Fintech as a Catalyst for Sustainability: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia

Abstract

This study explores the impact of financial technology (Fintech) on economic, social, and environmental sustainability in Saudi Arabia using survey-based empirical evidence. Using ordinal logistic regression, the results provide evidence of a positive and significant role of fintech adoption in each of the three areas of sustainability. On the economic front, fintech fosters financial inclusion, bank efficiency, and sector diversification. Socially, it promotes equality by providing greater access to financial services for vulnerable groups like women, youth, and SMEs, as well as creating new job opportunities. Environmentally, fintech reduces the environmental footprint of financial transactions and funnels capital into green initiatives, as outlined in Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 aspirations. The findings have important policy and managerial implications, suggesting that banks should include fintech as a strategic source of sustainable development, while policymakers must implement enabling regulation and incentives to encourage innovation. Cross-country analysis within the GCC and examination of moderating variables such as institutional quality and corporate governance could form part of future research.

1. Introduction

The past decade has witnessed the world undergo a drastic change in the financial sector by the digital revolution. Leading the pack of the most drastic developments is financial technology (Fintech) that transforms the access, production, and consumption of financial services. Through the integration of artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data, and digital platforms, Fintech is creating new economic and organizational models that can respond to existing challenges [1,2,3]. These are not merely technological innovations. They are part of a broader vision of sustainability, which encompasses economic, environmental and social visions [4].

Economically, Fintech enhances the competitiveness and effectiveness of financial markets. It facilitates financial inclusion and promote sustainable economic growth by reducing transaction costs, enhancing transparency, and improving access to finance [5,6,7,8]. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), who typically are hard-pressed to get credit, particularly benefit from alternative financing models such as digital wallets, peer-to-peer lending (P2P lending) and crowdfunding [9,10,11]. These mechanisms guarantee an increase in the productive infrastructure and diversification of sources of funding, which increases long-term economic resilience [12,13].

At the societal level, the impacts of Fintech are largely observed in the expansion of financial inclusion and the reduction of inequalities. By providing marginalized populations, particularly in developing countries, with access to simple banking services via cell phones or dematerialized services, Fintech results in more social equity. It also generates new employment opportunities, encourage financial literacy, and support women’s empowerment and youth entrepreneurship. But this is a benign contribution to be set against risks associated with the digital divide, which can heighten inequalities between the connected and the yet-untouched, still outside the digital world [14].

From an environmental perspective, Fintech is playing an increasingly vital role in the green transition and becoming a more sustainable economy. Blockchain technologies, for example, allow for responsible investment tracking and transparency of funded projects. Green fintech and sustainable finance platforms redirect funds into green projects, such as renewable energy or carbon-reduction initiatives. Moreover, financial services dematerialization and transaction digitization reduce the use of paper and physical space of traditional banking institutions, thus fostering a circular and sustainable economy [4,7,15].

Theoretically, the connection between sustainability and fintech can be explained through a variety of theoretical concepts. According to agency theory, financial technologies reduce information asymmetry and agency costs, enhance transparency, and promote the optimal use of resources, thereby improving economic sustainability [3,16]. The sustainable development theory identifies the role of fintech to promote socially responsible and green projects as well as financial inclusion, thus ensuring balanced economic, social and ecological growth [9,11]. Finally, Schumpeterian technological innovation theory indicates that fintech is a source of “creative destruction,” which reconfigures traditional finance frameworks and produces innovations driving competitiveness and the transition towards a more sustainable economy [17,18].

In practice, previous studies reveal the presence of positive and negative impacts on the Fintech and sustainability nexus. Various studies report that Fintech promotes financial inclusion, reduces costs of transactions, and promotes sustainable development [4,14,15]. In addition, application of digital technologies increases efficiency and transparency, thereby improving economic and social sustainability [7,8,14].

However, existing research suggests that Fintech poses potential risks like financial instability due to increased competition and disruption of traditional banking models [19], cybersecurity, digital exclusion, and energy consumption of technologies [4,20]. The research suggests that Fintech’s influence on sustainability is double-edged and critically dependent on regulatory and institutional contexts.

As in other countries, Saudi Arabia is experiencing the rapid development of its Fintech sector, spearheaded by Vision 2030 and the Financial Sector Development Program. The Fintech Strategy centers on the promotion of a cashless economy, enhancing financial inclusion, and establishing Riyadh as a hub internationally. Regulators such as CMA and SAMA are enabling this activity via regulatory sandboxes and green finance and ESG integration legal frameworks. Flagship initiatives involve the initial USD 850 million sustainable sukuk raised by the Saudi National Bank in 2022 and the Green Financing Framework that was launched in 2024, which is a sign of the growing attention towards environmental objectives. Green fintech hence appears to be a major control lever in the achievement of carbon neutrality by 2060 and decreasing CO₂ emission by 2030. Despite challenges such as the lack of ESG data and technical skills, the opportunities offered ESG rating, carbon footprint tracking, green financing for renewable energy and green supply chains define the core contribution of fintech to the economic, social, and environmental growth of the Kingdom.

