Supporting Sustainable Demographic Change: Augmented Reality in Men’s Sheds as a Concept for Active Aging

Abstract

The rapid increase in the aging population presents significant challenges to sustainable development. This is particularly true in relation to the areas of social inclusion, healthcare, and lifelong learning. As societies try to adapt to demographic change, it is important to develop innovative approaches that improve the quality of life of older adults while promoting their active participation in community life. Firstly, this paper examines current methods of activating seniors through social and technical engagement, with a particular focus on the concept of men’s sheds—a concept originating in Australia, in which a space where older adults men can socialize and engage in woodworking and other technical activities is offered. Despite the benefits of such initiatives, digital exclusion remains a key barrier that limits the full participation of seniors in a rapidly digitizing world. This paper explores the potential of integrating augmented reality (AR) into men’s sheds as a tool to limit digital gaps and support inclusive, active aging. The authors present a proposal and a practical implementation scenario for the use of AR in men’s sheds as a new concept to activate seniors. This paper examines the example of metal processing performed in men’s sheds using AR. The concept was then evaluated by experts. This paper presents the results of these experts’ opinions. The authors conducted interviews with seven experts. There were ten questions: seven closed-ended (rated on a scale from 1 to 5) and three open-ended questions. This study aligns with the concept of smart cities and the wider goals of sustainable development by promoting lifelong learning, intergenerational exchange, and improved well-being among seniors.

1. Introduction

The development of civilization is currently accompanied by a significant increase in the number of seniors in societies. Due to rapid technological development, seniors face the problem of digital exclusion. There are serious challenges to sustainable development, especially in the areas of health systems, social participation, and urban infrastructure. In response, it is becoming increasingly necessary to implement innovative solutions that not only extend the life of seniors, but also improve their quality of life—including in terms of reducing the phenomenon of digital and technological exclusion. Therefore, solving the problems of this social group is crucial. New solutions, especially in the field of medical sciences, are increasingly contributing to the extension of life expectancy among seniors. Activities, which have an impact on this phenomenon, as well as on the continuous improvement of quality of life, which is becoming a necessity, include the activation of seniors.

A growing variety of different means and methods are available to support these people in pursuing their passions and contributing to their development. These include men’s sheds, which gather people, mainly older adults, to make technical items (e.g., birdhouses, ship models, etc.), mainly from wood or/and metal. The functioning of such people in men’s sheds often requires acquiring knowledge about the design and production of these means. The teacher’s function is fulfilled by an animator, who provides knowledge on the necessary topic. A complementary form of senior education that is widely recognized in Europe is the Universities of the Third Age (U3A), which offer structured lifelong learning opportunities. Although U3A focuses primarily on theoretical and cultural learning, men’s sheds emphasize practical and technical engagement. Together, these initiatives highlight the diversity of strategies aimed at supporting active aging.

Referring to digital exclusion due to age, it must be highlighted that a means to limit and/or eliminate this factor is to supplement knowledge in digital solutions and IT tools, regarding both hardware and software. In this context, information technologies such as augmented reality (AR) offer promising opportunities. AR can serve as an intuitive and interactive learning tool, providing step-by-step visual instructions, making technical activities more accessible to people with limited digital experience. It provides the creator with instructions on how to perform the technical means. Additionally, the existing possibility of exchanging information with the external environment (people from outside men’s sheds) justifies the need to include the discussed IT solutions in the functioning of the city in accordance with the smart city concept. In this paper, a smart city is understood to be an urban ecosystem that uses digital technologies to enhance inclusiveness, social participation, and sustainability [1]. Within this framework, AR solutions in men’s sheds can be seen as part of the social innovation of the city infrastructure that reduces digital exclusion and strengthens intergenerational solidarity. This is in line with the broader vision of urban environments that use technology to improve the inclusiveness, sustainability, and quality of life of all residents, including seniors.

