation in slope soils.
- (4)
- The addition of cement significantly increases soil pH. Slopes with a 3 cm 3% cement dosage have higher contents of organic carbon components than slopes with 0 cm 0%, 5 cm 3%, and 3 cm 5% cement dosages. However, in the 0–5 cm soil layer, slopes with a 3 cm 3% cement dosage have slightly lower organic carbon content than those with 5 cm 3% and 3 cm 5% cement dosages. DOC content decreases as cement dosage increases. The appropriate amount of cement dosage can increase organic carbon content on slopes, prevent soil erosion, positively influence vegetation growth on slopes, and ensure the long-term stability of the slope. Optimal cement incorporation not only improved slope stability but also elevated SOC content, strengthened carbon sequestration, mitigated soil erosion, and supported vegetation growth, ensuring long-term slope sustainability.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Shen, Y.; Li, Q.; Pei, X.; Wei, R.; Yang, B.; Lei, N.; Zhang, X.; Yin, D.; Wang, S.; Tao, Q. Ecological Restoration of Engineering Slopes in China—A Review. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, J.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Ji, X.; Wen, N. Decision analysis of slope ecological restoration based on AHP. Sains Malays. 2017, 46, 2075–2081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Li, T.-B.; Chen, J.-N.; Liu, C.-N.; Zhou, X.-h.; Xia, L. Characteristics and applications of ecological soil substrate for rocky slope vegetation in cold and high-altitude areas. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 609, 446–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ai, X.; Yang, H.; Ai, S.; Sheng, M.; Tian, X.; Teng, J.; Wang, Y.; Ai, Y. Effects of different restoration methods on soil organic carbon and its fractions of cut slopes in mountainous areas of southwestern China. J. Soils Sediments 2024, 24, 1933–1943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, Y.; Xu, W.; Xu, Q.; Chen, B.; Shi, H.; Ye, J. Assessment of the carbon neutral capacity of ecological slopes: A case study of wet-spraying vegetation concrete ecological river revetment. J. Water Clim. Chang. 2024, 15, 2429–2445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, X.; Fu, D.; Duan, C.; Huang, G.; Shang, H. Distributions and influencing factors of soil organic carbon fractions under different vegetation restoration conditions in a subtropical mountainous area, SW China. Forests 2022, 13, 629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, Z.; Luo, J.; Tang, Q.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, H.; Li, Y.; Yang, G.; Zhang, L. Ecological protection technology of spraying vegetation concrete on carbonaceous rock slope experimental research and application. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2022, 2022, 2557131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hofbauer, M.; Kincl, D.; Vopravil, J.; Kabelka, D.; Vráblík, P. Preferential Erosion of Soil Organic Carbon and Fine-Grained Soil Particles—An Analysis of 82 Rainfall Simulations. Agronomy 2023, 13, 217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, H.; Liu, Z.; Wan, J.; Chen, J.; Shi, Y. Experimental Study of the Soil Water Dissipation Law of Vegetated Slopes under Natural Evaporation Conditions. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 1105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Gu, X.; Xu, X. Experimental study on hydraulic erosion characteristics of ecological slope of tailings reservoir under rainfall. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 2021, 25, 2426–2436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haynes, R. Labile organic matter fractions as centralcomponents of the quality of agricultural soils: Anoverview. Adv. Agron. 2005, 5, 221–268. [Google Scholar]
- Sakin, E.; Yanardağ, H.İ.; Firat, Z.; Çelik, A.; Beyyavaş, V.; Suat, C. Some Indicators for the Assessment of Soil Health: A Mini Review. MAS J. Appl. Sci. 2024, 9, 297–310. [Google Scholar]
- Bauer, A.; Black, A. Quantification of the effect of soil organic matter content on soil productivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1994, 58, 185–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lal, R. Soil degradation by erosion. Land Degrad. Dev. 2001, 12, 519–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, P.; Liu, S.; Han, K.; Guan, S.; Zhou, D. Conversion of cropland to forage land and grassland increases soil labile carbon and enzyme activities in northeastern China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2017, 245, 83–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.-X.; Zhang, Y.; Qin, X.-J.; Jia, Q.; Zhou, S.; Li, T.; Liu, F. Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Influencing Factors of Different Plant Communities in the Yellow River Delta. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2024, 45, 4177–4186. [Google Scholar]