Against this background, this research aims to explore the contribution of Fintech to Saudi Arabian sustainability. More specifically, it makes several important contributions to sustainability and Fintech research. It first provides new empirical evidence concerning Fintech contribution to Saudi Arabian sustainable development in a country where such research is relatively sparse. This study seeks to answer the following central research question: To what extent does the adoption of financial technology (FinTech) contribute to economic, social, and environmental sustainability in Saudi Arabia? By investigating this question, the research aims to provide empirical evidence on the role of FinTech in advancing sustainable development, in line with the strategic objectives outlined in Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030.

Utilizing a questionnaire aimed at directly addressing financial sector stakeholders as well as Fintech service customers, the research transmits actual attitudes and practices regarding the integration of economic, environmental, and social considerations. Second, it illuminates the dynamics whereby Fintech fuels financial inclusion, transactional efficiency, and sustainable project finance, thus bolstering extant theoretical frameworks of sustainable development and technological innovation. Finally, it provides policy implications to regulators, banks, and Fintech startups regarding the levers and inhibitors to the adoption of sustainable Fintech in the Saudi context. The survey-based study completes classical quantitative studies and bridges the gap in knowing what makes humans and organizations resilient regarding sustainability in the finance sector.

The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 develops the hypotheses developed in the context of Fintech and sustainability. Section 3 will present the methodology used in the study. Section 4 discusses and presents the findings. Section 5 concludes.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Theoretical Background

FinTech has profoundly transformed global financial services. Beyond being a mere vehicle for technological change, it is increasingly recognized as a strategic lever for advancing sustainable development. FinTech promotes financial inclusion, transaction transparency, capital flow traceability, and the empowerment of economic agents through digital technologies such as mobile finance, blockchain, peer-to-peer lending platforms, and robo-advisors [2,3]. These technologies facilitate investment in projects with positive environmental and social outcomes, strengthen corporate governance, and enhance economic resilience to sustainability-related shocks [3,18]. To understand the FinTech–sustainability nexus, we draw on three key theoretical perspectives:

2.1.1. Agency Theory

Agency theory posits that conflicts of interest between principals (e.g., shareholders) and agents (e.g., managers) can undermine sustainability objectives [16] FinTech offers digital tools that enhance transparency and monitoring, thereby reducing information asymmetries and improving managerial accountability. Blockchain platforms, for instance, provide immutable records of transactions, limiting opportunistic behavior [2]. Similarly, AI-driven ESG reporting facilitates the disclosure of non-financial information, boosting stakeholder trust [3,21]. Recent work by [22] confirms that FinTech enhances corporate sustainability through improved governance and digital infrastructure.

2.1.2. Sustainable Development Theory

This theory emphasizes the balance between economic, social, and environmental dimensions. FinTech contributes to this balance by expanding access to financial services, especially for underserved populations. Mobile banking, P2P lending, and green crowdfunding platforms democratize access to capital [11]. FinTech also channels investments toward impactful projects via instruments like green bonds and ESG funds. Through data analytics and risk management technologies, it enables firms to identify sustainable opportunities and optimize investment decisions. Refs. [11,23] highlight FinTech’s role in fostering inclusive growth and environmental performance, even under geopolitical uncertainty.

2.1.3. Schumpeterian Innovation Theory

Schumpeter’s theory of innovation underscores the role of technological change in economic transformation through “creative destruction” [17]. FinTech exemplifies this process by disrupting traditional financial paradigms with innovations such as smart contracts and robo-advisors. These technologies enable more efficient capital allocation and support the emergence of sustainable business models. Ref. [24] empirically validates Schumpeter’s view, showing that FinTech-driven innovation positively influences economic growth, particularly in developing economies. Ref. [25] further illustrates how FinTech innovations reshape access to capital and financial services for small businesses.

2.2. Empirical Studies and Hypothesis Development

In recent years, the relationship between Fintech and sustainability has been a key focus of empirical research, prompting numerous studies. Despite this, the findings obtained are varied, reflecting the situational nature of the complexity. Notably, recent research has primarily focused on the positive impact of Fintech on sustainability. For instance, ref. [12] conducted an econometric study to evaluate the effect of Fintech on the sustainable performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. The main findings show that the application of financial technology improves the sustainable performance of SMEs. The study also revealed that green innovation and circular economy practices partially mediate the relationship between Fintech and sustainable performance. Ref. [7] found that the use of financial technologies is essential for fostering environmental sustainability in emerging economies. It also shows that human development directly contributes to such sustainability, with green innovation playing an essential mediating role. Thus, this study establishes a partnership between financial inclusion, the use of financial technologies, human progress, and green finance, which improves environmental protection.

