Sustainable Exploration, Mining, and Utilization of a Rare Earth Deposit in Southeastern Guangxi: Insights into Metallogenic Regularity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Background
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics of the Ore Body Distribution
4.2. Planar Distribution Characteristics of the Weathered Crust
4.3. Vertical Variation and Mineralization Characteristics of the Weathered Crust
4.4. Characteristics of the Rock Structure and Texture
4.5. The REE Enrichment Characteristics of the Granite Weathering Crust
4.6. Distribution Characteristics of Ore Types and Grades
5. Discussion
5.1. The Relationship Between Linear Features and Mineralization
5.2. Analysis of Metallogenic Regularity and Prospecting Direction
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Number | Analysis Result ωB/10−6 | Notes | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
La2O3 | CeO2 | Pr6O11 | Nd2O3 | Sm2O3 | Eu2O3 | Y2O3 | Gd2O3 | Tb4O7 | Dy2O3 | Ho2O3 | Er2O3 | Tm2O3 | Yb2O3 | Lu2O3 | REO | ||
ZH01 | 179.60 | 211.80 | 36.11 | 122.30 | 22.47 | 3.22 | 123.20 | 20.50 | 3.65 | 19.15 | 3.76 | 10.18 | 1.89 | 10.65 | 1.55 | 770.04 | Ore |
ZH02 | 180.90 | 187.40 | 37.29 | 123.50 | 22.27 | 2.63 | 103.90 | 18.37 | 3.14 | 16.44 | 3.21 | 8.86 | 1.68 | 9.58 | 1.40 | 720.56 | |
ZH03 | 183.20 | 205.40 | 36.60 | 124.10 | 23.07 | 2.90 | 125.00 | 20.37 | 3.70 | 19.87 | 3.83 | 10.16 | 1.87 | 10.21 | 1.52 | 771.79 | |
ZH04 | 188.60 | 200.60 | 36.99 | 123.10 | 22.94 | 2.84 | 132.90 | 20.57 | 3.88 | 20.74 | 4.10 | 11.14 | 2.07 | 11.56 | 1.69 | 783.71 | |
ZH05 | 164.90 | 217.60 | 32.97 | 110.50 | 20.79 | 2.43 | 100.80 | 17.35 | 3.09 | 16.57 | 3.21 | 8.86 | 1.67 | 9.61 | 1.40 | 711.74 | |
ZH06 | 207.80 | 211.70 | 42.19 | 141.60 | 25.48 | 3.18 | 133.60 | 21.73 | 3.83 | 20.58 | 4.17 | 11.48 | 2.29 | 13.09 | 1.92 | 844.64 | |
ZH07 | 137.40 | 186.40 | 27.40 | 91.86 | 16.28 | 1.93 | 87.69 | 13.89 | 2.46 | 13.09 | 2.66 | 7.45 | 1.43 | 8.15 | 1.19 | 599.29 | |
ZH08 | 137.40 | 213.20 | 27.29 | 91.36 | 16.39 | 1.99 | 85.39 | 14.58 | 2.49 | 13.37 | 2.64 | 7.06 | 1.41 | 7.92 | 1.18 | 623.66 | |
ZH09 | 166.90 | 215.80 | 33.19 | 111.10 | 19.81 | 2.50 | 109.30 | 17.64 | 3.22 | 17.02 | 3.44 | 9.56 | 1.81 | 10.61 | 1.53 | 723.43 | |
ZH10 | 179.20 | 224.00 | 35.89 | 119.80 | 22.17 | 2.79 | 119.80 | 19.72 | 3.49 | 19.13 | 3.76 | 10.33 | 1.99 | 11.38 | 1.64 | 775.09 | |
ZH11 | 179.70 | 240.60 | 36.07 | 120.30 | 21.62 | 2.69 | 107.00 | 19.19 | 3.28 | 17.22 | 3.38 | 9.42 | 1.75 | 10.02 | 1.46 | 773.71 | |
ZH12 | 170.90 | 216.30 | 34.18 | 114.10 | 21.62 | 2.66 | 118.60 | 18.92 | 3.40 | 18.30 | 3.67 | 10.10 | 1.94 | 11.20 | 1.65 | 747.52 | |
ZH13 | 158.50 | 218.80 | 31.26 | 103.40 | 17.94 | 2.07 | 88.41 | 15.11 | 2.48 | 13.37 | 2.65 | 7.53 | 1.46 | 8.64 | 1.24 | 672.86 | |
