Drivers, Barriers, and Innovations in Sustainable Food Consumption: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Sustainable food consumption is crucial for mitigating environmental degradation and promoting social and economic well-being. Despite growing interest in sustainability, significant challenges persist in consumer adoption and market integration. This study conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to explore the key drivers, obstacles, technological innovations, and corporate strategies shaping sustainable food consumption. The review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed research published between 2015 and 2024, analyzing patterns across economic, geographic, and sociobehavioral contexts. Health concerns and environmental awareness are primary drivers, complemented by ethical values, taste perception, and social norms. However, economic constraints, limited product availability, lack of awareness, and behavioral inertia hinder its widespread adoption. Technological advancements, including digital platforms, AI-driven food safety solutions, blockchain for traceability, and alternative proteins, present opportunities to address these challenges. Corporate initiatives such as corporate social responsibility (CSR), fair-trade programs, and eco-labeling enhance consumer trust and accessibility. This study highlights key research gaps, particularly regarding cross-cultural variations in sustainable consumption patterns, long-term behavioral shifts, and the role of digital interventions in influencing consumer decision-making. A multi-stakeholder approach involving academia, businesses, and policymakers is crucial for developing strategies to facilitate the transition toward a sustainable and resilient food system.

1. Introduction

Sustainable food consumption has emerged as a critical issue for addressing environmental and societal challenges. Modern food systems are responsible for about 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions, consume 70% of freshwater resources, and contribute to biodiversity loss and soil degradation [1,2]. The environmental impact of food systems is projected to increase by 50–90% by 2050 without substantial changes in consumption patterns and production methods [3]. Studies indicate that dietary habits in developed countries contribute substantially to environmental degradation, with meat consumption responsible for nearly 60% of food-related greenhouse gas emissions [4].

Consumer awareness of sustainable food choices has grown in recent years, driven by environmental concerns and health consciousness [4]. However, there are barriers in translating this awareness into sustained behavioral changes. Studies have identified price premiums, availability constraints, and habitual consumption as key obstacles [5]. The complexity of sustainability messaging and competing food system priorities often creates confusion among consumers [6].

This study analyzed the interplay between consumer behavior, environmental impact, technology, and social responsibility in sustainable food consumption. We investigated (1) the motivations related to sustainable food consumption patterns across consumer segments, (2) the barriers impeding the adoption of sustainable dietary choices, (3) key technologies that can facilitate the transition toward sustainable food consumption practices, and (4) trends in corporate initiatives regarding the promotion of sustainable food practices. By examining these aspects from theoretical and empirical perspectives, this research contributes to knowledge on sustainable consumption and provides insights for policymakers, businesses, and consumers.

2. Theoretical Background

To understand the complexities of sustainable food consumption, this study drew on several key theoretical perspectives that address consumer behavior, environmental impact, and social responsibility.

The theory of planned behavior emphasizes the role of attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control in shaping behavior [7]. Its application to sustainable consumption highlights the influence of environmental attitudes and social pressures. A real-world application of TPB in sustainable consumption can be observed in Denmark, where the consumer intention to adopt plant-based yogurt alternatives has been studied. Findings indicated that positive attitudes toward plant-based products, perceived behavioral control, and perceived sensory attributes significantly influenced the consumers’ intention to adopt sustainable alternatives [8]. However, the subjective norms and perceived barriers (β = −0.051, p = 0.414) had no statistically significant impact, highlighting that individual attitudes and perceived control over purchasing decisions play a more dominant role than social expectations. These findings reinforce TPB’s applicability by demonstrating how self-efficacy and personal preferences influence sustainable food choices in Denmark [8]. The value-belief-norm theory explains pro-environmental behavior through personal values, environmental beliefs, and moral norms, helping to understand internal motivations for reducing meat consumption or choosing organic food [9,10]. In the context of sustainable food consumption, VBN suggests that individuals with altruistic and biospheric values develop strong ecological beliefs, generating personal norms that lead them to adopt sustainable food practices. A study integrating the VBN model with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) aimed to analyze the factors that influenced consumers’ intentions to purchase local organic foods. Conducted in Taiwan, the research used self-reported questionnaires to gather data. The results showed that the combined model could explain about 47% of the variation in people’s consumption intentions. Key findings included the importance of biospheric and altruistic values as well as the belief that individual actions can positively impact the environment [11]. Social practice theory examines how societal and cultural norms shape food preferences, highlighting the role of habitual behaviors in consumption trends [12,13]. Research exploring the connection between customers’ views on local cuisine and their reasons for selecting it in dining establishments can be viewed as an application of the theory. The study, conducted in Ooststellingwerf, The Netherlands, gathered data from 162 potential restaurant patrons through surveys. Employing social practice theory, the research investigated how daily routines, implicit knowledge, and social environments influenced food selections. Results indicated that the patrons’ interpretations of “local food” and their motivations for ordering it were deeply embedded in social customs and cultural identity [14]. Behavioral economics and nudging highlight how cognitive biases and decision-making heuristics shape consumer behavior, with interventions encouraging sustainable choices [15,16]. In this direction, one study investigated how subtle changes in the choice architecture could influence consumers to make more sustainable food choices. Conducted in a university cafeteria, the research used various nudges such as placing vegetarian options at the beginning of the menu and using eco-labels to highlight sustainable choices. The results showed a significant increase in the selection of sustainable food options, demonstrating that nudging can effectively guide consumers toward more environmentally friendly behaviors without restricting their freedom of choice [17].

Sustainable consumption is driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic motivations stem from personal values, environmental awareness, and moral responsibility, as outlined in value-belief-norm theory [9]. Studies have highlighted the influence of altruistic and biospheric values on promoting behaviors such as plant-based diets and reduced food waste [18,19]. Extrinsic motivations include social norms, economic incentives, and regulatory frameworks. Social influences affect the choices of younger consumers while financial incentives encourage sustainable consumption [20,21]. Two examples can extend our understanding. In Denmark, the Danish government has implemented a comprehensive organic food policy that includes subsidies for organic farming, public awareness campaigns, and the promotion of organic food in public institutions like schools and hospitals. As a result, Denmark has one of the highest per capita consumptions of organic food in the world. This policy has increased consumer trust in organic labels and significantly boosted the market for organic products [22]. In the United States, the introduction of climate-friendly food labels, such as the “Cool Food Meals” certification by the World Resources Institute, has influenced consumer behavior in a positive way. These labels indicate that a meal has a lower carbon footprint, making it easier for consumers to make environmentally friendly choices. For example, Aramark, a major food service provider, adopted the Cool Food Meals label, leading to a noticeable increase in the selection of these sustainable options in university and hospital cafeterias [23].

Several barriers have hindered the widespread adoption of sustainable consumption. The limited availability of sustainable food, inadequate infrastructure, and unclear labeling make it difficult for consumers to make informed choices. Greenwashing and inconsistent certification standards further complicate the process [24,25]. High costs of organic and sustainable products pose a challenge, particularly for low-income households. Price sensitivity often outweighs environmental concerns in purchasing decisions [21,26]. Habitual behaviors, lack of knowledge, and perceived inconvenience deter consumers from adopting sustainable practices. Cognitive dissonance, in which values are in conflict with purchasing behavior, also contributes to unsustainable consumption [27].

Technological advancements enhance the transparency, accessibility, and efficiency of sustainable food consumption. Digital platforms like “too good to go” reduce food waste by connecting consumers with surplus food from restaurants and stores [28]. Blockchain ensures transparency in food supply chains, helping consumers verify sustainability credentials and counteract greenwashing [25,29]. AI-driven crop monitoring and resource optimization improve sustainability in food production by minimizing waste and environmental impact [30,31].

Corporations promote sustainable consumption through various strategies. Many have set ambitious targets such as achieving net zero emissions by 2040 [32]. Labels like Fair Trade and Rainforest Alliance help consumers make informed choices and build trust in sustainable brands [33,34]. Businesses have also adopted waste-reducing strategies like upcycling surplus ingredients or using biodegradable packaging [35]. Companies use marketing to educate and encourage sustainable behavior, emphasizing plant-based diets and reducing food waste [36].

This theoretical framework provides a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing sustainable food consumption and offers a foundation for developing effective interventions.

This article is structured around six key research questions, focusing on the motivations, barriers, technology, corporate initiatives, and behavioral drivers.

RQ1: What were the dominant motivations for sustainable food consumption between 2015 and 2024?

RQ2: How have consumer concerns (e.g., environment, health, and ethics) evolved over time?

RQ3: What are the main barriers that limit the adoption of sustainable food consumption?

RQ4: How do barriers vary based on economic, social, and geographical factors?

RQ5: What is the impact of emerging technologies (e.g., blockchain and mobile applications) on educating and adopting sustainable consumption?

RQ6: What political and corporate initiatives support sustainable consumption at the global level?

3. Methodology

This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology to analyze and synthesize existing research on sustainable food consumption. The SLR approach was chosen due to its systematic, transparent, and replicable nature, ensuring a thorough examination of current knowledge while minimizing bias in the literature selection and analysis.

The study selection process followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework, which enhances transparency, reproducibility, and the systematic selection of literature (Figure 1). The process consisted of four main stages:

• Identification—Records were retrieved from the Web of Science and Scopus databases using targeted keywords.
• Screening—Titles and abstracts were reviewed based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.
• Eligibility Assessment—Full-text articles were evaluated to ensure relevance.
• Final Inclusion—Studies that met all criteria were incorporated into the review.

A comprehensive literature search was conducted to ensure a broad coverage of the peer-reviewed research. This review synthesized findings from studies published between 2015 and 2024, examining patterns across economic, geographic, and sociobehavioral contexts.

The selection of the 2015–2024 period can be justified by major global developments in sustainable food consumption, particularly the adoption of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015. These goals have influenced sustainability policies, corporate strategies, and consumer behaviors worldwide, driving initiatives focused on sustainable production, food waste reduction, and responsible consumption. Additionally, this period has seen significant technological advancements in food sustainability, including blockchain for traceability, artificial intelligence for food waste management, and alternative protein sources, all of which have influenced consumer behavior and market dynamics. The COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022) further shaped consumption patterns, increasing awareness of food security, ethical sourcing, and health-conscious choices.

Given the rapid evolution of sustainability policies, digital transformation, and shifting consumer attitudes, focusing on this timeframe ensured that the review captured the most up-to-date insights into the drivers, barriers, and technological enablers of sustainable food consumption.

The search strategy used targeted keywords such as:

• “sustainable food consumption” AND “motivations*”;
• “sustainable food consumption” AND “barriers*”;
• “sustainable food consumption” AND “technology”;
• “corporate responsibility” AND “sustainable food systems”.

The search was restricted to peer-reviewed journal articles published in English between 2015 and 2024, focusing on the motivations, barriers, corporate initiatives, and technological aspects of sustainable food consumption. Only studies presenting empirical evidence or significant theoretical contributions were considered.

To ensure the quality and rigor of the selected studies, each article was evaluated using a five-point scoring system based on the following criteria:

• Abstract clarity (+1 point);
• DOI availability (+1 point);
• Peer-review status (+1 point);
• Clear methodology (+1 point);
• Clearly defined objectives (+1 point).

Only studies scoring at least 4/5 were included in the final selection, ensuring that the review was based on high-quality, peer-reviewed literature.

To confirm the representativeness of the selected sample, we calculated its proportion relative to the total identified dataset. Initially, 136 articles were retrieved (79 from Web of Science, 57 from SCOPUS). After removing 43 duplicates, a total of 93 unique articles remained. Following further screening, 8 studies were excluded for being off-topic, resulting in a final selection of 85 studies. This represented 62.5% of the non-duplicate articles, demonstrating a rigorous and methodologically sound sampling approach.