In the same vein, ref. [26] found that Fintech had a strongly positive influence on firms’ ESG performance, with the greatest impact occurring during the decline phase, followed by the maturity and growth phases. Green finance also enhances this influence, particularly in the growth phase. Furthermore, the influence of Fintech on ESG performance is greater in industries with a higher environmental impact. These findings highlight the importance of companies tailoring their Fintech-associated strategies according to their life cycle and industry characteristics in order to optimize their ESG performance. In addition, ref. [3] demonstrates that the adoption of financial technology encourages the development of environmentally friendly financial products and services, thereby facilitating the transition to a low-carbon economy. Based on a case study of Chinese listed companies from 2015 to 2022, the results reveal that financial technology significantly enhances their environmental, social and governance performance. These findings remain robust when regional and sectoral idiosyncrasies are controlled, thanks to the stringent methodology employed, which considers endogeneity. In addition, cross-border capital mobility enhances this positive impact. The financial technology effect operates through innovation in research and development, the attention given to research reports and ownership of funds. These results confirm the importance of promoting the development of financial technology in global innovation ecosystems to support company sustainability.

Ref. [27] demonstrates that social pressure, reinforced by environmental, social, and governance issues, encourages the banking sector to adopt innovative technologies. Partnerships between banks and financial technology companies enable more effective achievement of sustainable development objectives. The study also emphasizes the importance of raising awareness of and providing training on these new technologies for managers and employees, to facilitate their integration into sustainable banking practices. However, ref. [4] argues that technological advancements have a negative impact on the environment by increasing carbon emissions. This is a one-way cause-and-effect relationship, and stricter regulation of such technologies, as well as the exploitation of clean energy sources, is needed to limit their environmental impact. In addition, ref. [20] demonstrates that Fintech adoption leads to a decrease in banking stability in GCC countries. However, this perverse effect is less noticeable for large, well-capitalized, Islamic state-owned banks, as well as in the most competitive and well-developed sectors. Considering this, our first hypothesis is as follows:

Hypothesis 1.

Fintech improves sustainability in Saudi Arabia.

Hypothesis 1(a).

Fintech positively affects economic sustainability.

Hypothesis 1(b).

Fintech positively affects social sustainability.

Hypothesis 1(c).

Fintech positively affects environmental sustainability.

Hypothesis 2.

Technological innovation (TI), as a component of FinTech, has a significant positive effect on environmental sustainability in Saudi Arabia.

3. Research Methodology

3.1. Research Design and Approach

To investigate the relationship between FinTech and sustainability (economic, social, and environmental) in Saudi Arabia, we employ an explanatory research design. This design emphasizes understanding the underlying mechanisms and interactions that explain a particular phenomenon [28]. The quantitative approach is most suitable when the research aims to identify factors influencing an outcome, assess the effectiveness of an intervention, or determine the best predictors of a given result [29]. This methodological choice allows for a more comprehensive understanding by leveraging the strengths of quantitative data.

3.2. Method of Data Collection

The study exclusively utilized primary data, collected through a combination of structured questionnaires and unstructured interviews. The questionnaire comprised both closed-ended and open-ended items, with the closed-ended questions formatted using a Likert scale to facilitate quantitative analysis. This approach ensured both the relevance and reliability of the data collection process (for more details, please, see Appendix A).

3.3. Sample Design

The target population for this study comprises managers working within the Saudi financial institutions. A total of 103 managers were identified, distributed across various financial institutions: 4 commercial banks (24 mangers), 5 investment banks (31 mangers), 3 Islamic banks (18 mangers), 3 insurance companies (18 mangers), and 2 Fintech companies (12 mangers). Each manager represents an individual unit of analysis, whereas the “Type of Financial Institution” table reports the number of institutions per category. The response rate is 100%, as all identified managers participated in the study. Given the relatively small size of the population, we employed a census survey method to include all eligible participants. The census method is particularly reliable when dealing with a limited population, as it ensures comprehensive coverage and minimizes sampling error [30]. The empirical data for this study were collected through a structured questionnaire administered between February and April 2025. This period was strategically chosen to capture respondents’ perceptions during a time of active FinTech development and policy momentum in Saudi Arabia, particularly in alignment with the country’s Vision 2030 initiatives. Conducting the survey during this timeframe allowed for the observation of current trends and attitudes toward FinTech adoption, ensuring that the findings reflect a relevant and timely snapshot of its impact on sustainability across economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

3.4. Method of Data Analysis

The study employed STATA 17 to perform both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Descriptive tools such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage were used to summarize demographic data. To address specific research objectives, correlation analysis and ordered logistic regression were applied to examine the relationship between FinTech and sustainability.