ZH14 | 199.70 | 205.20 | 38.97 | 127.90 | 22.80 | 2.69 | 117.70 | 19.42 | 3.32 | 17.87 | 3.57 | 9.86 | 1.94 | 11.16 | 1.66 | 783.76 | |
ZH15 | 150.50 | 197.30 | 30.28 | 101.80 | 18.06 | 2.04 | 106.50 | 16.08 | 2.91 | 15.85 | 3.18 | 8.97 | 1.79 | 10.43 | 1.57 | 667.26 | |
ZH16 | 179.00 | 210.60 | 36.05 | 120.80 | 22.09 | 2.57 | 120.20 | 19.06 | 3.39 | 18.28 | 3.74 | 10.44 | 2.11 | 11.96 | 1.81 | 762.09 | |
ZH17 | 171.50 | 214.60 | 33.84 | 112.90 | 20.25 | 2.43 | 103.40 | 17.68 | 3.04 | 16.14 | 3.25 | 9.20 | 1.76 | 10.33 | 1.54 | 721.85 | |
ZH18 | 183.20 | 212.40 | 36.93 | 122.60 | 22.12 | 2.47 | 110.70 | 18.42 | 3.28 | 17.53 | 3.43 | 9.63 | 1.87 | 10.85 | 1.62 | 757.05 | |
ZH19 | 170.80 | 196.40 | 34.88 | 117.60 | 21.26 | 2.38 | 117.60 | 18.42 | 3.32 | 17.67 | 3.58 | 9.71 | 1.99 | 11.31 | 1.68 | 728.60 | |
ZH20 | 198.60 | 236.80 | 40.91 | 136.10 | 24.17 | 2.85 | 123.60 | 20.91 | 3.65 | 19.60 | 3.86 | 10.75 | 2.13 | 12.23 | 1.79 | 837.95 | |
ZH21 | 175.30 | 228.80 | 36.13 | 119.70 | 21.68 | 2.48 | 108.00 | 18.57 | 3.15 | 16.88 | 3.40 | 9.48 | 1.83 | 10.75 | 1.58 | 757.72 | |
ZH22 | 144.70 | 226.40 | 29.92 | 100.00 | 18.03 | 2.08 | 87.60 | 15.86 | 2.66 | 14.11 | 2.82 | 7.84 | 1.52 | 8.84 | 1.28 | 663.66 | |
ZH23 | 161.10 | 231.20 | 32.90 | 110.80 | 20.07 | 2.33 | 108.10 | 17.51 | 3.10 | 16.53 | 3.33 | 9.57 | 1.83 | 10.82 | 1.54 | 730.73 | |
ZH24 | 165.50 | 220.50 | 33.74 | 114.40 | 20.63 | 2.62 | 103.40 | 17.80 | 3.17 | 16.57 | 3.32 | 9.16 | 1.77 | 10.15 | 1.46 | 724.17 | |
ZH25 | 169.20 | 214.40 | 34.44 | 117.60 | 20.80 | 2.62 | 103.10 | 17.90 | 3.06 | 16.09 | 3.20 | 8.85 | 1.67 | 9.63 | 1.41 | 723.98 | |
ZH26 | 144.80 | 215.00 | 30.03 | 101.10 | 18.23 | 2.21 | 97.70 | 16.11 | 2.74 | 15.09 | 2.95 | 8.35 | 1.59 | 9.18 | 1.41 | 666.48 | |
ZH01 | 106.40 | 29.40 | 21.62 | 68.34 | 12.40 | 1.76 | 81.33 | 14.30 | 2.19 | 11.52 | 2.38 | 6.69 | 0.88 | 5.10 | 0.70 | 365.01 | Mixed initial products |
ZH02 | 131.60 | 30.50 | 27.07 | 84.81 | 14.94 | 1.74 | 72.05 | 14.91 | 2.22 | 11.16 | 2.19 | 6.04 | 0.78 | 4.58 | 0.63 | 405.20 | |
ZH03 | 141.30 | 36.50 | 28.79 | 91.31 | 17.20 | 2.16 | 97.84 | 18.56 | 2.89 | 15.16 | 3.01 | 8.24 | 1.04 | 6.18 | 0.83 | 470.99 | |
ZH04 | 138.80 | 31.05 | 27.13 | 84.60 | 15.63 | 1.84 | 99.76 | 17.50 | 2.79 | 14.79 | 3.00 | 8.38 | 1.05 | 6.17 | 0.86 | 453.35 | |
ZH05 | 89.17 | 28.69 | 18.45 | 57.77 | 10.32 | 1.09 | 55.44 | 10.59 | 1.61 | 8.40 | 1.65 | 4.55 | 0.58 | 3.45 | 0.47 | 292.22 | |
ZH06 | 124.90 | 24.09 | 25.01 | 77.49 | 13.72 | 1.76 | 84.08 | 15.14 | 2.23 | 11.99 | 2.47 | 7.11 | 0.94 | 5.57 | 0.78 | 397.28 | |
ZH07 | 81.57 | 25.06 | 16.84 | 52.49 | 9.12 | 1.01 | 57.26 | 9.40 | 1.45 | 7.95 | 1.62 | 4.54 | 0.60 | 3.49 | 0.48 | 272.86 | |
ZH08 | 62.96 | 23.19 | 13.11 | 40.69 | 7.22 | 0.70 | 44.13 | 7.69 | 1.15 | 6.13 | 1.22 | 3.36 | 0.42 | 2.42 | 0.33 | 214.70 | |