A structured analytical framework was applied to the selected studies, ensuring a systematic synthesis of findings. This framework focused on three key dimensions:

• Identifying key topics of interest;
• Analyzing temporal trends;
• Exploring thematic co-occurrences.

The research process followed a structured workflow integrating reference management and computational analysis including:

• Literature organization in Zotero

  ○

  Motivations (n = 26)—Consumer drivers and incentives;

  ○

  Barriers (n = 36)—Obstacles and limitations;

  ○

  Technology (n = 15)—Digital solutions and innovations;

  ○

  Corporate Initiatives (n = 8)—Business strategies and programs;

  ○

  Computational Analysis (Adobe AI and Python-Based Pipeline).

• Data extraction via Zotero API

  ○

  Automated text and pattern analysis;

  ○

  Statistical trend identification and relationship mapping;

  ○

  Generation of visual representations.

• Results, Visualization, and Interpretation

  ○

  Thematic mapping to illustrate key research themes;

  ○

  Temporal trend visualization to track changes over time;

  ○

  Comparative analysis across study collections;

  ○

  Cross-theme pattern identification.

This systematic approach ensured both an in-depth thematic analysis and a broader understanding of trends in sustainable food consumption, providing methodological consistency and comprehensive insights into the field.

4. Results

4.1. Motivation in Sustainable Food Consumption

4.1.1. Recurring and Co-Occurring Categories of Motivation in Sustainable Food Consumption

Sustainable food consumption is driven by overlapping motivations including health, environmental awareness, ethics, social norms, taste, quality, support for local economies, knowledge, religious and cultural factors, emotional fulfillment, and economic considerations (see Table 1).

The health benefits are significant, with sustainable foods perceived as healthier, safer, and more nutritious. This often co-occurs with concerns about food quality and safety [38,39,40,41]. Many consumers aim to reduce their environmental footprint, addressing global warming, resource depletion, and the ecological impact of food production. Environmental awareness intersects with ethical beliefs and support for local economies [38,39,42,43].

Ethical considerations, including animal welfare and social justice, motivate sustainable consumption. These beliefs link with social norms and altruistic values [38,44,45,46]. Societal expectations and personal values significantly influence behavior, with social pressure driving sustainable choices [38,44,47,48]. The sensory appeal and perceived quality of sustainable food also are motivators [38,39,42,49].

Many consumers support local farmers and economies, associated with environmental concerns and social responsibility [42,49,50]. Understanding the impact of food choices on sustainability is key, as education and personal experiences influence behavior [38,46]. Religious beliefs and cultural practices drive sustainable consumption, linked with health and ethical considerations [38,41].

Emotional satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment are notable motivators, intersecting with personal well-being and social connections [40,50]. Affordability and the practical aspects of purchasing sustainable products are significant motivators, influenced by cost and convenience [43,46].

Table 1. Recurring and co-occurring themes and categories of motivation in sustainable food consumption.

Theme	Description	Co-Occurring Themes	Examples from Studies
Health Concerns	Perceived health benefits, safety, and nutrition	Quality, safety, nutritional value	[38,39,40,41]
Environmental Awareness	Desire to reduce environmental footprint	Ethical beliefs, support for local economies	[38,39,42,43]
Ethical and Moral Beliefs	Concerns about animal welfare, social justice	Social norms, altruistic values	[38,44,45,46]
Social and Personal Norms	Influence of societal expectations and personal values	Social influence, community connection	[38,43,44,48]
Taste and Quality	Sensory appeal and perceived quality of sustainable food	Health benefits, naturalness	[38,39,42,49]
Support for Local Economies	Desire to support local farmers and economies	Environmental concerns, social Responsibility	[42,49,50]
Knowledge and Awareness	Understanding the impact of food choices on sustainability	Education, personal experiences	[38,46]
Religious and Cultural Factors	Influence of religious beliefs and cultural practices	Health, ethical considerations	[38,41]
Emotional and Psychological Fulfillment	Emotional satisfaction and sense of accomplishment	Personal well-being, social connections	[40,50]
Economic and Practical Considerations	Affordability and practical aspects of purchasing sustainable products	Perceived behavioral control, economic status	[43,46]

Note: The table summarizes the key category of motivations for sustainable consumption and co-occurrence with other categories and relevant studies.

Table 1. Recurring and co-occurring themes and categories of motivation in sustainable food consumption.

Theme	Description	Co-Occurring Themes	Examples from Studies
Health Concerns	Perceived health benefits, safety, and nutrition	Quality, safety, nutritional value	[38,39,40,41]
Environmental Awareness	Desire to reduce environmental footprint	Ethical beliefs, support for local economies	[38,39,42,43]
Ethical and Moral Beliefs	Concerns about animal welfare, social justice	Social norms, altruistic values	[38,44,45,46]
Social and Personal Norms	Influence of societal expectations and personal values	Social influence, community connection	[38,43,44,48]
Taste and Quality	Sensory appeal and perceived quality of sustainable food	Health benefits, naturalness	[38,39,42,49]
Support for Local Economies	Desire to support local farmers and economies	Environmental concerns, social Responsibility	[42,49,50]
Knowledge and Awareness	Understanding the impact of food choices on sustainability	Education, personal experiences	[38,46]
Religious and Cultural Factors	Influence of religious beliefs and cultural practices	Health, ethical considerations	[38,41]
Emotional and Psychological Fulfillment	Emotional satisfaction and sense of accomplishment	Personal well-being, social connections	[40,50]
Economic and Practical Considerations	Affordability and practical aspects of purchasing sustainable products	Perceived behavioral control, economic status	[43,46]

Note: The table summarizes the key category of motivations for sustainable consumption and co-occurrence with other categories and relevant studies.

From

Table 2. Frequency of motivation categories in sustainable consumption.

Theme	Frequency	Example Studies
Health Concerns	20	[38,39,40,41]
Environmental Awareness	19	[38,39,42,43]
Ethical and Moral Beliefs	15	[38,44,45,46]
Social and Personal Norms	12	[38,43,44,48]
Taste and Quality	14	[38,39,42,49]
Support for Local Economies	10	[42,49,50]
Knowledge and Awareness	8	[38,46]
Religious and Cultural Factors	5	[38,41]
Emotional and Psychological Fulfillment	6	[40,50]
Economic and Practical Considerations	7	[43,46]

Note: Each motivation category is listed alongside its frequency of mention in the literature and the specific studies that discussed it.

, health concerns topped the list with 20 mentions, as health is a priority for many researchers [38,41]. Environmental awareness followed, with 19 mentions [42,43]. Ethical and moral beliefs appeared in 15 instances [45,46]. Social and personal norms registered 12 mentions, reflecting the societal and personal values shaping actions [44,48]. Taste and quality were noted fourteen times [39,49]; support for local economies was discussed in ten studies [50]; knowledge and awareness were present in eight studies; and religious and cultural factors appeared in five [41]. Emotional and psychological fulfillment, along with economic considerations, received six and seven mentions, respectively. Table 2 provides insights into the current research concerns and areas of interest.

4.1.2. Temporal Analysis of the Evolutions of Various Motivations

The matrix below shows the presence of specific motivations in the sustainable consumption literature across different years, using “1” to indicate the presence of a motivation topic (Figure 2):

The authors showed interest in health and environmental concerns from 2015 to 2024, focusing on sustainable consumption’s impact on well-being and the environment. Ethical and moral beliefs, reflecting concerns for animal welfare, social justice, and ethical consumption, have been constant topics. The sensory appeal of sustainable food has significantly influenced consumer choices. Interest in supporting local economies has grown since 2021, recognizing the local producers’ importance and economic sustainability. Societal expectations and personal values have also shaped consumer behavior while the role of knowledge and awareness in sustainable consumption has varied. Religious beliefs, relevant to certain consumer groups, reflect the emotional and psychological aspects of sustainable consumption. Practical benefits and economic considerations have become more prominent, indicating growing interest in practical aspects of sustainable consumption.

Recently, sustainable consumption has evolved, incorporating emerging topics and motivations. Technological competence plays a crucial role, as mobile applications facilitate sustainable consumption by streamlining organic food delivery [41]. Self-management and autonomy remain essential, with consumers seeking greater control over their choices including engagement in cooperative models that support sustainable practices [46]. Perceived behavioral control significantly influences decisions, as cost, convenience, and product availability shape purchasing behaviors, reinforcing the importance of control over these factors in encouraging sustainability [43].

Social influence acts as a powerful motivator, with social media and influencers significantly shaping consumer behavior toward sustainable consumption [51]. Trust and transparency also play a key role, as clear information regarding food origin and production methods fosters trust and supports sustainable choices [50]. Novelty and experimentation contribute to consumer interest, as curiosity often drives individuals to explore new sustainable food experiences [51].

Sociopolitical ambitions are increasingly recognized as influential drivers, with sustainable consumption perceived as a means to reshape economic and political systems [46]. Broader political and economic motivations, including activism against neoliberalism, corporatism, and consumerism, further reinforce the role of sustainable consumption in systemic change [52].

These studies provide a robust foundation for comprehending the diverse motivations underlying sustainable consumption. They elucidate a transformation in consumer priorities, reflecting broader societal trends toward pragmatic considerations, support for local economies, and emerging topics like technological competence and sociopolitical aspirations.

4.1.3. An In-Depth Examination of Drivers Behind Sustainable Food Consumption

The dataset examined factors affecting sustainable food consumption. This analysis investigated themes and motivations leading consumers to make sustainable choices based on identified factors.

Health concerns were a predominant motivator in multiple studies, with consumers prioritizing organic and sustainable food due to its perceived safety and higher quality [38,39]. The perceived health benefits of organic food significantly contribute to its popularity [40,53]. Consumers believe that organic foods promote better health outcomes, directly influencing their purchasing decisions [40,53].

Environmental concerns also play a key role in sustainable food consumption, as an awareness of food production’s environmental impact encourages eco-friendly choices [38,39]. The positive environmental effects of organic farming were a recurring theme, motivating consumers to reduce their ecological footprint [42,53].

Ethical beliefs, including animal welfare and social justice, strongly drive sustainable consumption [38,44]. Consumers are often motivated by moral responsibility when making ethical choices, with altruistic considerations further reinforcing purchasing behaviors [46,54]. The perceived quality and taste of sustainable food also serve as major motivators. Many consumers associate sustainable foods with superior taste and sensory appeal [38,39]. The freshness and nutritional value of local and organic foods further enhance consumer preference [42,49].

Social norms and media influence play a significant role in shaping sustainable consumption. Societal expectations and peer behavior strongly impact consumer decisions [38,44]. The role of social media in promoting sustainable food choices is also notable, amplifying awareness and encouraging adoption.

Economic support for local communities and rural job markets is another key motivation, with consumers aiming to support local farmers and economies through their purchasing decisions [45,52]. Affordability and accessibility remain crucial factors for the widespread adoption of sustainable products, as the availability of affordable organic options makes sustainable consumption more feasible [46]. Political and economic motivations, including activism against neoliberalism and corporatism, further influence consumer commitment to sustainable consumption [52].

The ability to use technology, such as mobile apps for organic food delivery, is emerging as a key motivator for sustainable consumption. Technological advancements facilitate sustainable choices by improving access to organic products [41]. Emotional satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment also play a significant role, as consumers derive psychological fulfillment from engaging in sustainable consumption [40].