3.5. Equation Model

To explore the impact of fintech on sustainability, we employ ordinal logistic regression. This approach is a statistical analysis method that can be used to model the relationship between an ordinal response variable and one or more explanatory variables. The choice of this approach is based on that given that all variables are constructed from ordinal data collected via Likert-scale items, this modeling approach is methodologically appropriate and widely used in survey-based research [31].

Therefore, the formula for the ordinal logistic regression model is as follows:

$$\mathrm{logit} \left(P\left(Sust\le j\right)\right)={\alpha }_j-({\beta }_{1}FINTEC{H}_1+{\beta }_{2}T{I}_2+{\beta }_{3}F{I}_3+{\beta }_{4}E{C}_4)+{\mu }_i$$

(1)

where j = 1, 2, …, J − 1

Sust = ordinal dependent variable (with J ordered categories): sustainability (economic, social, environmental).

$P\left(Sust\le j\right)$ = cumulative probability that Sust is less than or equal to category j.

${\alpha }_j$ = intercept specific to each cumulative category.

FINTECH = financial technology.

TI = technological innovation.

FI = financial inclusion.

EC = efficiency and costs.

FinTech development is measured using seven items from Part II of the questionnaire, which capture dimensions such as accessibility, innovation, performance, regulatory support, trust, and social influence. These dimensions are grounded in established theoretical models like the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), commonly used in digital financial services research [32,33].

Sustainability of the financial sector is assessed through 21 items divided into three sub-dimensions: economic, social, and environmental sustainability. These dimensions are aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 8 (economic growth), SDG 9 (innovation), SDG 10 (reduced inequalities), and SDG 13 (climate action). The indicators are based on frameworks from [34] UNEP FI (2020), OECD, and recent academic contributions such as [35].

The selected indicators allow for a perception-based measurement tailored to the Saudi context and aligned with Vision 2030 objectives. They are comparable to those used in empirical studies on FinTech and sustainable finance in Gulf countries and Asia [36,37].

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Background Information of Respondents

Table 1 summarizes the demographic characteristics of respondents. The outcomes indicate a predominantly male representation, with 64.1% male and 35.9% female participants. In terms of age distribution, the largest group falls within the 40–50 age range (39.8%), followed by those aged 30–39 (36.9%), while 12.6% are under 30 and 10.7% are above 50. Educational attainment is notably high: 68% of respondents hold a bachelor’s degree, 22.3% a master’s degree, and 5.8% a doctorate, with only 3.9% reporting a high school education.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents.

Type	Profile	Frequency	Percentage	Cumulative
Gender	Female	37	35.9	35.9
	Male	66	64.1	100.0
	Total	103	100.0
Age	Under 30	13	12.6	12.6
	30–39	38	36.9	49.5
	40–50	41	39.8	89.3
	Above 50	11	10.7	100.0
	Total	103	100.0
Educational background	Bachelor’s degree	70	68.0	68.0
	Doctorate	6	5.8	73.8
	Master’s degree	23	22.3	96.1
	High School	4	3.9	100
	Total	103	100.0
Current position	Senior Manager	38	36.9	36.9
	Department Head	31	30.1	67
	Director	13	12.6	79.6
	Executive Board Member	21	20.4	100.0
	Total	103	100.0
Experience in the Financial Sector (years)	Less than 5	18	17.5	17.5
	11–15	27	26.2	43.7
	More than 15	24	23.3	67.0
	5–10	34	33.0	100.0
	Total	103	100.0
Type of Financial Institution	Commercial Bank	4 (24 Managers)	23.5	23.5
	Investment Bank	5 (31 Managers)	29.4	52.9
	Islamic Bank	3 (18 Managers)	17.6	70.6
	Insurance Company	3 (18 Managers)	17.6	88.2
	Fintech Company	2 (12 Managers)	11.8	100.0
	Total	17 (103 Managers)	100.0
Location of Your Institution	Riyadh	42	40.8	40.8
	Jeddah	34	33.0	73.8
	Eastern Province	15	14.6	88.4
	Other (please specify)	12	11.6	100.0
	Total	103	100.0
Fintech Integration	No	38	36.9	36.9
	Yes	65	63.1	100.0
	Total	103	100.0

Note: Counts in the table refer to the number of institutions (n = 17), while the analysis is based on individual responses from 103 managers. Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.

Regarding professional roles, 36.9% serve as Senior Managers, 30.1% as Department Heads, 20.4% as Executive Board Members, and 12.6% as Directors, reflecting a sample composed largely of senior-level professionals.