ZH09 | 94.13 | 24.04 | 19.03 | 59.40 | 10.71 | 1.24 | 70.41 | 11.61 | 1.81 | 9.93 | 2.02 | 5.80 | 0.76 | 4.59 | 0.63 | 316.11 | |
ZH10 | 100.60 | 20.01 | 20.04 | 62.20 | 11.00 | 1.31 | 71.59 | 11.83 | 1.78 | 9.57 | 1.98 | 5.50 | 0.69 | 3.92 | 0.54 | 322.56 | |
ZH11 | 101.30 | 22.67 | 20.10 | 62.14 | 11.03 | 1.27 | 65.96 | 11.75 | 1.76 | 9.55 | 1.90 | 5.36 | 0.70 | 4.08 | 0.56 | 320.12 | |
ZH12 | 113.70 | 27.05 | 22.95 | 71.95 | 12.97 | 1.64 | 82.62 | 14.03 | 2.20 | 11.83 | 2.43 | 6.90 | 0.90 | 5.36 | 0.73 | 377.26 | |
ZH13 | 94.04 | 23.94 | 19.26 | 59.59 | 10.09 | 1.14 | 58.53 | 10.13 | 1.54 | 8.41 | 1.75 | 4.95 | 0.66 | 4.08 | 0.55 | 298.65 | |
ZH14 | 136.70 | 19.20 | 26.23 | 81.02 | 14.08 | 1.80 | 81.22 | 14.86 | 2.24 | 11.98 | 2.48 | 7.14 | 0.95 | 5.61 | 0.78 | 406.28 | |
ZH15 | 99.44 | 24.94 | 20.20 | 62.92 | 11.34 | 1.21 | 76.13 | 11.94 | 1.94 | 10.75 | 2.25 | 6.52 | 0.89 | 5.56 | 0.74 | 336.76 | |
ZH16 | 112.30 | 21.17 | 22.36 | 69.27 | 12.28 | 1.44 | 83.41 | 13.04 | 2.06 | 11.33 | 2.38 | 6.95 | 0.95 | 5.75 | 0.80 | 365.49 | |
ZH17 | 91.25 | 21.16 | 17.78 | 54.06 | 9.35 | 1.03 | 57.22 | 9.62 | 1.45 | 7.86 | 1.62 | 4.58 | 0.60 | 3.54 | 0.49 | 281.61 | |
ZH18 | 140.30 | 25.15 | 27.24 | 83.34 | 14.58 | 1.69 | 78.24 | 14.33 | 2.24 | 12.06 | 2.44 | 7.08 | 0.95 | 5.65 | 0.80 | 416.08 | |
ZH19 | 118.00 | 21.06 | 24.04 | 74.60 | 13.59 | 1.51 | 82.22 | 13.87 | 2.14 | 11.46 | 2.34 | 6.74 | 0.90 | 5.42 | 0.74 | 378.61 | |
ZH20 | 114.60 | 21.54 | 23.08 | 73.06 | 12.56 | 1.48 | 73.95 | 12.71 | 1.95 | 10.49 | 2.19 | 5.99 | 0.83 | 5.06 | 0.70 | 360.19 | |
ZH21 | 89.00 | 25.29 | 18.49 | 57.19 | 9.99 | 1.09 | 58.49 | 10.37 | 1.57 | 8.55 | 1.75 | 5.01 | 0.68 | 4.04 | 0.56 | 292.07 | |
ZH22 | 73.11 | 25.80 | 14.97 | 46.77 | 8.08 | 0.82 | 47.44 | 8.30 | 1.26 | 6.94 | 1.39 | 3.90 | 0.52 | 2.97 | 0.41 | 242.66 | |
ZH23 | 86.91 | 24.21 | 17.82 | 55.12 | 9.72 | 1.09 | 64.47 | 10.23 | 1.60 | 8.97 | 1.84 | 5.33 | 0.71 | 4.31 | 0.58 | 292.92 | |
ZH24 | 96.69 | 28.37 | 19.58 | 61.61 | 11.11 | 1.26 | 64.90 | 11.18 | 1.71 | 9.26 | 1.87 | 5.29 | 0.71 | 4.11 | 0.57 | 318.22 | |
ZH25 | 103.20 | 21.94 | 20.93 | 64.91 | 11.28 | 1.38 | 65.32 | 11.43 | 1.70 | 9.04 | 1.85 | 5.15 | 0.68 | 3.95 | 0.55 | 323.30 | |
ZH26 | 69.36 | 24.00 | 14.62 | 45.92 | 8.02 | 0.89 | 53.52 | 8.32 | 1.31 | 7.21 | 1.48 | 4.18 | 0.53 | 3.21 | 0.45 | 243.01 |
Ore Body Number | Distribution | Project (Unit) | Ore Body Length (m) | Ore Body Width (m) | Ore Thickness and Coefficient of Change | Grade and Coefficient of Change (Full Phase) | Total Phase Oxide REE Resources (t) | Peel Ratio | Ore Body Morphology and Main Characteristics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exploration Line Intervals | See the Old Mine Shaft | See Mine Drill Holes | Min–Max | Coefficient of Change (%) | Min–Max | Coefficient of Change (%) | ||||||