Cultural factors and community connections are vital in shaping sustainable consumption behaviors. Consumers value sustainability as a means to support local traditions and strengthen community trust [42,50]. In societies with high uncertainty avoidance, sustainable consumption is often perceived as a way to mitigate health and environmental risks [43].

The desire to try new products, often described as the “trysumer” attitude, further motivates sustainable consumption. Curiosity drives consumers to explore new sustainable food options, increasing their willingness to adopt environmentally friendly choices [51]. Trust in organic food producers and sellers remains crucial, as consumers seek transparency regarding food origin and production methods, reinforcing their commitment to sustainability [50].

Despite extensive research, several gaps exist in the literature on the motivations for sustainable consumption. One gap is the intersectionality of motivation. Many studies have focused on individual motivations like health, environmental concerns, and ethical beliefs, but research is lacking on how these motivations intersect. Understanding this interplay could provide a more comprehensive view of consumer behavior. Longitudinal studies are required, as most research only provides a snapshot of consumer motivation at a specific point. Tracking changes in motivation over time could offer insights into how consumer attitudes toward sustainable consumption evolve. Cultural differences also require more in-depth research. Comparing motivations across cultural contexts could help identify universal versus culture-specific motivations. The impact of technological advancements, such as mobile apps for organic food delivery, is another under-researched area. Exploring how technological competence influences sustainable consumption could reveal new motivators and barriers. The socioeconomic factors also need detailed analysis. Understanding how different socioeconomic groups perceive sustainable consumption could help tailor strategies for different demographic segments. Behavioral economic principles could be applied more extensively to understand sustainable consumption. Research could explore how cognitive biases, heuristics, and decision-making processes affect consumer choice. The effectiveness of marketing strategies in promoting sustainable consumption is another area of limited research. Studies could investigate which messages and channels are most effective in influencing consumer behavior. The psychological and emotional factors driving sustainable consumption require further exploration. Understanding these factors could help design interventions that resonate at a deeper level. Policy impact is another gap. Research on how different policy measures, such as subsidies for organic farming or taxes on non-sustainable products, influence consumer motivation could provide valuable insights for policymakers. Finally, more research is needed on the role of education and awareness campaigns in shaping consumer motivation. Evaluating the effectiveness of different educational approaches in promoting sustainable consumption could offer new strategies for encouraging sustainable behavior.

4.2. Barriers in Sustainable Food Consumption

4.2.1. Recurring Categories of Barriers in Sustainable Food Consumption

This analysis compiled barriers to sustainable food consumption identified in various studies. Barriers were classified into six main categories: economic, availability, knowledge, social and cultural, psychological, and functional. The occurrence of each barrier type was determined by the number of articles referenced (see

Table 3. Categories of barriers, specific barriers, co-occurrence of categories, and example of articles.

Categories of Barriers	Specific Barriers	Co-Occurrence of Categories	Example of Articles
Economic	High prices, reduced willingness to pay, financial constraints	Economic, availability, knowledge	[51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86]
Availability	Lack of availability, limited variety, unavailability	Availability, economic, knowledge	[55,58,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90]
Knowledge	Lack of awareness, insufficient information, misunderstanding	Knowledge, economic, availability	[51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86]
Social and Cultural	Family influence, cultural traditions, social norms	Social and cultural, economic, knowledge	[53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86]
Psychological	Resistance to change, skepticism, emotional attachment	Psychological, economic, knowledge	[8,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86]
Policy and Regulation	Lack of support, policy fragmentation, bureaucratic difficulties	Policy and regulation, economic, knowledge	[59,60,63,65,66,67,74,75,82,85]

Note: The table summarizes the key category of barriers in sustainable consumption and co-occurrence with other categories and relevant studies.

).

Economic barriers, including high prices and financial constraints, frequently hinder sustainable food consumption. The cost of natural and organic foods is often cited as a deterrent [55,56]. The financial burden associated with sustainable choices presents a significant challenge in various contexts [57,58]. This trend is evident across different regions including Indiana (USA) [59], Colombia [60], and Denmark [61]. The consistent emphasis on high prices underscores the necessity of economic measures to improve affordability and accessibility.

The limited availability and variety of sustainable products also pose substantial obstacles. Studies conducted in different countries highlight these challenges [55,56]. Regional limitations in sustainable food options have been reported in Portugal [57] and Vietnam [58]. Similar concerns regarding product availability have been noted in the UK [62] and Norway [63], where accessibility remains a crucial factor influencing consumer behavior. The recurring identification of availability barriers reinforces the need for improved distribution networks and expanded market presence.

Lack of awareness and insufficient information regarding sustainable food options remain common barriers. Studies across different regions highlight these challenges, emphasizing the limited consumer understanding of the benefits [55,56]. Knowledge gaps in sustainable food consumption have been identified in Portugal [57] and Vietnam [58], while studies in Indiana (USA) [59] and Colombia [60] stressed the need for improved consumer education. These findings suggest that educational campaigns and transparent information are essential for promoting sustainable food choices.

Social and cultural factors, including family influence and traditions, significantly impact sustainable food consumption. Research in Portugal [57] and Vietnam [58] highlighted the role of family traditions and social pressures in shaping food choices. Cultural norms and practices in Indiana (USA) [59] and Colombia [60] presented additional barriers, while studies in Denmark [61] and the UK [62] illustrated the influence of social expectations. These findings underscore the importance of culturally sensitive strategies in fostering sustainable food practices.

Psychological factors, including skepticism, resistance to change, and ingrained habits, present significant obstacles to the adoption of sustainable food consumption. Consumer reluctance due to skepticism and lack of awareness is widely reported [55,56]. Studies in Portugal [57] and Vietnam [58] highlighted barriers such as food neophobia and identity incongruence. In Indiana (USA) [59] and Colombia [60], habitual behaviors and concerns over personal image further impede adoption. Overcoming these challenges requires targeted interventions that shift perceptions through education and positive reinforcement.

Functional barriers related to use, value, and perceived risks of sustainable food consumption are also significant. Concerns regarding perceived risk and value have been noted in multiple studies [55,56]. Difficulties in sourcing or preparing sustainable meals were challenges observed in Portugal [57] and Vietnam [58], while the complexity of environmental impact assessments and the perceived effort required for sustainable choices remain obstacles in Indiana (USA) [59] and Colombia [60]. Addressing these functional barriers necessitates enhancing convenience and improving the perceived value of sustainable food options.

The analysis revealed that economic, availability, knowledge, social and cultural, psychological, and functional barriers are prevalent in the literature on sustainable food consumption. Each category was mentioned in multiple studies, indicating that these issues are widespread across various contexts and regions.

The analysis of barriers to sustainable food consumption revealed key impediments frequently cited in the literature (see

Table 4. The frequency of the specific of barriers in dataset.

Specific Barrier	Frequency	Example Articles
High price	18	[51,52,53,54]
Lack of availability	14	[51,58,63]
Lack of knowledge/awareness	16	[52,61,65]
Consumer resistance/skepticism	10	[51,76,78]
Habitual behavior	8	[53,70,72]
Cultural and social norms	12	[56,63,64]
Distrust in Labels/Certifications	7	[59,76,78]
Perceived quality/taste	6	[59,67,68]
Lack of information	9	[53,65,71]
Psychological barriers	5	[51,70,76]
Economic and marketing factors	6	[54,62,63]
Functional barriers	4	[51,57,73]
Family influence	5	[53,64,70]
Environmental and physical context	4	[54,63,65]
Lack of unified policy/regulation	4	[60,63,65]
Food safety concerns	3	[64,65,76]
Lack of motivation	3	[67,70,73]
Miscommunication	2	[54,63]
Lack of transparent information	3	[63,65,74]
Greenwashing	2	[74,76]
Lack of collaboration	2	[63,65]
Lack of environmental education	2	[65,80]
Lack of economies of scale	1	[65]
Lack of standards and benchmarking	1	[65]
Distrust in labels	1	[67]
Lack of state support	1	[82]
Low yields and high production costs	1	[82]
Bureaucratic and administrative difficulties	1	[82]
Digital exclusion	1	[79]
Technical complexity	1	[79]
Data security concerns	1	[79]
Training and adoption challenges	1	[79]
Resistance to change	1	[79]
Economic disparities	1	[79]
Lack of time	1	[71]
Perceived environmental impact	1	[71]
Lack of sense of responsibility	1	[85]
Contextual and social factors	1	[85]
Sourcing aspects	1	[85]
Shopping behaviors and meal planning trends	1	[86]
Insufficient information campaigns	1	[86]

Note: Each barrier is listed alongside its frequency of mention in the literature and the specific studies that discussed it.

). The most prominent barrier was high price, which was mentioned in 18 articles, indicating cost as a significant deterrent to adopting sustainable food practices. Lack of knowledge/awareness and lack of availability were also prevalent, appearing in 16 and 14 articles, respectively. These findings highlight the need for enhanced education and improved distribution networks for sustainable products.

Cultural and social norms and consumer resistance/skepticism were identified as substantial social barriers, as cited in 12 and 10 articles, respectively. This suggests that altering societal attitudes and increasing consumer trust are crucial for fostering sustainable consumption. Distrust in labels/certifications and perceived quality/taste were notable psychological barriers, indicating that consumer confidence in and satisfaction with sustainable products must be addressed. Habitual behavior and family influence were recurring themes, emphasizing the challenge of modifying established eating patterns and the role of family dynamics in food choices.

Economic and marketing factors and environmental and physical contexts suggest that economic conditions and the physical availability of sustainable products are critical factors influencing consumer behavior.

The lack of unified policy/regulation and transparent information indicates that coherent policy frameworks and information transparency are essential for fostering trust and encouraging sustainable consumption. Food safety concerns and greenwashing highlight the need to address consumer concerns regarding the safety and authenticity of sustainable products.

Lack of collaboration and environmental education point to the need for better cross-sector collaboration and improved education to support sustainable practices. The lack of economies of scale, standards, and benchmarking highlight logistical and regulatory challenges that need to be overcome to make sustainable food systems more efficient.

Digital exclusion, technical complexity, and data security concerns reflect technological barriers that can hinder the adoption of digital solutions for sustainable food production and consumption. Training, adoption challenges, and resistance to change indicate the need for adequate training and overcoming resistance to new technologies. Economic disparities and the lack of time show that inequalities and time constraints can limit the consumers’ ability to engage in sustainable practices.

Perceived environmental impact and the lack of sense of responsibility suggest that consumer perceptions and responsibility play a role in sustainable consumption decisions. Contextual and social factors and sourcing aspects highlight the influence of social context and sourcing practices on consumer behavior. Shopping behaviors, meal planning trends, and insufficient information campaigns highlight the need for better consumer education and planning to reduce food waste and promote sustainable consumption.

4.2.2. Temporal Analysis of the Evolutions of Various Barriers

The analysis of barriers to sustainable consumption revealed a dynamic landscape with persistent challenges and emerging ones (see

Table 5. The temporal evolution of the specific barriers in the dataset.

Year	High Price	Lack of Availability	Lack of Knowledge/Awareness	Consumer Resistance/Skepticism	Habitual Behavior	Cultural and Social Norms	Distrust in Labels/Certifications	Perceived Quality/Taste	Lack of Information	Psychological Barriers
2015	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
2016	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2018	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2019	4	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	0
2020	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2021	3	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
2022	2	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
2023	4	3	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1
2024	3	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1

Note: The table provides a detailed overview of various barriers identified in the literature from 2015 to 2024 to promote sustainability and social responsibility.

). The authors examined the evolution of these barriers to better understand the field’s dynamics and changes.