Experience in the financial sector is well distributed, with 33% having 5–10 years of experience, 26.2% between 11–15 years, 23.3% more than 15 years, and 17.5% less than 5 years. Geographically, most respondents are based in Riyadh (40.8%) and Jeddah (33%), with smaller proportions in the Eastern Province (14.6%) and other regions (11.6%). Institutional representation is diverse, though commercial and investment banks dominate, while Islamic banks, insurance companies, and fintech firms account for smaller shares. Finally, fintech integration appears significant, with 63.1% of institutions reporting adoption compared to 36.9% without integration.

4.2. Descriptive Statistics

Table 2 summarizes the descriptive statistics for all variables of the study. The FINTECH variable has a mean value of 0.677 (Std. Dev. = 0.170), indicating a relatively high level of adoption across the sample. Similarly, ECS (economic sustainability) and SS (social sustainability) exhibit mean scores of 0.708 (Std. Dev. = 0.175) and 0.766 (Std. Dev. = 0.149), respectively, suggesting that respondents perceive these dimensions as well-developed. ENS (environmental sustainability) and TI (Technological Innovation) show moderate averages of 0.718 (Std. Dev. = 0.206) and 0.681 (Std. Dev. = 0.213), reflecting variability in their implementation. Financial Inclusion (FI) and efficiency and costs (EC) also report relatively high means of 0.700 (Std. Dev. = 0.180) and 0.764 (Std. Dev. = 0.136), respectively, indicating strong alignment with the objectives of inclusive and sustainable financial practices. Across all variables, the minimum and maximum values range from 0 to 1, consistent with normalized measures, which facilitates comparability and interpretation.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics.

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
FINTECH	103	0.677	0.170	0	1
ECS	103	0.708	0.175	0	1
SS	103	0.766	0.149	0	1
ENS	103	0.718	0.206	0	1
TI	103	0.681	0.213	0	1
FI	103	0.700	0.180	0	1
EC	103	0.764	0.136	0	1

Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.

4.3. Analysis of Econometrics Model Regression

4.3.1. Cronbach’s Alpha, KMO and Bartlet Tests

Table 3 summarizes the reliability and sampling adequacy tests. The results indicate that the measurement scales used in this study demonstrate acceptable internal consistency and suitability for factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha values range from 0.7144 to 0.8638 across the dimensions. Most variables, such as ENS, SS, and FI, exhibit strong reliability, exceeding the commonly accepted threshold of 0.70. ECS, FINTECH, TI, and EC also show satisfactory reliability.

Table 3. Outcomes of Cronbach’s Alpha, KMO and Bartlett tests.

Variables	Alpha (Scale Reliability)	KMO (Sample Quality)	Bartlett (Test of Sphericity)
FINTECH	0.7770	0.634	0.000
ECS	0.7979	0.616	0.000
SS	0.8563	0.701	0.000
ENS	0.8638	0.614	0.000
TI	0.7563	0.629	0.000
FI	0.8516	0.670	0.000
EC	0.7144	0.681	0.000

Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.

The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) values, which assess sampling adequacy, range between 0.614 and 0.701, indicating a moderate level of suitability for factor analysis. Furthermore, Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity is significant at p < 0.001 for all dimensions, confirming that the correlation matrices are not identity matrices and that factor analysis is appropriate. Generally, these outcomes support the reliability and validity of the measurement model.

4.3.2. Test of Multicollinearity

Table 4 summarizes the results of the variance inflation factors (VIF). The outcomes reported for Models (1)–(3) indicate negligible multicollinearity among the predictors. Across all specifications, VIF values are tightly clustered between 1.15 (EC) and 1.38 (FI), with a mean VIF of 1.31, while the corresponding tolerance values (1/VIF) range from 0.868 to 0.723. These figures lie comfortably within conventional benchmarks (e.g., VIF well below 5 and tolerance well above 0.20), suggesting that the explanatory variables (FI, TI, FINTECH, and EC) do not exhibit problematic overlaps in the information they provide.

Table 4. Multicollinearity test.

	Model (1)		Model (2)		Model (3)
Variable	VIF	1/VIF	VIF	1/VIF	VIF	1/VIF
FI	1.38	0.723	1.38	0.723	1.38	0.723
TI	1.37	0.728	1.37	0.728	1.37	0.728
FINTECH	1.34	0.745	1.34	0.745	1.34	0.745
EC	1.15	0.868	1.15	0.868	1.15	0.868
Mean VIF	1.31		1.31		1.31

Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.