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it develops a conceptual proposal to integrate AR into men’s sheds as a tool to support active aging, digital inclusion, and sustainable urban development. The authors present a scenario for the implementation of the proposed solution. Second, this paper presents an assessment of the proposed concept. The idea developed was also evaluated by experts. The authors interviewed seven experts. The questionnaire contained ten questions: seven closed-ended questions (Likert scale from 1 to 5) and three open-ended questions. The knowledge gap addressed in this paper lies in the limited integration of AR technologies with community-based initiatives for seniors, and in the insufficient exploration of how such integration could align with broader smart city and sustainable development agendas.

2. Materials and Methods

This article is theoretical and conceptual in nature. It is based on a literature review and the author’s proposed model for utilizing AR in the activation of seniors, using the concept of men’s sheds in the context of smart city development. The main aim of this study is to propose a new approach to supporting the social and cognitive activity of seniors by implementing solutions based on AR in social spaces dedicated to seniors.

The first stage of the study involved a review of the scientific literature. Chapter three presents the current state of knowledge on the topic of the activation of older adults, particularly in the context of the challenges posed by an aging society in smart cities. The role and importance of the social, cognitive, and physical activation of seniors are analyzed, and the need to include them in community activities supported by modern technologies is emphasized. The concept of men’s sheds is discussed. The literature indicating that such activities positively impact the mental, social, and health well-being of older men is analyzed. This article highlights the potential of men’s sheds as a tool for combating isolation, inactivity, and marginalization among older adults. The next chapter then reviews the literature on the use of AR in technology supporting older adults, including gerontechnology. It examines examples of AR applications in education, rehabilitation, independent living, and improving the quality of life of seniors.

Based on the collected literature and an analysis of existing concepts, Section 5 propose a proprietary conceptual model for using AR to engage older adults in men’s sheds. Then, Section 6 presents an implementation scenario. The general idea of the model is presented, and its structure is proposed, from identifying user needs, through the stages of implementing AR technology in such spaces, to a description of practical applications. The model includes a scenario for using AR in metalworking education—one of the potential activities implemented in men’s sheds. It presents 17 technological operations that can be replicated in an AR environment, and describes how these could be presented to seniors in a visual and instructional manner. Potential challenges related to the acceptance of AR technology by older adults and factors that should be considered when designing such solutions are also discussed.

An implementation scenario of the proposed AR model was developed to illustrate its practical application in men’s sheds. The scenario is divided into two parts: the first has 5 phases, and the other has 3. The organization phase includes the following stages:

• Preparing the technical knowledge necessary to produce the technical mean.
• Developing AR content.
• Setting up AR equipment.
• Preparation of the infrastructure.
• Providing training and support.

The realization phase includes the following stages:

• Starting the AR-supported project.
• Monitoring progress and providing feedback.
• Providing feedback.

Subsequently, the concept was evaluated by seven experts through structured interviews conducted by the authors. The evaluation included 10 questions: 7 rated on a scale of 1–5, and 3 open-ended questions to collect qualitative insights. This expert assessment allowed us to identify the potential benefits, barriers, and recommendations for the implementation of AR activities for older adults. Section 7 presents a discussion of the experts’ evaluation, and then possibilities in terms of the acceptance of AR by older adults, and finally the challenges of AR in men’s sheds. The last (Section 8) summarizes this research.

In summary, the methodology used in this article involved a literature review, the development of a concept and an implementation scenario, as well as interviews with experts and the evaluation of the concept. The proposed model represents an innovative proposal for combining pro-social activities with technological ones in the spirit of sustainable and inclusive development of smart cities.

The novelty of the proposed concept lies in the proposal to apply AR to the environment of men’s sheds, which has not been previously addressed in the literature. While AR has already been explored in education, industrial training, and healthcare, its use in men’s sheds introduces a new dimension, as these workshops combine technical skills with social interaction and community building among older adults. Unlike existing AR contexts, the focus here is not only on task execution, but also on promoting active aging, reducing digital exclusion, and aligning workshop activities with the principles of sustainable development and smart cities. This integrative perspective makes the concept innovative compared to other AR initiatives.