In 2015, high prices and lack of availability were significant barriers to sustainable consumption. Consumers considered sustainable products more expensive and less accessible than conventional options. A lack of knowledge/awareness and mistrust of labels/certifications were also obstacles. By 2016, a lack of knowledge/awareness remained the only identified barrier.

The 2015–2016 barriers continued to be significant in 2018–2019. High prices and a lack of availability remained major challenges. New barriers emerged including consumer resistance/skepticism, habitual behavior, and cultural and social norms. Mistrust of labels/certifications, perceived impact on quality/taste, and lack of information were additional barriers.

In 2020–2021, high prices and limited availability remained key obstacles. Lack of knowledge and consumer skepticism persisted. Habitual behavior and cultural/social norms became more prominent. Mistrust of labels/certifications, perceived impact on quality/taste, and lack of information continued as barriers. Psychological barriers were identified in 2021, indicating mental and emotional factors in consumer resistance.

During 2022–2023, previously identified barriers remained critical. High prices, limited availability, and lack of knowledge continued to be major obstacles. Consumer resistance/skepticism, habitual behavior, and cultural/social norms were significant. Mistrust of labels/certifications, perceived impact on quality/taste, and lack of information were consistently noted. Psychological barriers became more prominent in 2023.

By 2024, many challenges still persisted. High prices, limited availability, and insufficient knowledge remained major obstacles. Consumer resistance, habitual behavior, and cultural norms continued to be important. Mistrust of labels, perceived impact on quality, and lack of information were common issues. Psychological barriers remained relevant, indicating their significance as obstacles.

Addressing these barriers requires building trust in sustainable products, improving perceived quality, and providing clear and accessible information to consumers.

4.2.3. In-Depth Analysis of Barriers to Sustainable Food Consumption

An extended review of articles on sustainable food consumption highlighted the complex factors influencing consumer behavior. Studies have offered insights into barriers and opportunities for promoting sustainable food choices.

High prices and economic constraints remain significant barriers to sustainable food consumption. Research highlights the impact of economic and geographic factors, with high prices and limited availability identified as major obstacles [55]. Economic constraints and insufficient knowledge further reduce the consumers’ willingness to pay for sustainable products including organic milk [56]. Price perceptions and financial limitations similarly hinder sustainable food choices in Portugal [57].

To address these economic barriers, studies recommend strategies such as economic incentives, subsidies, and broader affordability measures. Economic, quality, and convenience-focused strategies have been suggested to mitigate price concerns and improve accessibility in Austria [71]. Strengthening economic and trust-building initiatives have also been proposed to increase organic meat purchase intentions in Vietnam [82].

The limited availability and accessibility of sustainable food products are recurring challenges. The significance of product availability in shaping consumer behavior is well-documented [55,62]. Studies in Greece emphasize that availability and affordability remain critical barriers to adoption [90]. Enhancing supply chains, expanding sustainable food options, and improving infrastructure are widely recommended. Economic and geographic strategies have been proposed to make alternative foods more affordable and accessible [66], while addressing bureaucratic and administrative challenges has been emphasized as a necessary step for improving organic product availability in Poland [86].

The lack of knowledge, awareness, and access to information about sustainable food options remains a significant barrier. Insufficient knowledge and limited awareness have been identified as major obstacles to sustainable consumption [56,65]. The need for a unified sustainable food market policy to address informational barriers has been emphasized in Italy [64]. Educational campaigns, transparent labeling, and improved information dissemination are considered essential strategies. Enhancing environmental education through collaborative and educational initiatives has been recommended in China [69], while informational and health-focused strategies have been suggested to prevent food waste using mobile applications [85].

Habitual behavior, consumer resistance, and psychological barriers significantly hinder sustainable food consumption. Food neophobia and ingrained habits have been identified as key barriers in Portugal [57]. Concerns regarding protein content and satiety perceptions have been noted as additional psychological obstacles in Denmark [61]. Strategies to overcome these barriers should focus on shifting consumer habits, addressing psychological resistance, and fostering positive behavioral changes. Behavioral, psychological, and contextual strategies have been proposed to reduce meat consumption both at work and at home [74]. A combination of economic, availability, sensory, informational, trust, and behavioral strategies has also been suggested to bridge the attitude–behavior gap in sustainable consumption [77].

Cultural beliefs, social norms, and family influences play a significant role in shaping sustainable food choices. Cultural and social norms, alongside perceptions of health and economic factors, have been identified as barriers in Vietnam and Switzerland [68]. Similar challenges have been noted in the broader transition to sustainable food practices [78]. Addressing these barriers requires culturally sensitive strategies, leveraging social norms, and engaging community leaders. A mix of behavioral, economic, policy, market, cultural, and logistical strategies has been recommended to promote sustainable eating practices in Sweden [67]. Additionally, an integrated approach combining informational, economic, social, emotional, safety, and cultural strategies has been suggested to address barriers among young meat-eaters [80].

Distrust in labels and certifications remains a common barrier to sustainable food consumption. Trust in the labeling system and the perceived quality of organic food are critical factors influencing consumer decisions in Norway [63]. In Vietnam, skepticism toward certified organic labels has been identified as a significant obstacle [82]. Strengthening trust through reliable certification systems, transparency, and quality assurance is essential. Improving certification processes and addressing trust issues have been emphasized as necessary steps to promote organic food consumption in Poland [86]. In developing nations, a combination of economic, availability, trust, and informational strategies has been recommended to overcome these barriers [81].

Policy fragmentation, a lack of unified market policies, and inadequate legal frameworks further hinder sustainable food transitions. The need for policy, legal, and psychological interventions has been highlighted in Italy [64]. In China, legal, infrastructural, behavioral, economic, educational, and collaborative strategies have been proposed to promote sustainable food consumption [69]. Effective policies, regulations, and government support play a crucial role in driving sustainable consumption. In Colombia, a mix of policy, nutritional, economic, and cultural interventions has been recommended to address the barriers to sustainable diets [60]. Sustainable food transitions require a holistic approach, incorporating informational, behavioral, cultural, industrial, and policy-driven strategies [78].

While perceived environmental impacts and health benefits often motivate sustainable consumption, food safety concerns and health risks can act as barriers. Health perceptions and food safety concerns have been identified as obstacles in Vietnam and Switzerland [68]. Similar concerns have been raised regarding food waste prevention through mobile applications [85]. Clear communication and evidence-based information are essential in addressing these issues. Economic, informational, temporal, and environmental strategies have been suggested to increase organic food consumption [75]. For emerging food sources like microalgae, a combination of economic, attitudinal, and informational strategies is recommended to reduce resistance and improve adoption [72].

Technical complexity, infrastructure limitations, and resistance to adopting new technologies further complicate sustainable consumption efforts. High upfront costs, technical complexity, and data security concerns have been noted as barriers in the European Union [83]. In China, inadequate infrastructure and limited investment in advanced technologies have created additional challenges [69]. Overcoming these barriers requires investment in technology, infrastructure improvements, and comprehensive training and support. Informational, health, and perceptual strategies have been suggested to encourage food waste prevention through mobile applications [85]. Addressing economic, technical, security, infrastructural, and educational challenges is necessary to facilitate sustainable technology adoption in the European Union [83].

Emotional attachment, psychological fulfillment, and perceived effort required for sustainable consumption significantly influence consumer behavior. Emotional challenges and skepticism regarding certification present barriers among young meat-eaters [80]. Psychological factors, including justification strategies and compartmentalization between work and home, further hinder sustainable choices [74]. Addressing emotional and psychological aspects is key to encouraging behavioral change. Economic, availability, sensory, informational, trust, and behavioral strategies have been proposed to bridge the attitude–behavior gap in sustainable consumption [77]. Behavioral, psychological, and contextual strategies have also been recommended to reduce meat consumption in different settings [74].

The existing literature on barriers to sustainable consumption highlights critical gaps. Limited research has examined how these barriers intersect and compound each other. Economic barriers and cultural norms often interact and influence sustainable consumption. Current studies address barriers in isolation, missing their complexity. Understanding this intersectionality is crucial, as multiple factors simultaneously affect consumer behavior.

Longitudinal research on tracking changes in barriers over time is lacking. Most studies provide a snapshot of the current situation without considering barrier evolution. This hinders our understanding of the dynamic nature of barriers to sustainable consumption. Longitudinal studies are essential for capturing temporal changes in barriers and understanding contributing factors. Economic conditions, technological advancements, and policy changes can significantly alter the barrier landscape over time.

Insufficient research exists on how technological solutions can address barriers to sustainable consumption such as a lack of information and convenience. Although technology has the potential to mitigate these barriers, its application remains underexplored. Digital technologies like mobile apps and online platforms can provide information, enhance convenience, and facilitate sustainable choices.

More research is needed on the impact of policies and regulations on barriers to sustainable consumption. How do different policy frameworks influence consumer behavior? The literature lacks a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of various policy measures. Policies and regulations can influence consumer behavior by creating incentives or disincentives for sustainable practices. Understanding the impact of different policy frameworks is crucial for designing effective interventions.

Many studies have focused on specific regions or cultures, lacking comparative research across different contexts. This fact limits our understanding of how cultural and regional differences influence barriers to sustainable consumption. Cultural and regional contexts shape consumer behavior and perceptions. Comparative research could identify universal barriers and context-specific challenges, enabling tailored strategies.

Limited research also exists on how barriers vary across consumer segments like age, income, and education. This hinders targeted strategies for various demographic groups. Consumer segmentation is essential to understand diverse needs and challenges. Tailored strategies can address specific barriers more effectively, leading to higher adoption rates for sustainable practices.

Most studies have focused on consumer-side barriers, with less attention to supply chain and production processes. As a result, there are limits in our understanding of the systemic challenges impacting sustainable consumption. Barriers within supply chain and production processes can significantly affect the availability and quality of sustainable food. Addressing these barriers is crucial for ensuring a consistent supply of sustainable products.

While some studies have mentioned psychological barriers, a deeper exploration of the emotional and psychological factors influencing sustainable consumption is needed. For example, cognitive dissonance and consumer inertia can complicate the adoption of sustainable habits. Consumers may be aware of the environmental benefits of sustainable food but struggle to adopt these habits due to habitual behavior and the perceived inconvenience of change [87]. Understanding these factors is essential for developing effective interventions. Psychological and emotional factors such as cognitive biases, emotional attachment, and perceived effort play a significant role in consumer behavior. Addressing these factors can enhance the effectiveness of strategies for promoting sustainable consumption.

Limited research exists on the role of marketing and communication strategies in overcoming barriers to sustainable consumption. Effective communication is crucial for changing consumer perceptions and behaviors. These strategies can significantly influence consumer attitudes and behaviors toward sustainable consumption. Understanding the effectiveness of different approaches is essential in designing effective campaigns.

4.3. Technologies in Sustainable Food Consumption

4.3.1. Recurring Themes and Categories of Technologies in Sustainable Food Consumption

A diverse range of technologies are being developed and implemented in the rapidly evolving landscape of sustainable food practices to address challenges spanning production, distribution, and consumption. These innovations fall into multiple categories, each offering unique solutions to enhance sustainability and efficiency in the food industry (

Table 6. Categories of technologies, specific technology, co-occurrence of categories, and example of article.