4.3.3. Test of Heteroskedasticity

Table 5 presents the outcomes of the Breusch–Pagan/Cook–Weisberg test. The results indicate no evidence of heteroskedasticity across the three models. The chi-square statistics (χ² = 1.60, 1.95, and 0.52) are associated with p-values of 0.1579, 0.1520, and 0.4709, all exceeding the 0.05 significance threshold. Therefore, the null hypothesis of homoskedasticity cannot be rejected, suggesting that the error variances are constant and the models satisfy this key OLS assumption.

Table 5. Breusch–Pagan/Cook–Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity.

	Model (1)	Model (2)	Model (3)
chi2 (1)	1.60	1.95	0.52
Prob > chi2	0.1579	0.1520	0.4709

Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.

4.3.4. Test of Omitted Variable Bias

Table 6 presents the results of the Ramsey RESET test. The outcomes suggest no evidence of model misspecification across the three models. The F-statistics (F (3,95) = 1.67, 1.49, and 1.23) correspond to p-values of 0.1795, 0.1601, and 0.3020, all above the 0.05 significance level. Therefore, the null hypothesis that the models are correctly specified cannot be rejected, indicating that omitted variable bias is unlikely to be a concern.

Table 6. Ramsey RESET test for omitted variables.

	Model (1)	Model (2)	Model (3)
F (3,95)	1.67	1.49	1.23
Prob > F	0.1795	0.1601	0.3020

Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.

4.3.5. Checking Outliers

Outliers represent extreme data points that can distort statistical estimates and lead to biased results. They often arise from sources such as measurement errors, data entry mistakes, intentional misreporting by participants, or sampling errors. To detect potential outliers, the researcher employed added-variable plots after running the regression. Figure 1 examines the relationship of each predictor with the dependent variable while controlling other variables. After inspection, all observations appeared within an acceptable range, revealing that no significant outliers were present in the dataset.

Figure 1. Checking for outliers. Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.

4.4. Correlation

Spearman’s correlation coefficient is a nonparametric measure that effectively summarizes the strength and direction of the ordinal association between two variables, offering a more robust alternative to the traditional Chi-square test [38]. Unlike Pearson’s correlation, it does not assume normality, making it suitable for non-normally distributed data. Additionally, as a rank-based statistic, it is less sensitive to outliers compared to parametric correlation measures.

Table 7 presents the outcomes of the Spearman correlation matrix. The results reveal significant positive associations among most variables. FINTECH correlates most strongly with SS (ρ = 0.458*), FI (ρ = 0.433*), and TI (ρ = 0.369*), with smaller but significant links to ECS (ρ = 0.305*), EC (ρ = 0.285*), and ENS (ρ = 0.198*). This suggests that security systems, financial inclusion, and technological innovation are key factors associated with fintech adoption. Among predictors, the strongest relationship is between SS and TI (ρ = 0.570*), indicating that innovation and security often co-occur. ECS also correlates moderately with SS (ρ = 0.432*) and TI (ρ = 0.414*), while ENS shows its highest link with EC (ρ = 0.386*). Non-significant associations, such as ENS with FI (ρ = 0.060), suggest some conceptual independence among variables.

Table 7. Spearman correlation matrix.

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
(1) FINTECH	1.000
(2) ECS	0.305 *	1.000
(3) SS	0.458 *	0.432 *	1.000
(4) ENS	0.198 *	0.147	0.337 *	1.000
(5) TI	0.369 *	0.414 *	0.570 *	0.293 *	1.000
(6) FI	0.433 *	0.380 *	0.433 *	0.060	0.438 *	1.000
(7) EC	0.285 *	0.125	0.194 *	0.386 *	0.313 *	0.167	1.000

Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.* indicates the significance at 5% level.

4.5. Ordered Logit Regression Results

The main findings obtained on the impact of Fintech on sustainability (economic, social, and environmental) are listed in Table 8. These results show that all the coefficients of the Fintech variable are statistically significant and positive in almost all the regressions but with varying degrees of significance.

Table 8. Main results.

Panel A: Economic sustainability
	Coefficient	std. err.	t	p > t	[95% conf. interval]
FINTECH	1.139	0.540	2.11	0.038	0.067	2.211
TI	1.405	0.473	2.97	0.004	0.467	2.344
FI	1.317	0.560	2.35	0.021	0.206	2.427
EC	0.251	0.441	0.57	0.571	−0.624	1.125
Panel B: Social sustainability
FINTECH	1.563	0.650	2.40	0.018	0.274	2.853
TI	2.204	0.577	3.82	0.000	1.060	3.348
FI	1.092	1.011	1.08	0.283	−0.914	3.098
EC	0.427	0.539	0.79	0.430	−0.642	1.496
Panel C: Environmental sustainability
FINTECH	0.633	0.497	1.27	0.206	−0.353	1.619
TI	1.078	0.517	2.08	0.040	0.051	2.104
FI	−0.271	0.572	−0.47	0.636	−1.405	0.863
EC	1.842	0.590	3.12	0.002	0.671	3.013
Panel D: FinTech and Economic sustainability
FINTECH	1.914	0.477	4.01	0.000	0.967	2.861
Panel E: FinTech and Social sustainability
FINTECH	2.569	0.749	3.43	0.001	1.084	4.054
Panel F: FinTech and Environmental sustainability
FINTECH	1.261	0.547	2.30	0.023	0.176	2.347

Source: Authors’ work using Stata 17 software.