Area of Distribution | Construction of Old Wells | Construction Drilling | Average (m) | Average (m) | ||||||||
07 | 1–80 | 46 | 207 | 2400 | 1200 | 1.00–14.00 | 67.63 | 0.020–0.240 | 48.91 | 4715.16 | 0.18 | The ore body is generally distributed in a north-west to south-east direction, and the plane shape of the ore body is irregular and “ham-like”. The profile is predominantly layered. |
The North East Side of Beicao Village | 47 | 250 | 4.63 | 0.090 | ||||||||
08 | 0–80 | 160 | 489 | 3100 | 2800 | 1.00–21.50 | 76.12 | 0.012–0.452 | 48.08 | 23,061.18 | 0.35 | The ore body is mainly oriented in a north–south direction and distributed in blocks. |
From Beicao Village South to Tanggong Village North | 172 | 552 | 4.78 | 0.082 | ||||||||
10 | 30–78 | 43 | 89 | 1000 | 550 | 1.00–17.00 | 71.50 | 0.017–0.232 | 46.50 | 2144.43 | 0.19 | The ore body is generally distributed in an east–west direction, with a triangular plane. |
Tanggong Village East and Nearby | 45 | 108 | 5.47 | 0.094 | ||||||||
12 | 61–99 | 10 | 177 | 1000 | 600 | 1.00–22.80 | 78.06 | 0.018–0.240 | 43.04 | 2885.12 | 0.16 | The ore body is distributed in an east–west direction, forming a “diamond shaped” distribution. |
Tanggong Village and Shuangtoudong Village | 10 | 194 | 5.93 | 0.081 | ||||||||
13 | 5–79 | 23 | 254 | 2200 | 650 | 1.00–19.50 | 67.97 | 0.016–0.364 | 55.12 | 4986.29 | 0.22 | |
From Shuangtoudong Village to Chetian Line North | 24 | 304 | 6.26 | 0.084 | ||||||||
14 | 0–99 | 91 | 575 | 4200 | 2300 | 0.70–22.80 | 74.30 | 0.016–0.349 | 43.19 | 17,341.70 | 0.09 | The ore body is generally distributed in a north–south direction, with a flat “diamond shaped” distribution. |
From Shuangtoudong Village to Gongfu Village | 97 | 652 | 4.82 | 0.077 |
Name | Number of Samples | Index | Chemical Content (%) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | FeO | MnO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | H2O+ | H2O− | CO2 | |||
Transition phase | 26 | Range value | 69.62–75.26 | 0.13–0.48 | 12.76–15.01 | 0.39–1.27 | 0.57–2.67 | 0.02–0.06 | 0.19–0.87 | 0.64– 1.79 | 2.70–3.34 | 4.90–5.86 | 0.07–0.12 | 0.50–0.78 | 0.00–0.18 | 0.04–0.23 |
average value | 71.95 | 0.33 | 13.9 | 0.82 | 1.62 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1.19 | 3.08 | 5.28 | 0.1 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.12 | ||
Marginal phase | 3 | Range value | 72.42–76.32 | 0.05–0.33 | 12.47–13.78 | 0.51–0.80 | 0.30–1.77 | 0.01–0.05 | 0.06–0.51 | 0.68–1.30 | 2.96–3.50 | 5.24–5.62 | 0.002–0.059 | 0.30–0.62 | 0.02–0.20 | 0.093–0.19 |
average value | 73.8 | 0.21 | 13.33 | 0.68 | 1.16 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 1.03 | 3.05 | 5.45 | 0.031 | 0.46 | 0.11 | 0.14 | ||