3. Activation of Seniors—Current State of the Literature

3.1. Activation of Seniors as a Current Need of Modern Civilization

The proper functioning of modern societies is possible, and will be possible in the future, only if the seniors that make up them are active. According to Osiński [2], after Rynkowska [3], in the opinion of the World Health Organization, such people have less noticeable health deficits and greater psychophysical efficiency, and, therefore, the costs of healthcare are reduced. This is because the systematic activity of seniors has an impact on delaying dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and many other chronic diseases. Furthermore, active seniors are people who have a greater ability and willingness to work and make a significant contribution to society’s development, according to [2], after [3]. Therefore, this organization has proposed an active aging model based on four key foundations that are important to increase the quality of life of seniors and which are subject to optimization. These are as follows:

• Health;
• Continuing education;
• Participation;
• Safety.

Building these foundations should consist of taking actions that constitute inputs into the proposed model. They can take various forms of senior activation. Among the forms of senior activation, the following can be distinguished:

• Physical activation.
• Mental activation through learning, developing passions, reading, mind games, etc.
• Social activation through participation in support groups, clubs, or organizations.

The quality of a person’s life in old age, conditioned by his health, as indicated by the research results presented in [4,5], is determined by their physical activity. In the case of most older adults, according to [6], a clear decline in this activity can be observed, which is limited to daily activities such as shopping, cooking, cleaning, and work. Among the existing reasons, according to Sobczak [7], the low participation of seniors in regular exercise can be due to the following: insufficient level of safety of rehabilitation and training programs, lack of access to the required equipment and devices, lack of an exercise partner, fear of injury, and lack of positive stimulation. Recommended easy forms of exercise, or those with a moderate degree of difficulty, include walking, dancing, swimming, cycling, and gymnastics [6]. The classical form of dance is sometimes inaccessible due to the lack of opportunity, housing conditions, and a partner, or difficulties in adapting one’s daily schedule to the rigid hours of organized classes [7,8,9]. The analysis showed that seniors, especially women, feel a severe lack of this form of activity, or even long for it [8].

Quality of life, according to the assumptions of the World Health Organization, is also be influenced by mental activation. It can be provided through learning, developing passions, reading, and mind games. An important task is to convince seniors to use information and communication technologies (ICT), which contributes to reducing or even eliminating the phenomenon of digital exclusion in societies. This issue is broadly presented in many papers, such as [10,11,12,13,14]. The articles [15,16,17] touch on the problem of the impact of the use of computers in everyday life in seniors. The purpose of these articles was to identify changes in mood and way of thinking that should be included in the ICT-using community by learning them. Social activation targeted at seniors includes the following forms of spending free time [6]:

• Universities of the Third Age, conducting educational, cultural, social, and care activities, which make seniors want to meet and stay with each other, help each other, and serve each other with rich professional and life experience;
• Volunteering, i.e., working for people in need;
• Senior clubs in which seniors can spend their time interestingly and actively, organizing trips to the theater or opera, trips and outdoor tourist trips, as well as participating in various training courses (e.g., courses in the operation and the use of computers and Internet).

3.2. Men’s Sheds Characteristics

An example of both the physical form and a mental and social form of activation of seniors are men’s sheds. The first methods of this type of activity for seniors were created in Australia, where property and social trends are changing, causing the number of sheds in homes to reduce. This results in a loss of social bonds and self-esteem upon retirement or the loss of a partner, which causes adverse social and emotional problems for the health and well-being of many men. For Indigenous people in Australia, systematic disempowerment, loss of authority, hierarchy, traditional men’s spaces, and loss of identity, connection to the land, respect, culture, and spirituality, have also had an impact on them [18]. In addition, there are many disadvantages in the lives of Indigenous people in Australia, manifested by low levels of education, unemployment, poverty, alcohol and substance abuse, domestic violence, etc. As a result of these phenomena, there is a high rate of preventable chronic diseases, a high rate of other diseases and injuries, and premature morbidity and mortality [18].

