The Biosorption of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic Using Garlic Byproducts and Their Potential for Metal Immobilization in Soil
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Soil and Garlic Byproducts
2.2. Batch Adsorption of Cd, Pb, and As by Garlic Stem and Peel
2.3. Incubation of Metal Contaminated Soil with Garlic Stem and Peel
2.4. Column Incubation of Pb-Contaminated Soil with Garlic Stem
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Removal of Cd, Pb and As Using Garlic Stem and Peel
3.2. Immobilization of Pb and As Using Garlic Stem and Peel
3.3. Lead Release in Saturated and Unsaturated Soil Column
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ICP-OES | Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy |
EC | Electrical conductivity |
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Soil Texture | CEC (cmolc/kg) | As (mg/kg) | Cd (mg/kg) | Cu (mg/kg) | Pb (mg/kg) | Zn (mg/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil for incubation | Sandy loam | 3.01 | 254 ± 21 | 22 ± 1 | ND * | 2032 ± 194 | 222 ± 8 |
Soil for column | Sandy loam | 2.82 | 20 ± 3 | 7.7 ± 2.5 | 116 ± 66 | 1613 ± 166 | 88 ± 14 |
Ca (mg/kg) | K (mg/kg) | Mg (mg/kg) | Fe (mg/kg) | P (mg/kg) | S (mg/kg) | Cd (mg/kg) | Pb (mg/kg) | As (mg/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garlic stem | 873.9 ± 28.5 | 2445.1 ± 44.2 | 137.9 ± 0.7 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 604.8 ± 17.7 | 1138 ± 34.4 | ND * | ND | 0.044 ± 0.01 |
Garlic peel | 983.1 ± 33 | 634.7 ± 3 | 100.4 ± 2.1 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 549.7 ± 25.9 | 1323.1 ± 56.1 | ND | ND | 0.079 ± 0.034 |
pH | EC (μS/cm) | DOC (mg/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 5.10 ± 0.14 b | 82.7 ± 4.1 e | 68.4 ± 0.6 e |
Garlic stem 1% | 5.76 ± 0.36 a | 322.1 ± 6.0 b | 860.1 ± 5.7 c |
Garlic stem 5% | 5.93 ± 0.04 a | 143.0 ± 0.9 d | 4140.2 ± 16.7 a |
Garlic peel 1% | 5.99 ± 0.51 a | 177.7 ± 5.0 c | 480.4 ± 1.2 d |
Garlic peel 5% | 5.66 ± 0.05 a | 632.1 ± 29.2 a | 3751.0 ± 9.7 b |
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Park, J.H. The Biosorption of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic Using Garlic Byproducts and Their Potential for Metal Immobilization in Soil. Sustainability 2025, 17, 8857. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198857
Park JH. The Biosorption of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic Using Garlic Byproducts and Their Potential for Metal Immobilization in Soil. Sustainability. 2025; 17(19):8857. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198857
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Jin Hee. 2025. "The Biosorption of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic Using Garlic Byproducts and Their Potential for Metal Immobilization in Soil" Sustainability 17, no. 19: 8857. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198857
APA StylePark, J. H. (2025). The Biosorption of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic Using Garlic Byproducts and Their Potential for Metal Immobilization in Soil. Sustainability, 17(19), 8857. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198857