Control variables play a vital role in determining all three dimensions of sustainability. Particularly, the coefficients of technology innovation (TI) have positive and significant effects on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This result verifies that technological innovation is conclusive when it comes to improving sustainability. It creates employment and increases productivity economically, reduces costs and improves process efficiency, and unlocks new markets and business opportunities, producing more stable and competitive growth. It improves quality of life socially by making finance, education, and healthcare more accessible, providing higher-quality jobs and inclusion. Finally, regarding the environment, innovation in renewable energy, recycling, and energy efficiency helps to cap carbon prints, conserve natural resources, and enable a shift towards more ecosystem-friendly consumption and production patterns. Technological innovation thus appears to be an essential driver for the balance between economic growth, social well-being and environmental protection.

In addition, the coefficient of the financial inclusion (FI) variable has a positive and significant impact on economic sustainability. This is because financial inclusion has a significant impact on the performance of the economy since it avails formal bank and financial services to more individuals and firms. By enhancing savings, credit, and investment, it stimulates productivity and facilitates the creation of new economic activities, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises that are often under financing constraints. Such broadening of access to financial resources also stimulates household consumption and innovation, which reinforces economic growth and aggregate competitiveness. In addition, by reducing the dependence on the informal economy, financial inclusion improves transparency, allocation of resources, and macroeconomic stability, thus contributing to more balanced and sustainable development.

Finally, from the findings, the efficiency and costs (EC) variable has a positive impact on environmental sustainability. In other words, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs have a positive effect on environmental sustainability by encouraging companies to try and maximize their utilization of resources and reduce waste. By employing more efficient processes, organizations reduce their energy consumption, pollutant emissions and waste and hence have fewer environmental effects. Cost-saving measures also result in companies investing in cleaner technologies and favoring production models based on the circular economy. Thus, cost control and efficiency are not only limited to increasing the profitability of the economy but also assist in the conservation of natural resources and in making the transition to ecologically beneficial sustainable development.

4.6. Discussion

The main finding of the study shows that FinTech enhances sustainability, confirming hypothesis H1. More specifically, in columns (1) and (2), we can observe that Fintech has a positive relationship with economic sustainability. That is, the use of Fintech enhances economic sustainability. Particularly, the development of digital financial services in Saudi Arabia enables more financial inclusion by providing unbanked families and small businesses access to suitable credit and savings tools, stimulating consumption, productive investment, and entrepreneurial innovation. Furthermore, digitalization enables information simplification and reduced transaction costs, thereby making the financial system more efficient and enhancing investors’ confidence. This influence is translated into a steady diversification of the economy under the Vision 2030 strategy, aimed at decreasing hydrocarbon dependence and providing more balanced and sustainable development. In addition, fintech provokes competitiveness and application of new technologies (mobile payments, blockchain, crowdfunding platforms), increasing the resilience of the market to external shocks and creating a beneficial environment for sustainable long-term development. In this case, hypothesis H1(b) is accepted. This result has been confirmed by numerous previous studies [9,10,11].

Similarly, the results, presented in columns (3) and (4), reveal that Fintech fosters social sustainability. Economically, this is characterized by the fact that Fintech provides digital financial services at hand. It reduces differences between individuals and improves the integration of segments under-banked in the banking system, namely women, youth and small family businesses. This democratic access to savings and credit serves to raise living standards, increase economic autonomy and create new employment in the digital economy. In addition, the traceability and transparency made available by Fintech solutions strengthen trust in transactions, facilitate social cohesion and allow for the incorporation of social justice and equity objectives integrated within Vision 2030. This result proves the validity of hypothesis H1(c). Thus, the dissemination of financial innovations is apparently a key driver in promoting inclusive growth and reducing social disparities. This result is consistent with that found by [14].

The results also show that Fintech promotes environmental sustainability. This means that digitalization of finance reduces the use of paper and physical mobility in banking transactions and thus limits the carbon footprint of the financial sector. Furthermore, the growth of digital platforms for finance and green fintech facilitates environmental initiatives, such as green energy or sustainable infrastructure, to be able to mobilize capital more conveniently. Fintech also facilitates better use of resources through big data analysis, which allows investors and institutions to capitalize on environmental factors in decision-making more effectively. This is its positive contribution in the context of Vision 2030, and it shows the strategic role of financial innovation in transitioning to a circular and greener economy as well as Saudi Arabia’s compatibility with international sustainability criteria. This result is like those found by [7,15,16]. However, it is in contrast with that found by [16] where the authors found that technological advancements hamper environmental sustainability due to excessive carbon emissions.