Supplementation period | 6 | Range value | 73.44–77.16 | 0.05–0.12 | 12.74–14.69 | 0.31–1.00 | 0.06–0.60 | 0.01–0.04 | 0.08–0.39 | 0.12–0.67 | 2.46–3.56 | 4.70–5.64 | 0.115 | 0.42 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
average value | 75.11 | 0.09 | 13.63 | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.2 | 0.21 | 3.01 | 5.29 |
Sample No | Total Phase Rare Earth Content | Leaching Phase Rare Earth | Leaching Rate | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
YK7070 | 0.030 | 0.0023 | 7.67 | Six original rock formations were collected in the entire mining area to form six ore samples, which were weathered and showed significant changes in composition. |
YK1131 | 0.067 | 0.0077 | 11.49 | |
YK21149 | 0.086 | 0.0020 | 2.33 | |
YK41143 | 0.082 | 0.0087 | 10.61 | |
YK62152 | 0.015 | 0.00009 | 0.60 | |
YK68088 | 0.025 | 0.00028 | 1.12 | |
average | 0.051 | 0.0035 | 5.64 |
Sampling Place | Sampling Depth (m) | Sample Weight (kg) | Sample Grade (%) | Detrital | Clayey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion of Sample (%) | REO (%) | Proportion of REO Content in Sample (%) | Proportion of Sample (%) | REO (%) | Proportion of REO Content in Sample (%) | ||||
QJ1 | 1.00 | 20 | 0.151 | 57.72 | 0.105 | 44.75 | 42.28 | 0.177 | 55.25 |
3.00 | 20 | 0.169 | 72.37 | 0.138 | 63.00 | 27.63 | 0.244 | 37.00 | |
5.00 | 20 | 0.180 | 76.72 | 0.149 | 64.95 | 23.28 | 0.265 | 35.05 | |
QJ2 | 5–6 | 20 | 0.085 | 72.07 | 0.065 | 52.46 | 27.93 | 0.152 | 47.54 |
10–11 | 20 | 0.071 | 82.56 | 0.055 | 59.80 | 17.44 | 0.175 | 40.20 |
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Zou, Z.; Zhang, S.; Yuan, J.; Ying, X.; Tao, Z.; Luo, S. Sustainable Exploration, Mining, and Utilization of a Rare Earth Deposit in Southeastern Guangxi: Insights into Metallogenic Regularity. Sustainability 2025, 17, 2552. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062552
Zou Z, Zhang S, Yuan J, Ying X, Tao Z, Luo S. Sustainable Exploration, Mining, and Utilization of a Rare Earth Deposit in Southeastern Guangxi: Insights into Metallogenic Regularity. Sustainability. 2025; 17(6):2552. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062552
Chicago/Turabian StyleZou, Zhiyou, Sheng Zhang, Jinfu Yuan, Xin Ying, Zhongyi Tao, and Shunshe Luo. 2025. "Sustainable Exploration, Mining, and Utilization of a Rare Earth Deposit in Southeastern Guangxi: Insights into Metallogenic Regularity" Sustainability 17, no. 6: 2552. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062552
APA StyleZou, Z., Zhang, S., Yuan, J., Ying, X., Tao, Z., & Luo, S. (2025). Sustainable Exploration, Mining, and Utilization of a Rare Earth Deposit in Southeastern Guangxi: Insights into Metallogenic Regularity. Sustainability, 17(6), 2552. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062552