Categories of Technologies	Specific Technology	Example of Article
Alternative Proteins	Plant-based alternative protein (PBM/S), lab-grown meat/seafood (CBM/S)	[76]
Dairy Alternatives	Precision fermented dairy products (PFDs)	[76]
Decontamination	Cold plasma and ultrasound, mycotoxin decontamination, ozone	[88,89]
Preservation	Essential oils (EOs), emerging technologies (ETs)	[90]
Digital Platforms	Meal box schemes and online food shopping	[91]
Food Literacy	Food production technologies, storage, transport and processing technologies, Transparency and traceability in the supply chain	[92]
Smart Technologies	AI and GPS, 3D printing	[93]
Digital Transformation	Smart refrigerators and apps	[93]
Digital Technologies	AI, big data, IoT, cloud computing, monitoring and managing supply chains	[79]
Waste Management	Mobile applications, digital platforms, IoT systems, lean management techniques, food surplus management, demand analysis and waste forecasting	[94]
Smart Systems	AI, smart shopping assistants	[95]
Educational Tools	VR and mobile technologies	[95]
Smart Gardening	Smart gardening systems and chemical test kits	[95]
Traceability	Blockchain	[96]
ICT	Information and communication technologies (ICT), ICT innovations, ICT platforms	[97,98]
Digital Platforms	Online platforms and social media	[99]
Traceability	IoT and blockchain	[98]
Mobile Apps	Mobile apps	[98]

Note: The table summarizes the key category of technologies in sustainable consumption and the relevant studies.

).

Alternative proteins include plant-based alternatives (PBM/S) and lab-grown meat/seafood (CBM/S). These technologies provide sustainable substitutes for traditional animal-based proteins, reducing their environmental impact by lowering greenhouse gas emissions and water usage. Dairy alternatives use precision fermentation to create dairy-like products without animal involvement, offering a sustainable and ethical alternative to conventional dairy, reducing the reliance on livestock and lowering the carbon footprint. Decontamination technologies ensure food safety by eliminating harmful contaminants. Methods such as cold plasma, ultrasound, mycotoxin decontamination, and ozone enhance food preservation without compromising the nutritional value. Preservation techniques use natural compounds, like essential oils (EOs), to extend the shelf life and incorporate emerging technologies to minimize food spoilage, reducing the reliance on chemical preservatives. Digital platforms enhance accessibility to food through meal box schemes and online shopping, utilizing social media for consumer engagement and reducing food waste by optimizing purchasing behaviors. Food literacy technologies improve the understanding of food production, storage, and supply chain transparency, empowering consumers to make informed, sustainable choices. Smart technologies incorporate artificial intelligence (AI), GPS, and 3D printing for food production and distribution, enhancing automation, and reducing resource waste through data-driven optimization. Digital transformation includes smart refrigerators and mobile applications that assist food management, promoting efficiency in tracking and reducing household food waste. Digital technologies encompass AI, big data, IoT, and cloud computing in food system operations, improving supply chain monitoring and enabling data-driven decision making for sustainable practices. Waste management utilizes mobile applications, IoT systems, and digital platforms to track and reduce food waste, implementing lean management techniques and demand analysis for food surplus management. Smart systems include AI-powered shopping assistants that optimize food purchases, enhancing consumer experiences and reducing waste. Educational tools incorporate virtual reality (VR) and mobile technology for interactive learning, enhancing the consumer awareness of food sustainability and nutrition. Smart gardening implements automated gardening systems and chemical test kits for urban agriculture, supporting localized food production and enhancing resource efficiency. Traceability uses blockchain and IoT to ensure transparency in the food supply chain, preventing food fraud and enhancing consumer trust. ICT in food systems leverages information and communication technologies to optimize food systems, facilitating real-time data exchange and monitoring. Green apps use smartphones to promote sustainable food practices, encouraging eco-friendly behavior through digital engagement.

The frequency of these technologies in the academic literature underscores their significance in sustainable food practices (see

Table 7. The frequency of the categories of technologies in the dataset.

Categories of Technologies	Frequency of Appearance	Specific Technology
Alternative Proteins	2	Plant-based alternative protein (PBM/S), lab-grown meat/seafood (CBM/S)
Dairy Alternatives	1	Precision fermented dairy products (PFDs)
Decontamination	3	Cold plasma and ultrasound, mycotoxin decontamination, ozone
Preservation	2	Essential oils (EOs), emerging technologies (ETs)
Digital Platforms	2	Meal box schemes and online food shopping, online platforms and social media
Food Literacy	3	Food production technologies, storage, transport and processing technologies, transparency and traceability in the supply chain
Smart Technologies	2	AI and GPS, 3D printing
Digital Transformation	1	Smart refrigerators and apps
Digital Technologies	2	AI, big data, IoT, cloud computing, monitoring and managing supply chains
Waste Management	4	Mobile applications, digital platforms, IoT systems, lean management techniques, food surplus management, demand analysis and waste forecasting
Smart Systems	2	AI, smart shopping assistants
Educational Tools	1	VR and mobile technologies
Smart Gardening	1	Smart gardening systems and chemical test kits
Traceability	2	Blockchain, IoT, and blockchain
ICT	3	Information and communication technologies (ICT), ICT innovations, ICT platforms

Note: Each row represents a distinct category, detailing the frequency of the categories and examples of specific technologies.

). Waste management technologies were highlighted the most often, emphasizing the urgency of addressing food waste. Decontamination and food literacy technologies were prominent, reflecting the importance of food safety and consumer education. Alternative proteins, preservation techniques, digital platforms, smart technologies, and traceability were increasingly relevant, while dairy alternatives, digital transformation, educational tools, and smart gardening represented emerging areas of interest.

The analysis of these technologies revealed a dynamic and multifaceted approach to sustainability in the food industry. The frequent use of waste management technologies highlights the urgent need for innovative solutions to reduce food waste. Similarly, the significance of decontamination and food literacy underscores the focus of the industry on food safety and education. Alternative proteins and dairy alternatives represent significant strides in providing sustainable food options and reducing the reliance on traditional animal-based products.

Digital platforms and smart technologies are reshaping consumer interactions with food systems, making sustainable choices more accessible and convenient. The integration of AI, IoT, blockchain, and other digital innovations has revolutionized supply chain management, traceability, and overall efficiency. Educational tools and smart gardening systems foster consumer engagement and active participation in sustainable practices. Collectively, these advancements are paving the way for a more resilient, transparent, and environmentally friendly food system. The potential challenges in implementing these technologies (e.g., digital literacy, costs, and interoperability of blockchain solutions) warrant consideration. For instance, while blockchain enhances transparency, its large-scale adoption in food supply chains is constrained by high operational costs and integration challenges. Numerous organizations have encountered difficulties in integrating blockchain with existing systems, and a lack of digital literacy among stakeholders could further impede its implementation [100,101].

4.3.2. Temporal Evolution of Technology Categories in Sustainable Consumption

Regarding the temporal evolution of the field, we observed a clear progression in the authors’ interests toward specific technologies (see Figure 3). In 2020, most authors focused on food literacy, emphasizing environmentally friendly production methods, reducing food waste, and enhancing transparency and traceability in the supply chain [92].

In 2021, the authors’ interest evolved toward preservation techniques with essential oils (EOs) and emerging technologies (ETs) to ensure food safety and quality [90]. Innovations in ICT platforms and mobile apps were developed to promote eco-friendly products and improve traceability [100].

2022 saw significant interest in decontamination technologies including cold plasma, ultrasound, and ozone for mycotoxin decontamination [88,89]. Digital platforms like meal box schemes and online food shopping emerged as sustainable options [91]. Smart technologies, such as AI, GPS, and 3D printing, began revolutionizing food production and safety [93], while digital transformation introduced smart refrigerators and apps to enhance food safety and sustainability [93]. Waste management utilized mobile applications, digital platforms, IoT systems, and lean management techniques to minimize waste [94]. Smart systems with AI and smart shopping assistants promote sustainable food choices [95]. Educational tools like VR and mobile technologies have raised the awareness of food sustainability [95]. Smart gardening systems and chemical test kits support sustainable agricultural practices [95], and traceability has been enhanced through blockchain technology to ensure compliance with sustainability standards [96]. ICT continues to promote eco-friendly products [97].

In 2023, interest shifted toward alternative proteins including plant-based alternatives, lab-grown meat/seafood, and precision-fermented dairy products [76]. Digital platforms and social media play a crucial role in promoting sustainable consumer behavior [99].

By 2024, interest in digital transformation had advanced further with AI, big data, IoT, and cloud computing to optimize resource use and reduce waste [79].

The temporal evolution matrix highlighted the progression and diversification of technologies aimed at promoting sustainable food consumption. Early focus areas included food literacy and preservation, with a gradual shift toward advanced decontamination methods, digital platforms, and ICT innovations. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in alternative proteins, smart technologies, and digital transformation, reflecting a comprehensive and integrated approach to achieving sustainability in the food industry. This matrix underscores the importance of continuous innovation and interdisciplinary research to address the complex challenges of sustainable food systems.

4.3.3. In-Depth Analysis of Sustainable Food Consumption Technologies

A deeper analysis of the articles revealed a diverse range of technologies and their applications in promoting sustainable food consumption. Each article focused on specific technologies, demographic groups, geographic regions, and behavioral aspects, providing a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted approach required to achieve sustainability in the food industry.

Plant-based alternative proteins (PBM/S), lab-grown meat and seafood (CBM/S), and precision-fermented dairy products (PFDs) have been explored in studies on young meat-eaters, providing insights into consumer habits and attitudes toward protein alternatives [80]. Understanding this demographic is essential for facilitating the adoption of sustainable food technologies.

Cold plasma and ultrasound have been investigated for mycotoxin decontamination, emphasizing economic benefits such as cost savings and improved efficiency in food processing [92]. Policy implications regarding food safety regulations highlight the need for regulatory frameworks that support innovative decontamination methods. Essential oils (EOs) and emerging technologies (ETs) have been examined for their role in food safety and quality, particularly their impact on sensory characteristics and cost-effectiveness as natural preservatives [94]. The development of preservation techniques that maintain food quality while reducing reliance on chemical additives remains a priority.

Digital platforms, including meal box schemes and online grocery shopping, have been studied for their potential to reduce transport emissions, promote local products, and influence consumer purchasing habits in Norway [95]. Food literacy, particularly transparency and traceability in the supply chain, has been emphasized as a critical factor in promoting informed consumer choices [96]. Research in Thailand highlighted the role of food production, storage, transport, and processing technologies in supporting sustainable consumption.

Smart technologies such as AI, GPS, 3D printing, lab-grown meat, genetic modification (CRISPR/Cas-9), and digital transformation tools like smart refrigerators and apps contribute to increased productivity and food safety [97]. Research in Saudi Arabia underscored both the economic benefits and the behavioral impact of adopting these technologies in food preparation and consumption. Digital technologies, including AI, big data, IoT, and cloud computing, have been examined for their role in optimizing resources and reducing waste in the European Union [83]. Economic and policy implications highlight the importance of integrated digital solutions in enhancing efficiency and sustainability.

Digital solutions and innovations, such as mobile applications, digital platforms, IoT systems, lean management techniques, and food surplus management, have been studied for their role in minimizing food waste and improving economic efficiency through better tracking and inventory management [98]. Ozone has been investigated for its potential in mycotoxin degradation, emphasizing its economic benefits in improving food safety and reducing waste [93]. The policy implications of advanced oxidation technology suggest the need for regulatory support to facilitate adoption.

Smart systems and AI, including smart shopping assistants, educational tools such as VR and mobile technologies, smart gardening systems, and chemical test kits, have been explored in Bangkok for their role in promoting sustainable urban food practices [99]. Policy support and behavioral interventions are necessary to encourage sustainable choices. The acceptance of cultured meat and the role of blockchain in traceability have also been examined in Germany, highlighting behavioral aspects of consumer acceptance and the policy implications of ensuring compliance with sustainability standards [100].

