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Volume 17
Issue 21
10.3390/su17219466
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Article

Valorization of Agro-Industry-Rejected Common Bean Grains for Starch Film Development: Advancing Sustainable and Comprehensive Resource Utilization

by
Victoria Guadalupe Graciano-de la Cruz
1,
Blanca Elizabeth Morales-Contreras
1,*,
Lucila Concepción Núñez-Bretón
2,
Heidi Andrea Fonseca-Florido
3,
Juliana Morales-Castro
1,
José Alberto Gallegos-Infante
4 and
Walfred Rosas-Flores
1,*
1
Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Durango, Felipe Pescador 1803, Nueva Vizcaya, Durango CP 34080, Mexico
2
Departamento de Reología y Mecánica de Materiales, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
3
Investigador por México, CONAHCYT, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo CP 25294, Mexico
4
Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Evaluación de Productos Bióticos (LaNAEPBi), Unidad de Servicio Tecnólógico Nacional de México/I.T. Durango. Depto de Ing. Química-Bioquímica, Felipe Pescador 1803, Nueva Vizcaya, Durango CP 34080, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9466; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219466
Submission received: 23 September 2025 / Revised: 17 October 2025 / Accepted: 22 October 2025 / Published: 24 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)
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Abstract

This study examines the potential use of rejected and discarded grains from the common bean industry as a starch source for producing plasticized films with glycerol. The observed morphological characteristics of starch granules from discarded grains were diverse, with round, oval, and kidney-like shapes and sizes ranging from 7 to 34 µm. We determined the pasting profile: the pasting temperature (GT) fell between 72 °C and 74 °C, while the peak viscosity (Pv) demonstrated a significant rise at 10% and 15% starch concentrations. To better understand pasting behavior, mathematical modeling was employed to predict Pv behavior, with an R2 value of 0.98. All film formulations were successful, yielding transparent, homogeneous, odorless, flexible films with smooth surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the films revealed a flawless surface devoid of fissures, cracks, and pores, displaying a rough texture with a consistent structure and some starch granules resembling empty sacks due to amylose and amylopectin leaching. The highest tensile strength was observed with 6% starch and 1.5 mL of glycerol and the lowest with 4.5% starch and 3.9 mL of glycerol. The findings suggest that starch derived from discarded grains from the bean industry has unique characteristics and properties, making it a promising alternative source for intelligent packaging development.
Keywords: common bean; discarded grains; pasting; starch; starch films common bean; discarded grains; pasting; starch; starch films
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MDPI and ACS Style

Graciano-de la Cruz, V.G.; Morales-Contreras, B.E.; Núñez-Bretón, L.C.; Fonseca-Florido, H.A.; Morales-Castro, J.; Gallegos-Infante, J.A.; Rosas-Flores, W. Valorization of Agro-Industry-Rejected Common Bean Grains for Starch Film Development: Advancing Sustainable and Comprehensive Resource Utilization. Sustainability 2025, 17, 9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219466

AMA Style

Graciano-de la Cruz VG, Morales-Contreras BE, Núñez-Bretón LC, Fonseca-Florido HA, Morales-Castro J, Gallegos-Infante JA, Rosas-Flores W. Valorization of Agro-Industry-Rejected Common Bean Grains for Starch Film Development: Advancing Sustainable and Comprehensive Resource Utilization. Sustainability. 2025; 17(21):9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219466

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graciano-de la Cruz, Victoria Guadalupe, Blanca Elizabeth Morales-Contreras, Lucila Concepción Núñez-Bretón, Heidi Andrea Fonseca-Florido, Juliana Morales-Castro, José Alberto Gallegos-Infante, and Walfred Rosas-Flores. 2025. "Valorization of Agro-Industry-Rejected Common Bean Grains for Starch Film Development: Advancing Sustainable and Comprehensive Resource Utilization" Sustainability 17, no. 21: 9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219466

APA Style

Graciano-de la Cruz, V. G., Morales-Contreras, B. E., Núñez-Bretón, L. C., Fonseca-Florido, H. A., Morales-Castro, J., Gallegos-Infante, J. A., & Rosas-Flores, W. (2025). Valorization of Agro-Industry-Rejected Common Bean Grains for Starch Film Development: Advancing Sustainable and Comprehensive Resource Utilization. Sustainability, 17(21), 9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219466

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