- Kuśmierz, S.; Skowrońska, M.; Tkaczyk, P.; Lipiński, W.; Mielniczuk, J. Soil organic carbon and mineral nitrogen contents in soils as affected by their pH, texture and fertilization. Agronomy 2023, 13, 267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Philippot, L.; Chenu, C.; Kappler, A.; Rillig, M.C.; Fierer, N. The interplay between microbial communities and soil properties. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2024, 22, 226–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romanowicz, K.J.; Freedman, Z.B.; Upchurch, R.A.; Argiroff, W.A.; Zak, D.R. Active microorganisms in forest soils differ from the total community yet are shaped by the same environmental factors: The influence of pH and soil moisture. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2016, 92, fiw149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, W.; Zhu, H.; Guo, S. Soil organic carbon as a function of land use and topography on the Loess Plateau of China. Ecol. Eng. 2015, 83, 249–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, S.; Chen, J.; Xiao, H.; Tao, G. Test on rules of rainfall infiltration and runoff erosion on vegetated slopes with different gradients. Rock Soil Mech. 2023, 44, 3435–3447. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, W.; Shen, Q.; Zhai, X.; Du, S.; Zhang, X. Impact of environmental factors on the spatiotemporal variability of soil organic matter: A case study in a typical small Mollisol watershed of Northeast China. J. Soils Sediments 2021, 21, 736–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jakšić, S.; Ninkov, J.; Milić, S.; Vasin, J.; Živanov, M.; Jakšić, D.; Komlen, V. Influence of slope gradient and aspect on soil organic carbon content in the region of Niš, Serbia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, L.; Peng, M.; Qiao, S.; Ma, X.-y. Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield characteristics of bare loess soil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 3480–3487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, T.; Lv, Y.; Xie, B.; Xu, L.; Zhou, Y.; Mei, T.; Li, Y.; Yuan, N.; Shi, Y. Topography and soil organic carbon in subtropical forests of China. Forests 2023, 14, 1023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, F.; Hayat, Z.; Ahmad, W.; Ramzan, M.; Shah, Z.; Sharif, M.; Mian, I.A.; Hanif, M. Effect of slope position on physico-chemical properties of eroded soil. Soil Environ. 2013, 32, 22–28. [Google Scholar]
- Vannoppen, W.; De Baets, S.; Keeble, J.; Dong, Y.; Poesen, J. How do root and soil characteristics affect the erosion-reducing potential of plant species? Ecol. Eng. 2017, 109, 186–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, J.; Fu, B.; Gao, G.; Lü, Y.; Liu, Y.; Lü, N.; Wang, S. Effects of precipitation and restoration vegetation on soil erosion in a semi-arid environment in the Loess Plateau, China. Catena 2016, 137, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.; Shi, X.; Zhao, Z. Land use types and geomorphic settings reflected in soil organic carbon distribution at the scale of watershed. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Löbmann, M.T.; Geitner, C.; Wellstein, C.; Zerbe, S. The influence of herbaceous vegetation on slope stability—A review. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2020, 209, 103328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Jiao, J.; Wang, Z.; Cao, B.; Wei, Y.; Hu, S. Effects of revegetation on soil organic carbon storage and erosion-induced carbon loss under extreme rainstorms in the hill and gully region of the Loess Plateau. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.; Gu, H.; Liu, S. Mixed Grass Species Enhances Root Production and Plant–Soil Reinforcement. Land Degrad. Dev. 2025, 36, 736–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, X.; Zhou, X.; Xiao, H.; Ma, Q.; Yang, Y.; Hu, K. Experiment study on temporal stability of soil moisture content in ecological slopes under different vegetation covers. Environ. Res. Commun. 2024, 6, 095004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, X.; Hu, K.; Xiao, H.; Yang, Y.; Chen, J.; Cheng, Y. Effects of vegetation on the spatiotemporal distribution of soil water content in re-vegetated slopes using temporal stability analysis. Catena 2024, 234, 107570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tao, G.; Cheng, Y.; Xiao, H.; Huang, S.; Zhou, X. Experimental Study on the Influence of Substrate Properties on Rainfall Infiltration and Runoff from Ecological Slopes. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 5557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, G.L.; Liu, Y.F.; Cui, Z.; Liu, Y.; Shi, Z.H.; Yin, R.; Kardol, P. Trade-off between vegetation type, soil erosion control and surface water in global semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 2020, 57, 875–885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, R.; Wang, D.; Cao, H.; Wang, Y.; Lu, Z.; Xia, J. Ecological pervious concrete in revetment and restoration of coastal Wetlands: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 303, 124590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gavlak, R.; Horneck, D.; Miller, R.O.; Kotuby-Amacher, J. Soil, Plant and Water Reference Methods for the Western Region; WCC-103 Publication: Fort Collins, CO, USA, 2003; pp. 1–207. [Google Scholar]