Information and communication technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in promoting eco-friendly products and influencing consumer behavior [101]. Online platforms and social media have been identified as key drivers of sustainable consumer engagement [102,103]. ICT innovations, including IoT, blockchain, mobile apps, and digital platforms, support sustainable practices by providing information on eco-friendly products and enhancing traceability in supply chains [104].

The comparative analysis highlighted diverse technologies and applications in promoting sustainable food consumption. Each article focused on specific technologies, demographics, regions, and behavioral aspects, providing a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted approach required for sustainability in the food industry. This analysis underscores the importance of integrating technological advancements with economic, policy, and behavioral considerations to drive sustainable practices and consumer behavior.

The analysis of gaps in the literature on technologies for sustainable consumption revealed key areas requiring further research. Each gap highlights the need for a more comprehensive approach to understanding and promoting sustainable food practices.

There is a lack of comprehensive studies integrating AI, IoT, and blockchain for sustainable food consumption. Research is needed to address interoperability issues and explore how these technologies can enhance sustainability. This integration is crucial for developing robust systems addressing sustainable food production and consumption complexities. Most studies have focused on short-term impacts, leaving a gap in the long-term evaluations of sustainability and scalability. Research is needed to scale these technologies from pilot projects to widespread adoption. While some studies have addressed consumer behavior, deeper insights into psychological and social factors influencing acceptance and adoption of sustainable technologies are needed. More research is required to understand the cultural differences in consumer behavior toward sustainable technologies in different regions. There is a gap in research on the economic feasibility and cost–benefit analysis of the large-scale implementation of sustainable technologies. Further studies are needed to develop and evaluate policy frameworks supporting their adoption in the food industry. Comprehensive environmental impact assessments considering the entire life cycle of sustainable technologies are required. Comparative studies evaluating the environmental impact of different technologies are limited and necessary to identify the most sustainable options. Research on emerging technologies such as CRISPR/Cas-9, 3D printing, and precision fermentation is still in its infancy. Further studies are required to explore the potential and limitations of these methods. There is a gap in innovation, particularly in developing new technologies addressing specific sustainability challenges in the food industry. Further research is needed to address issues of equity and access to sustainable technologies, ensuring affordability and accessibility for all segments of the population. More studies are also needed to understand the impact on small-scale producers and how they can be supported in adopting sustainable practices. There is a gap in research on the effectiveness of educational programs and awareness campaigns in promoting sustainable consumption behaviors. More studies are needed to explore the role of digital tools such as mobile apps and VR in educating consumers about sustainable food choices. Enhancing education and awareness is crucial to empower consumers to make informed and sustainable decisions.

Addressing these gaps in the literature is crucial for advancing sustainable food consumption. Future research should focus on integrating multiple technologies, evaluating the long-term impacts, understanding consumer behavior, assessing economic and policy implications, conducting comprehensive environmental assessments, exploring emerging technologies, addressing socioeconomic factors, and enhancing education and awareness. By filling these gaps, researchers can provide more robust and actionable insights into sustainable practices in the food industry.

4.4. Corporative Initiatives in Sustainable Food Consumption

4.4.1. Recurring Themes and Categories of Corporate Initiatives in Sustainable Food Consumption

An analysis of corporate initiatives in sustainable consumption revealed that businesses employ various strategies to meet consumer expectations, regulatory demands, and ethical standards (see

Table 8. The frequency of the categories of corporative initiatives in the dataset.

Category of Corporate Initiatives	Frequency	Specific Initiatives
Consumer Education and Awareness	1	Educating consumers about sustainable products
Product Availability and Diversity	1	Improving availability and variety of sustainable products
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)	3	Adopting CSR measures, reducing carbon footprint, fair labor practices
Promotion and Marketing	1	Offering discounts, awareness campaigns for organic products
Labeling and Certification	2	Supporting certification programs
Fairtrade and Ethical Trade	1	Promoting fair trade, ensuring fair wages and decent working conditions
Environmental Policies and Practices	1	Addressing climate change, promoting organic/local/seasonal foods, minimizing food waste
Stakeholder Engagement and Policy Development	1	Engaging stakeholders, developing food safety strategies

Note: Each row represents a distinct category, detailing the frequency and specific initiatives undertaken by corporations.

). Key initiatives include corporate social responsibility (CSR), labeling, and certification, which are crucial for fostering trust and minimizing environmental impact. CSR emerged as the most frequent initiative, underscoring its importance in promoting ethical business practices, reducing the carbon footprint, and ensuring sustainable operations [73,102,103] (see Table 8), highlighting the commitment of businesses to long-term sustainability goals. Labeling and certification are vital for transparency, helping to prevent greenwashing and assuring consumers of ethical sourcing [73,102]. These initiatives have addressed the growing demand for verified sustainability standards.

Although less frequent, other initiatives like consumer education, product availability, promotion and marketing, fairtrade, environmental policies, and stakeholder engagement play essential roles. Consumer education bridges the knowledge gap, helping consumers understand sustainable choices [58]. Ensuring product availability allows access to sustainable products [58]. Promotion and marketing integrate sustainable products into mainstream business strategies [73] while fair trade promotes fair wages and ethical labor practices [104]. Environmental policies reflect corporate responsibility for addressing climate change [105], and stakeholder engagement highlights the collaborative efforts to manage food safety risks and develop sustainable policies [106]. These diverse initiatives demonstrate that sustainability requires systemic and cross-sectoral cooperation.

Co-occurrence analysis showed CSR as a key aspect of corporate sustainability, often linked to green product development, marketing, and transparency (see

Table 9. Co-occurrence of categories of corporate initiatives.

Category	CSR	Promotion and Marketing	Labeling and Certification	Consumer Education	Product Availability and Diversity	Fairtrade and Ethical Trade	Green Product Lines	Environmental Policies	Stakeholder Engagement
CSR	5	2	2	1	1	1	2	1	1
Promotion and Marketing	2	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0
Labeling and Certification	2	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Consumer Education	1	1	0	2	1	0	0	0	0
Product Availability and Diversity	1	1	0	1	2	0	0	0	0
Fairtrade and Ethical Trade	1	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
Green Product Lines	2	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0
Environmental Policies	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Stakeholder Engagement	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2

Note. Each category represents a different facet of the efforts companies undertake to promote sustainability.

). This indicates that companies with strong CSR commitments tend to adopt a comprehensive approach to sustainability combining innovation, consumer engagement, and regulatory adherence. However, the lower integration of fair trade, ethical trade, and stakeholder engagement with CSR suggests that some sustainability efforts are still disjointed. CSR’s strong correlation with green product lines highlights the importance of sustainable product innovation as part of corporate responsibility. Companies increasingly view CSR as encompassing ethical practices and eco-friendly product creation to meet consumer demand. Similarly, the frequent intersection of CSR with promotion and marketing strategies indicates that sustainability is often used to enhance brand positioning and appeal to eco-conscious consumers.

The link between CSR and labeling and certification underscores the vital role of transparency in building consumer trust. Companies investing in CSR are more likely to adopt certification programs to verify their environmental and ethical claims, reflecting a market-driven approach to corporate responsibility. Despite these connections, CSR’s moderate association of CSR with consumer education, product availability, and environmental policies suggests that some sustainability initiatives are still not fully integrated into corporate strategies. Although companies recognize the importance of educating consumers and improving product accessibility, these efforts are not yet deeply embedded within CSR frameworks.

The low co-occurrence of CSR with fair trade and ethical trade indicates that these practices are often managed separately from broader CSR commitments, potentially limiting the creation of holistic sustainability strategies. Additionally, stakeholder engagement remains underdeveloped, indicating that many companies are yet to fully incorporate external collaboration into their sustainability efforts. The lack of strong integration between different sustainability initiatives suggests that while CSR serves as a core sustainability driver, other efforts, such as fair trade, stakeholder engagement, and environmental policies, are still treated as distinct rather than interconnected strategies. This reinforces the need for a more integrated and systemic approach, where corporate initiatives are not just implemented in isolation, but are aligned to maximize impact. Companies that can bridge these gaps by linking CSR, supply chain ethics, consumer education, and regulatory compliance are better positioned to drive meaningful and scalable progress in sustainable consumption.

Although CSR remains the dominant focus, the presence of multiple corporate initiatives illustrates the multifaceted nature of sustainable business strategies. Companies do not rely on a single solution, but rather adopt a combination of ethical, environmental, and consumer-focused approaches to drive sustainability forward. The effectiveness of these efforts depends on integration, consumer trust, and corporate accountability, reinforcing the need for a cohesive and long-term commitment to sustainable consumption.

4.4.2. Temporal Evolution of Corporate Initiatives Categories in Sustainable Consumption

The temporal evolution of corporate initiatives in sustainable consumption reflects a shifting author focus over time. Initially, the emphasis was on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and promoting eco-friendly products with sustainability certifications (see

Table 10. The temporal evolution of the categories of corporate initiatives in the dataset.

Year	Category of Corporate Initiatives	Specific Initiatives
2015	Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)	Adopting CSR measures, reducing carbon footprint, fair labor practices
2015	Promotion and Marketing	Offering discounts, awareness campaigns for organic products
2015	Labeling and Certification	Supporting certification programs
2015	Environmental Policies and Practices	Addressing climate change, promoting organic/local/seasonal foods, minimizing food waste
2016	Fairtrade and Ethical Trade	Promoting fair trade, ensuring fair wages and decent working conditions
2018	Consumer Education and Awareness	Educating consumers about sustainable products
2018	Product Availability and Diversity	Improving availability and variety of sustainable products
2018	Improving Corporate Skills	Building green procurement intentions and information seeking
2019	Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)	Engaging in CSR activities, reducing carbon footprint, using sustainable materials
2019	Green Product Lines	Development and promotion of organic products
2019	Sustainability Certifications	Obtaining certifications to assure sustainability
2021	Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)	Adopting ethical and sustainable practices, reducing carbon footprint, fair labor practices
2024	Stakeholder Engagement and Policy Development	Engaging stakeholders, developing food safety strategies

Note: The table provides a detailed overview of various corporate initiatives identified in the literature from 2015 to 2024 to promote sustainability and social responsibility. Each year highlights specific categories of initiatives and the actions associated with those categories.

).

In 2015, CSR initiatives involved reducing the carbon footprint and promoting organic products. By 2016, focus had shifted to fair and ethical trade, acknowledging inequalities in global supply chains. In 2018, there was increased emphasis on consumer education and the accessibility of sustainable products. In 2019, attention was directed toward green product innovation and obtaining sustainability certifications to build trust and transparency. By 2021, emphasis was on institutionalizing sustainability, highlighting responsible sourcing and ethical labor practices. By 2024, focus transitioned to stakeholder engagement and policy development, marking a mature approach to sustainability. The authors recognize the need for systemic change and collaboration to achieve long-term impact.

The overall trajectory highlights a clear evolution from early CSR and marketing efforts to more sophisticated consumer-driven and policy-integrated approaches. This shift underscores the increasing complexity and depth of corporate sustainability commitments, reflecting a broader movement toward long-term multi-stakeholder strategies that go beyond surface-level eco-branding.

4.4.3. In-Depth Analysis of Sustainable Food Corporate Initiatives

Corporate initiatives in sustainable consumption vary based on the development level, regional context, and quality of life. Developed countries often have advanced CSR programs, focusing on organic products, sustainability certifications, and transparent labeling, which are driven by consumer demand and regulatory support [58,73,103]. These regions also prioritize consumer education.

Developing countries focused on basic CSR practices, fair labor standards, and ethical sourcing to address fundamental social and environmental concerns [104]. Challenges included limited supply chain infrastructure and lower consumer demand for sustainable products [58].