The development of FinTech in Saudi Arabia is closely intertwined with the country’s strategic vision for economic transformation and sustainability. Under Vision 2030, the Saudi government has launched the Financial Sector Development Program (FSDP), which explicitly promotes FinTech as a driver of financial inclusion, innovation, and diversification away from oil dependency. Recent government investments in digital infrastructure, regulatory sandboxes, and green finance initiatives reflect a strong institutional commitment to aligning financial innovation with sustainable development goals. Our findings, which highlight perceived contributions of FinTech to economic and social sustainability, resonate with these national priorities. Moreover, studies such as [39] have mapped FinTech’s role in advancing specific SDGs in the Saudi context, including SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). By situating our results within this policy framework, we underscore the relevance of FinTech not only as a technological trend but as a strategic instrument in Saudi Arabia’s sustainability agenda.

Beyond technological and institutional factors, user behavior plays a pivotal role in shaping the perceived impact of FinTech services. As [40] demonstrates, even the framing of financial products—such as advisory fees—can influence investor decisions. In the context of Saudi Arabia, where digital financial literacy and trust in emerging technologies are evolving, the design and delivery of FinTech services may moderate how users perceive their contribution to sustainability. Features such as personalization, transparency, and ease of use could enhance adoption and reinforce positive perceptions. Future research could investigate these behavioral mechanisms more deeply, potentially integrating experimental or user-centered approaches to complement survey-based findings.

5. Conclusions

This study, founded on a questionnaire survey among a representative sample in Saudi Arabia, stresses the positive impact of Fintech on all dimensions of sustainability. The empirical evidence demonstrates, on the one hand, that fintech helps achieve economic sustainability through increased financial inclusion, greater efficiency of bank services, and sector diversification. On the other hand, it facilitates social sustainability by smoothing out gaps in access to financial services, improving women’s and youth empowerment, and creating new opportunities for employment. Finally, fintech facilitates environmental sustainability by reducing the environmental footprint of financial transactions and directing capital flows to green ventures, in line with the objectives of Vision 2030.

These are far-reaching implications for policymakers. For banking and finance institutions, the goal is to integrate fintech as a strategic tool to equilibrate economic efficiency and sustainable commitment. For policymakers and regulatory authorities, the results imply the need to introduce policies for facilitating financial innovation, effective regulation management, and tax benefits to ensure the development of fintech solutions based on ESG criteria. Moreover, fintech can be used as an instrument of public policy to promote social inclusion and help the transformation of the country’s environmental conditions. Based on these results, banks and Fintech are recommended to invest more in digital infrastructure, design financial products for disadvantaged groups, and build sustainable financing solutions (green fintech). Public authorities must prompt cooperation among incumbent and new players by means of public–private partnerships and start awareness and financial education initiatives to increase user trust in digital technologies.

While this study provides valuable insights into the role of FinTech in promoting sustainability across economic, social, and environmental dimensions in Saudi Arabia, several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the analysis is based solely on survey data, which may be subject to response bias and may not fully capture the complexity of FinTech adoption and its broader impacts. Second, the use of ordinal logistic regression, while appropriate for the nature of the data, limits the ability to explore non-linear relationships or interactions between variables. Third, the study focuses exclusively on Saudi Arabia, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other contexts, particularly within the broader GCC region. Fourth, the absence of moderating variables such as institutional quality, regulatory frameworks, and corporate governance may overlook important factors that influence the effectiveness of FinTech in driving sustainable development. These limitations suggest avenues for future research, including comparative cross-country analyses and the integration of additional contextual variables. Finally, this study employs an ordinal logistic regression model to examine the relationship between FinTech development and sustainability perceptions. Given that all variables are constructed from ordinal data collected via Likert-scale items, this modeling approach is methodologically appropriate and widely used in survey-based research [31]. However, as the data are cross-sectional and perceptual in nature, the analysis identifies associations rather than causal effects. While control variables such as financial inclusion, technological innovation, and cost-efficiency are included to reduce omitted variable bias, potential endogeneity and reverse causality—such as the possibility that more sustainable regions attract greater FinTech activity—cannot be fully ruled out. Due to data constraints, advanced causal identification strategies such as instrumental variables or panel data techniques were not feasible. Future research could address these limitations by employing longitudinal designs or quasi-experimental methods. Accordingly, the interpretation of results has been carefully framed to avoid causal language, emphasizing associative relationships and perceived contributions.