- Walinga, I.; Kithome, M.; Novozamsky, I.; Houba, V.; Van der Lee, J. Spectrophotometric determination of organic carbon in soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1992, 23, 1935–1944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, K.; Bowman, A.; Oates, A. Oxidizible organic carbon fractions and soil quality changes in an oxic paleustalf under different pasture leys. Soil Sci. 2001, 166, 61–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, D.L.; Willett, V.B. Experimental evaluation of methods to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2006, 38, 991–999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, Z.; Li, P.; Le, Q.; He, J.; Ma, J. Litter and Root Removal Modulates Soil Organic Carbon and Labile Carbon Dynamics in Larch Plantation Ecosystems. Forests 2024, 15, 1958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jozedaemi, E.; Golchin, A. Changes in aggregate-associated carbon and microbial respiration affected by aggregate size, soil depth, and altitude in a forest soil. Catena 2024, 234, 107567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, L.; Yang, Y.; Yang, L.; Zhang, D. Effect of land uses on soil microbial community structures among different soil depths in northeastern China. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2020, 99, 103205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gan, T.; Qian, Q.; Liu, Z.; Xu, D. Simulation of Suitable Distribution Areas of Magnolia officinalis in China Based on the MaxEnt Model and Analysis of Key Environmental Variables. Agriculture 2024, 14, 2303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexander, M. Effects of acidity on microorganisms and microbial processes in soil. In Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 1980; pp. 363–374. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Q.-P.; Wang, J.; Gu, H.-L.; Zhang, Z.-G.; Wang, Q. Effects of continuous slope gradient on the dominance characteristics of plant functional groups and plant diversity in alpine meadows. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Wang, X.; Ouyang, Z. Effects of land use, climate, topography and soil properties on regional soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China. J. Environ. Sci. 2012, 24, 387–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, P.; Li, P.; Li, Z.; Sun, J.; Wang, D.; Min, Z. Effects of grass vegetation coverage and position on runoff and sediment yields on the slope of Loess Plateau, China. Agric. Water Manag. 2022, 259, 107231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holland, P.; Steyn, D. Vegetational responses to latitudinal variations in slope angle and aspect. J. Biogeogr. 1975, 2, 179–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schöning, I.; Totsche, K.U.; Kögel-Knabner, I. Small scale spatial variability of organic carbon stocks in litter and solum of a forested Luvisol. Geoderma 2006, 136, 631–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cerdà, A. The influence of geomorphological position and vegetation cover on the erosional and hydrological processes on a Mediterranean hillslope. Hydrol. Process. 1998, 12, 661–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, T.; Wang, Z.; Liao, C.; Xu, W.; Wan, L. Effects of the morphological characteristics of plants on rainfall interception and kinetic energy. J. Hydrol. 2021, 592, 125807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunne, T.; Zhang, W.; Aubry, B.F. Effects of rainfall, vegetation, and microtopography on infiltration and runoff. Water Resour. Res. 1991, 27, 2271–2285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Semenov, V.; Pautova, N.; Lebedeva, T.; Khromychkina, D.; Semenova, N.; Lopes de Gerenyu, V. Plant residues decomposition and formation of active organic matter in the soil of the incubation experiments. Eurasian Soil Sci. 2019, 52, 1183–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaiser, K.; Kalbitz, K. Cycling downwards–dissolved organic matter in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2012, 52, 29–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, C.; Huang, K.; Zhang, N.; Qin, X.; Siddique, A. Discussion on ecological protection technology of high and steep slope of expressway. Proc. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 632, 022022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sui, Z.; Yi, W.; Lu, Y.; Deng, L. Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study on the Shear Strength Characteristics of Magnolia multiflora Root-Soil Composites. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2021, 2021, 6642594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leirós, M.; Trasar-Cepeda, C.; Seoane, S.; Gil-Sotres, F. Dependence of mineralization of soil organic matter on temperature and moisture. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1999, 31, 327–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crow, S.E.; Lajtha, K.; Filley, T.R.; Swanston, C.W.; Bowden, R.D.; Caldwell, B.A. Sources of plant-derived carbon and stability of organic matter in soil: Implications for global change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2009, 15, 2003–2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paul, E.A. The nature and dynamics of soil organic matter: Plant inputs, microbial transformations, and organic matter stabilization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2016, 98, 109–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poirier, V.; Roumet, C.; Munson, A.D. The root of the matter: Linking root traits and soil organic matter stabilization processes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2018, 120, 246–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faiz, H.; Ng, S.; Rahman, M. A state-of-the-art review on the advancement of sustainable vegetation concrete in slope stability. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 326, 126502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, G.-J.; Yuan, J.-G.; Han, R.-H.; Xin, G.-R.; Yang, Z.-Y. Characteristics of the optimum combination of synthetic soils by plant and soil properties used for rock slope restoration. Ecol. Eng. 2007, 30, 303–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, F.; Xu, Y.; Wang, C.; Mao, J. Effects of concrete content on seed germination and seedling establishment in vegetation concrete matrix in slope restoration. Ecol. Eng. 2013, 58, 99–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sullivan, T.S.; Barth, V.P.; Lewis, R.W. Soil Acidity Impacts Beneficial Soil Microorganisms; Washington State University Extension: Pullman, WA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Grybos, M.; Davranche, M.; Gruau, G.; Petitjean, P.; Pédrot, M. Increasing pH drives organic matter solubilization from wetland soils under reducing conditions. Geoderma 2009, 154, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Vegetation Type | Substrate Depth (cm) | Cement Content (%) | Slope Gradient | TOC (g/kg) | ROC (g/kg) | DOC (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bermudagrass | 3 | 3 | 1:1.5 | 4.4217 ± 1.3517 | 1.1782 ± 0.3567 | 0.1108 ± 0.0302 |
Bermudagrass | 3 | 3 | 1:1.75 | 4.9004 ± 1.2004 | 1.4514 ± 0.2726 | 0.1218 ± 0.0072 |
Bermudagrass | 3 | 3 | 1:2 | 5.8572 ± 1.6375 | 1.6831 ± 0.4199 | 0.3027 ± 0.0189 |
Vegetation Type | Substrate Depth (cm) | Cement Content (%) | Slope Gradient | TOC (g/kg) | ROC (g/kg) | DOC (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bare | 0 | 0 | 1:1.75 | 1.5250 ± 0.1989 | 0.2247 ± 0.0774 | 0.0628 ± 0.0060 |
Bermudagrass | 0 | 0 | 1:1.75 | 2.4427 ± 0.6244 | 0.5008 ± 0.1572 | 0.1016 ± 0.0188 |
Magnolia | 0 | 0 | 1:1.75 | 2.3202 ± 0.5007 | 0.5781 ± 0.1488 | 0.2141 ± 0.0261 |
Grass-Shrub | 0 | 0 | 1:1.75 | 3.1677 ± 0.9401 | 0.6674 ± 0.1437 | 0.2320 ± 0.0280 |
Vegetation Type | Substrate Depth (cm) | Cement Content (%) | Slope Gradient | TOC (g/kg) | ROC (g/kg) | DOC (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bermudagrass | 0 | 0 | 1:1.75 | 2.4427 ± 0.6244 | 0.5008 ± 0.1572 | 0.1016 ± 0.0188 |
Bermudagrass | 3 | 3 | 1:1.75 | 4.9004 ± 0.6111 | 1.4514 ± 0.2726 | 0.1305 ± 0.0205 |
Bermudagrass | 5 | 3 | 1:1.75 | 4.1839 ± 1.0005 | 0.6397 ± 0.1492 | 0.2616 ± 0.0266 |
Bermudagrass | 3 | 5 | 1:1.75 | 4.2503 ± 1.1089 | 0.7127 ± 0.1419 | 0.3599 ± 0.0455 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zheng, L.; Zhou, X.; Zhou, X.; Huang, S.; Zhong, Z.; Xiao, H. Study on the Spatial Distribution Patterns and Influencing Factors of Soil Organic Carbon Components in Ecological Vegetative Slope Areas. Sustainability 2025, 17, 2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062650
Zheng L, Zhou X, Zhou X, Huang S, Zhong Z, Xiao H. Study on the Spatial Distribution Patterns and Influencing Factors of Soil Organic Carbon Components in Ecological Vegetative Slope Areas. Sustainability. 2025; 17(6):2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062650
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Lifei, Xuyuan Zhou, Xinlong Zhou, Shaoping Huang, Zhiying Zhong, and Henglin Xiao. 2025. "Study on the Spatial Distribution Patterns and Influencing Factors of Soil Organic Carbon Components in Ecological Vegetative Slope Areas" Sustainability 17, no. 6: 2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062650
APA StyleZheng, L., Zhou, X., Zhou, X., Huang, S., Zhong, Z., & Xiao, H. (2025). Study on the Spatial Distribution Patterns and Influencing Factors of Soil Organic Carbon Components in Ecological Vegetative Slope Areas. Sustainability, 17(6), 2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062650