Regional differences were significant. Europe led in regulatory enforcement, promoting organic, local, and seasonal foods [105], while North America focused on innovation, investing in eco-friendly products, and supply chain transparency [102]. Asia showed an uneven CSR implementation due to varying economic development and regulatory enforcement [107]. Quality of life influenced corporate sustainability. Regions with higher quality of life saw a greater demand for sustainable products, making advanced CSR programs more feasible [58,103,105]. In regions with lower quality of life, efforts focused on meeting basic needs, with fair trade initiatives ensuring fair wages and improved working conditions [104].

This document provides an overview of corporate initiatives for sustainable consumption in different studies. Several gaps in the literature were identified, highlighting areas requiring further research. There has been limited discussion on the long-term impact of corporate initiatives on consumer behavior and environmental sustainability as most studies have focused on the immediate or short-term effects. Research is needed to evaluate the sustainability and scalability of these initiatives over extended periods.

Studies have primarily focused on specific markets, which may not have fully addressed the diversity in consumer behavior across regions and product categories. Further research is needed to understand how consumer behavior varies globally and across product types, ensuring effective sustainable consumption strategies in diverse contexts.

There is also a lack of emphasis on how emerging technologies such as blockchain and AI can enhance transparency and trust in sustainable consumption practices. Research is needed to explore their potential in improving supply chain transparency, preventing greenwashing, and building consumer trust.

The economic implications for companies adopting sustainable practices have not been thoroughly explored. Understanding the cost–benefit analysis of implementing these initiatives on a large scale is crucial. Research should focus on the economic viability of sustainable practices and provide insights into the financial benefits and challenges faced by companies.

While some studies did mention policy development, there is a need for a more detailed analysis of how government policies and regulations influence corporate strategies for sustainable consumption. Research should explore the role of policy frameworks in supporting the adoption of sustainable technologies and practices. For example, the EU’s Green Deal and Farm-to-Fork strategy have incentivized businesses to invest in sustainable food practices, with measurable impacts on supply chains and consumer behavior. These initiatives aim to make food systems fair, healthy, and environmentally friendly, leading to the increased adoption of sustainable practices by businesses and a heightened consumer awareness of sustainable food options [108].

Although green skepticism has been mentioned, more research is needed on how to effectively address consumer skepticism toward sustainable products. Understanding psychological and social factors contributing to skepticism is essential for developing strategies to encourage sustainable consumption behaviors.

The role of cross-sector collaboration in promoting sustainable consumption requires further study. Research should investigate the benefits and challenges of such collaboration and identify best practices for fostering partnerships that drive systemic change.

There is also a gap in standardized metrics for measuring the success and impact of corporate initiatives on sustainable consumption. Developing robust measurement tools is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of these initiatives and providing actionable insights for improvement.

Addressing these gaps is crucial for advancing sustainable food consumption. Future research should focus on integrating multiple technologies, evaluating the long-term impacts, understanding consumer behavior, assessing economic and policy implications, conducting environmental assessments, exploring emerging technologies, addressing socioeconomic factors, and enhancing education and awareness. Filling these gaps could provide more robust insights into sustainable practices in the food industry.

4.5. Bibliometric Analysis and Research Clusters

A bibliometric analysis was conducted to assess the evolution of research in the field, identifying key thematic directions and interconnections between studies. We used the Python program for analysis. The dataset comprised 80 publications spanning the period 2015–2024, with an average of eight publications per year (Figure 4). In the bibliometric analysis, five articles were excluded due to duplication. These articles appeared in multiple thematic analyses, being relevant both in the examination of motivations and in the assessment of barriers to sustainable consumption. To ensure the accuracy of the dataset and avoid overrepresentation, these were removed, allowing for a clearer distinction between research themes while maintaining the integrity of the analysis. The general trend indicated a steady increase in the number of publications, suggesting growing academic interest and a diversification of research topics.

To better understand the structure of the literature, a clustering approach was applied using the k-means algorithm. This method enables the identification of distinct thematic groups within the dataset by grouping documents based on their shared key terms. The optimal number of clusters was determined through the elbow method, resulting in five well-defined research directions. These clusters highlight the dominant themes and recurring topics within the analyzed body of literature.

The thematic distribution of the clusters is presented in Figure 5. Cluster 1, the largest, focused on organic food, purchase behavior, and sustainability, indicating a strong research interest in consumer attitudes toward sustainable consumption. Cluster 3 explored broader sustainability issues including food waste and sustainable consumption patterns. Cluster 2 was more specialized, concentrating on meat alternatives and plant-based food consumption, a rapidly emerging topic. Cluster 0 highlighted themes related to citizen participation and engagement, whereas Cluster 4 examined local and seasonal food choices.

To visualize the thematic distribution within the dataset, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that enables the representation of high-dimensional data in a two-dimensional space while preserving the variance of the original dataset. This method facilitates the identification of central thematic areas and relationships between research topics.

The resulting thematic map, presented in Figure 5, depicts clusters as distinct regions, with red stars marking the centroids that represent the core themes within each group. The spatial distribution of clusters suggests that certain themes share overlapping areas, indicating conceptual similarities and interdisciplinary potential. Beyond individual clusters, an analysis of interconnections between research themes was conducted using a similarity network approach. In this network representation (Figure 6), nodes correspond to thematic clusters, and edges between nodes signify shared terms across clusters. The thickness of the connections reflects the degree of similarity between themes, providing insights into the extent of conceptual overlap within the literature. This approach revealed strong links between the research on organic food consumption and sustainability issues as well as between studies on local food choices and consumer engagement. The presence of these connections suggests that different research areas are not isolated but rather part of a broader, interconnected discourse on sustainable consumption.

Overall, the bibliometric analysis underscores a clear growth in academic contributions to the field, along with the emergence of five dominant research directions. The strong thematic links between clusters highlight shared conceptual frameworks and potential interdisciplinary research avenues. These findings contribute to a structured understanding of the literature, offering a foundation for future studies to build upon existing knowledge and explore cross-cutting themes in sustainable consumption research.

5. Discussion

Sustainable food consumption is no longer just an ethical or environmental ideal, but an urgent necessity. Despite growing awareness, sustainability remains a privileged choice rather than an accessible standard for all. Health and environmental concerns have driven interest, however, economic constraints, accessibility issues, ingrained habits, and a lack of policy support hinder its widespread adoption. The following discussion responds to the key research questions, examining motivations behind sustainable food consumption, its evolution, barriers preventing large-scale change, the role of technology, and corporate initiatives shaping the future of sustainable food systems.

RQ1: What were the dominant motivations for sustainable food consumption between 2015 and 2024?

Sustainable food consumption is influenced by multiple intersecting motivations including health benefits, environmental awareness, ethical considerations, social norms, organoleptic properties, support for local economies, knowledge, religious and cultural beliefs, emotional fulfillment, and economic factors. These motivations frequently converge, shaping consumer choices and behaviors. Health benefits constitute a primary motivator, as sustainable foods are often perceived as healthier, safer, and more nutritious. Consumers prioritize food safety and nutritional value, viewing sustainable options as a means to promote personal well-being.

Environmental awareness is another key driver, with many consumers seeking to minimize their ecological footprint. Concerns about global warming, resource depletion, and environmental impact encourage individuals to select sustainable alternatives. This motivation often intersects with ethical beliefs and a desire to support local economies. Ethical considerations, including social justice and humane treatment of animals, also play a significant role. Many consumers make purchasing decisions based on moral values and a sense of responsibility toward society and the planet. These ethical motivations are closely linked with social norms and altruistic values.

Organoleptic properties are important factors that drive sustainable food choices. Many consumers associate sustainable foods with superior flavor, freshness, and overall sensory appeal. This perception enhances their willingness to invest in sustainable options. Supporting local farmers and economies is another significant motivation. Consumers who prioritize sustainability often prefer locally sourced foods, believing that purchasing from regional producers benefits both the environment and the community.

Knowledge and awareness of sustainability issues also shape consumer behavior. Education and personal experiences influence purchasing decisions, as informed consumers are more likely to select sustainable food options. Religious beliefs and cultural traditions further contribute to sustainable food consumption. Many dietary choices are influenced by spiritual and cultural values, which often emphasize the ethical treatment of animals, natural food sources, and holistic well-being.

Emotional fulfillment and psychological satisfaction also motivate sustainable consumption. Many consumers experience a sense of accomplishment when making choices that align with their values. Social connections and shared sustainability efforts enhance this emotional engagement. Economic considerations, including affordability and practical aspects of purchasing sustainable food, also play a role in decision-making. While sustainable products are sometimes perceived as more expensive, consumers who value sustainability may prioritize cost-effective solutions.

Overall, health and environmental concerns were the most frequently cited motivations for sustainable food consumption, followed by ethical beliefs, social norms, taste and quality, and support for local economies. Knowledge, religious, and cultural factors, emotional fulfillment, and economic considerations also played a role, although to a lesser extent. Understanding these motivations helps shape strategies for promoting sustainable food choices and encouraging long-term behavioral change.

RQ2: How have consumer concerns (e.g., environment, health, and ethics) evolved over time?

Between 2015 and 2024, consumer motivation remained stable, but their intensity and visibility shifted. Health and environmental concerns coincided with climate movements, sustainability-focused policies, and increased media discourse. The pandemic intensified concerns about food safety and ethical sourcing, reinforcing the belief that sustainability is not just an environmental responsibility, but a public health necessity.

However, new influences have also emerged. Ethical concerns, such as fair wages, humane farming, and corporate accountability, have become more prominent, reflecting a shift toward social justice in food production. Taste and quality remain consistent factors but have become more integrated with sustainability messaging, helping to overcome past perceptions that sustainable food is less flavorful or inferior in quality. Social norms have begun to shape food choices, particularly among younger consumers, who view sustainability as part of their identity and peer expectations.

Economic constraints continue to override the ethical and environmental motivations of many consumers. While important, knowledge and awareness rarely translate into action without structural support, highlighting the need for stronger economic incentives, improved access, and the cultural integration of sustainability into everyday choices.

RQ3: What are the main barriers that limit the adoption of sustainable food consumption?

The analysis identified six major barriers to sustainable food consumption: economic, availability, knowledge, social and cultural influences, psychological factors, and functional challenges. Economic barriers, particularly high prices and financial constraints, were among the most frequently cited obstacles. Many consumers perceive sustainable food options as expensive and financially burdensome. This challenge is observed across diverse regions, underscoring the necessity for economic strategies to enhance the affordability and accessibility of sustainable food. The limited availability and variety of sustainable products present another significant barrier. Consumers often encounter difficulties in locating sustainable food options in their local markets, resulting in reduced adoption. This issue is particularly prominent in regions with underdeveloped distribution networks.

A lack of awareness and insufficient information about sustainable food choices further impedes consumer adoption. Many individuals are unaware of the environmental and health benefits associated with sustainable food, leading to low motivation to purchase these products. Consumer education campaigns, transparent labeling, and improved information dissemination can help bridge this knowledge gap and encourage more informed purchasing decisions. Social and cultural influences, including family traditions and societal norms, also play a crucial role. In some cultures, traditional diets and ingrained eating habits limit openness to alternative food options. Family and social pressures can also discourage individuals from adopting sustainable food choices. Psychological barriers such as skepticism, resistance to change, and food-related neophobia further restrict sustainable food consumption. Some consumers distrust sustainability claims, while others hesitate to alter their dietary habits.

Functional barriers relate to the perceived risks, usability, and effort required to integrate sustainable food into daily routines. Some consumers struggle with the complexity of preparing sustainable meals or perceive these options as inconvenient. Simplifying sustainable food choices through ready-to-eat options, recipe guidance, and technological solutions can help mitigate these concerns and improve accessibility.

These six barriers are widely recognized as major obstacles to sustainable food consumption. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, combining policy interventions, education, market expansion, and behavioral strategies to facilitate the transition toward more sustainable food systems.

RQ4: How do barriers vary based on economic, social, and geographical factors?

Financial constraints and elevated costs hinder sustainable food adoption. Many struggle to afford eco-friendly options, and limited availability worsens the issue. Studies have shown that price perceptions, economic conditions, and geographical restrictions affect consumer choices. Insufficient knowledge of sustainable foods also impedes adoption, with many unaware or skeptical of the benefits. Educational initiatives, clear labeling, and better information dissemination are crucial.

Individual habits, psychological resistance, and cultural factors influence sustainable food consumption. Resistance stems from established preferences, concerns about taste and fullness, or fear of new foods. Societal norms, cultural beliefs, and family influences shape dietary choices. Skepticism toward labels and certifications is another barrier, with doubts about the authenticity of organic and sustainable labels. Strengthening certification processes, ensuring transparency, and building trust are vital. Providing detailed information about food sourcing and sustainability practices can boost confidence in certified products.

Fragmented policies and inadequate legal frameworks obstruct sustainable food consumption. Many regions lack unified policies for sustainability. Effective regulations, policies, and incentives are needed to create a supportive environment. Health and food safety concerns also influence behavior, acting as both motivators and deterrents. While some are drawn to sustainable foods for health benefits, others may hesitate due to safety concerns, unfamiliar ingredients, or perceived risks. Technological and infrastructure limitations pose additional challenges. High initial costs, insufficient investment in advanced equipment, and technical complexity hinder sustainable food production. Investing in infrastructure, offering technical support, and providing training programs can help. Digital technologies can streamline sustainability efforts if effectively implemented. Emotional and psychological factors also contribute to consumer resistance. Emotional attachment to traditional diets, skepticism toward sustainability claims, and perceived effort in making sustainable choices can deter consumers. Addressing these through targeted marketing, behavioral nudges, and psychological interventions could encourage sustainable food habits.

The existing literature highlights key gaps in understanding barriers to sustainable food consumption. Most studies have focused on individual barriers without considering how they intersect and compound one another. Economic constraints, cultural norms, and psychological resistance often interact, requiring a more integrated approach to research. Longitudinal studies tracking these barriers over time are also lacking, making it difficult to understand how they evolve with changes in economic conditions, technological advancements, and policy shifts.

RQ5: What is the impact of emerging technologies (e.g., blockchain and mobile applications) on educating and adopting sustainable consumption?

The research emphasizes integrating technological advancements with economic, policy, and consumer behavior considerations to encourage sustainable practices. One focus is in developing alternative proteins including plant-based meat, lab-grown meat, and precision fermentation. These innovations present sustainable protein sources while addressing consumer perceptions and adoption barriers. Understanding consumer attitudes is crucial in increasing the acceptance of these alternatives. Food safety and preservation technologies contribute to sustainability by improving food quality and reducing waste. Methods like cold plasma, ultrasound, and essential oils have been explored for decontaminating and preserving food. These approaches enhance food safety, minimize reliance on chemical additives, and improve cost efficiency in production.

Digital platforms and smart technologies promote sustainable consumption habits. Online grocery platforms, meal delivery services, and smart kitchen appliances help consumers make informed choices and reduce food waste. AI, big data, and blockchain enhance supply chain transparency, efficiency, and food product traceability. Economic and policy implications are critical in adopting sustainable food technologies. Regulatory frameworks are essential for ensuring food safety, supporting the standardization of sustainable practices, and encouraging innovation. Policies must balance promoting new technologies with affordability and accessibility.

Future research should prioritize integrating multiple technologies, long-term impact evaluations, consumer behavior studies, economic and policy analyses, environmental assessments, and an exploration of emerging technologies. Addressing these gaps will provide stronger insights into sustainable food consumption and drive advancements in the food industry.

RQ6: What political and corporate initiatives support sustainable consumption at the global level?

Corporations are increasingly integrating sustainability into business models; however, challenges remain. CSR initiatives focus on reducing the carbon footprint and ethical supply chains. Marketing strategies promote organic, eco-friendly products; however, greenwashing remains an issue. Fair trade and certification programs build consumer trust but require stronger regulation. Climate-conscious policies such as reducing food waste and promoting seasonal/local sourcing are gaining traction. Despite these efforts, corporate sustainability remains fragmented and requires global regulatory coordination to ensure consistency and accountability.

Sustainable food consumption is not just an individual responsibility; it also requires structural transformation. Governments, businesses, and consumers must collaborate to:

• Subsidize sustainable food options to make them affordable;
• Expand accessibility by ensuring mainstream market availability;
• Enforce transparency in food labeling to prevent green washing;
• Leverage technology to empower informed consumer choices;
• Hold corporations accountable through global regulatory frameworks.

Until sustainability is as convenient and affordable as conventional food, for now, due to economic constraints, availability and infrastructures challenges, and behavioral and policy implications, it remains a privileged option rather than a universal norm [10,26,62,63,67,78].

6. Contributions, Limits of the Study and Recommendations

6.1. Contributions of the Study

This analysis contributes significantly to the literature on sustainable consumption, particularly on the sustainable food consumption motivations and barriers. A systematic literature review (SLR) and empirical synthesis enhanced our understanding of key motivations, consumer concerns, barriers, and contextual variations shaping sustainable consumption behaviors.

A major contribution is the comprehensive categorization of consumer motivations for sustainable food consumption. This consolidated recurring themes, demonstrating that health concerns and environmental awareness are the dominant motivations driving sustainable food choices. Ethical and moral considerations are key motivators but secondary to health and environmental concerns. The analysis revealed taste and quality as emerging motivators, with sustainable products perceived as superior in flavor and freshness. This challenges assumptions that sustainable consumption is driven solely by ethical responsibility. Social and personal norms, emotional fulfillment, and knowledge awareness also influence consumers’ choices, albeit to a lesser extent. The findings indicate that health and environmental motivations remain at the forefront, driven by increased awareness of climate change and health crises. Ethical concerns have experienced a recent surge, reflecting global discussions on fair trade and corporate social responsibility. Taste and quality considerations have maintained moderate importance, implying that consumers increasingly link sustainability with product excellence.

The longitudinal perspective is an important contribution, as most prior studies examined these motivations in isolation or cross-sectionally. This research showed how motivation shifts over time, providing a dynamic view of consumer behavior.

Another major contribution is the detailed classification of barriers to sustainable consumption. The analysis highlighted key barriers, with economic constraints, availability, and consumer awareness being the most prominent. By structuring these barriers into a systematic framework, this study contributes to understanding why sustainable consumption remains limited, despite increasing consumer interest.

This study provides a comparative analysis of how motivations and barriers vary across economic, geographic, and demographic contexts, adding depth to the existing research by demonstrating how context-specific factors influence sustainable consumption patterns.

The final contribution of this study is its co-occurrence analysis, which examined how different motivations and barriers interact.

This study advances the field of sustainable consumption by offering a comprehensive multidimensional analysis that integrates motivations, barriers, temporal trends, and contextual variations. By bridging the knowledge gaps, identifying interconnections, and highlighting policy needs, this study lays the foundation for more effective interventions aimed at promoting sustainable food consumption worldwide.

From our perspective, future studies should build on these findings by exploring the following questions:

• Longitudinal impact of interventions to track behavioral shifts over time;
• The role of digital solutions and AI in overcoming awareness and accessibility barriers;
• Cultural adaptation of sustainability strategies to ensure their effectiveness across diverse populations.

By addressing these issues, researchers, policymakers, and businesses can develop evidence-based solutions that foster a more sustainable global food system.

This analysis significantly enriches the literature on technological advancements and corporate initiatives for sustainable consumption by systematically examining their roles, effectiveness, and evolving trends. By integrating empirical findings with a structured review, this study enhances our understanding of how digital platforms, AI, alternative proteins, food safety innovations, and corporate strategies contribute to the promotion of sustainable consumption.

One of the primary contributions of this analysis is the detailed categorization of technological innovations that facilitate sustainable food consumption. This study identified the key technological domains that have shaped sustainability efforts. Beyond technology, this analysis makes a significant contribution by examining the corporate initiatives for sustainable consumption and identifying the key strategies that companies employ to integrate sustainability into their business models. This categorization provides a structured understanding of corporate sustainability practices, demonstrating how businesses respond to and shape consumer sustainability trends.

This analysis contributes significantly to the literature by providing a structured, multidimensional view of technology and corporate strategies for sustainable consumption. By highlighting motivations, barriers, corporate efforts, and technological evolution, this study bridges critical research gaps and offers actionable insights for businesses, policymakers, and researchers.

Future research should explore the following aspects:

• Role of AI and automation in driving corporate sustainability;
• How can digital solutions enhance consumer engagement in sustainability?;
• Longitudinal impact of corporate policies on consumer behavior.

By addressing these issues, future research can provide a strong foundation for the sustainable transformation of food production and consumption.

6.2. Methodological Limitations of the Analysis

Although this analysis offers a comprehensive examination of technological advancements and corporate initiatives in sustainable consumption, several methodological limitations must be acknowledged. These limitations influence the generalizability, depth, and applicability of the findings and suggest areas for future research.

The study relied primarily on the existing literature rather than on the collection of primary data. Although this approach provided a broad and structured overview, it also introduced several constraints. Therefore, the findings are limited to the studies included in this review, which may not fully capture the diversity of research on sustainable food consumption.

The absence of first-hand consumer or corporate data means that the study did not account for real-time behavioral changes or recent industry shifts. Some reviewed studies may have prioritized specific regions, economic contexts, or industries, potentially skewing the overall conclusions.

6.3. Future Research Direction and Recommendations

As sustainable food consumption evolves, further research is crucial to refining our understanding of its key drivers, persistent barriers, and emerging opportunities. This study offers valuable insights into consumer motivations, corporate sustainability efforts, and the impact of technological advancements; however, several critical gaps must be addressed to develop more effective interventions.

A comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach is needed to fully grasp the complexities of sustainable food adoption and ensure that sustainability moves beyond niche adoption into widespread consumer behavior. Future research should integrate longitudinal studies to track changes in consumer behavior, policy effectiveness, and corporate strategies over time. Current research often captures a static snapshot of trends; however, understanding long-term shifts is essential for designing effective interventions.

Cross-cultural analyses are also required to examine how regional and cultural factors influence sustainable food choices. Comparing diverse markets will help to identify strategies that work across different economic and social landscapes. The role of digital technologies such as blockchain, AI-driven recommendations, and mobile applications in overcoming barriers to sustainable consumption should also be explored.

Future studies should also assess the effectiveness of behavioral and policy interventions, including nudges, incentives, and regulatory measures, in driving large-scale consumer adoption. By addressing these research gaps and integrating economic, social, and technological perspectives, future studies can contribute to scalable and effective strategies that embed sustainability in mainstream consumption.

Advancing sustainable food consumption requires targeted action across the academia, business, and policy sectors. Academia must conduct empirical research that delves deeper into evolving dynamics. Businesses must embed sustainability into their strategies, invest in digital innovation, and focus on transparent supply chains. Policymakers must craft regulations and incentives to support sustainable food consumption.

By combining rigorous research, corporate responsibility, and effective policy frameworks, stakeholders can drive meaningful changes and ensure that sustainability becomes an integral part of global food consumption.