The reasons above contributed to the creation of men’s sheds, where men can socialize and work on tasks such as woodworking, metalworking, cooking, and bicycle repair [19]. The projects that men work on (building things like birdhouses, park benches, and flowerpots) are often donated to various community-based social organizations. The goals of their activities are to improve the quality of mental health of their male participants, improve well-being, and eliminate social isolation—which, according to Föttinger [20], are significant problems in their lives. These goals, in addition to acceptance and support and the development of positive male identification, which, according to [21,22], men achieve by using existing skills and developing new ones, experiencing a sense of belonging, supporting and being supported by peers, and contributing to the community. By attending men’s sheds, men forget about their worries and feel happier and more motivated [20].

3.3. Men’s Sheds as a Form of Activating Seniors

Taking into account the above-mentioned problems occurring in men and the possibility of their participation in men’s sheds, scientific work was undertaken on the subject of men’s sheds. Albrecht et al. [23] reviewed methods for examining the relationship between participation in men’s sheds and self-rated health, subjective well-being, and social isolation. Information about the effective implementation of these solutions was also provided. Although men’s sheds have been accepted for their health and well-being benefits for male participants, research has not yet addressed the impact of men’s sheds in improving men’s health and their role as a gender-sensitive public health preventive measure. Therefore, the research presented in [24,25] proposes a set of pathways through which male shed activity led to positive engagement in improving health; the proposed paths offer different ways in which activities in the shed can influence the behavior and health bases of its participants. By participating in this form of activity, users reported an increase in health-promoting behaviors, an improved perspective on and management of their personal health, and an increased ability to overcome illness [24].

4. The Role and Possibilities of Using AR and Smart City in the Activation of Seniors

Based on the literature review presented in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that most of the literature on men’s sheds as a method of solving the problems of seniors focus on the psychological aspects of assessing the impact of men’s sheds on the well-being and health of seniors. However, there is a need to supplement the presented theory with resources regarding the data, information, and knowledge about the design, construction, and production of the technical means made in men’s sheds. In the opinion of the authors of this article, it is justified to support the animators and their participants with means and methods that enable them to achieve the goals mentioned above. An opportunity in this respect is the field of knowledge known as gerontechnology, which deals with developing ways to facilitate seniors’ access to all goods, services, and infrastructure [26]; this field has been characterized in [27]. The aim of this field of knowledge should be to develop inexpensive, functional solutions regarding methods and techniques to reduce the digital exclusion of seniors. These may include, among others, IT tools that constitute an opportunity for seniors and their animators, being a way to acquire or supplement digital competences by acquiring and transferring knowledge. These include, among others, AR systems, which can be technical means supporting seniors by functioning as IT solutions implementing the smart city philosophy. They will be the subject of this research, the results of which are presented later in this article.

4.1. AR as Gerontechnology

AR involves overlaying digital information onto the physical world. This information converges in two dimensions: spatially and temporally. The user can interact with virtual objects in real-time [28]. Therefore, AR combines real and virtual worlds. This technology allows for superimposing 3D visualizations onto a real image. Therefore, it can be said that AR is an intermediate form between the virtual and real world [29]. This solution adds images or information to the real world that does not change [30]. As for the displayed information, it may include, for example, the following factors: In a city: The names of streets, monuments, stops. In a museum: Descriptions of objects, e.g., when viewing a given painting, AR technology can display information about the creator, title, painting style, etc. At work: A mechanic using AR may know the name of a given part or information about a fault detected by artificial intelligence (AI). In turn, regarding the extension of emerging objects, they blend in with the real world and create a new whole within it. An example would be to place a virtual piece of furniture in a room to see how it will blend in with the rest of the interior. Figure 1 presents a view of AR goggles which shows the virtual image “Welcome to Mail” seen in a real room with a chair and a blackboard.

AR is currently not used on a global scale, but its potential is significant and can be used, among others, in entertainment [31,32], tourism and culture (concerts, museums, sightseeing) [33,34,35], and sports [36], as well as in medicine [37], architecture [38], production [39], trade and advertising [34,40], education [41] treatment and therapies [42], shopping [43,44], and many other areas. It is worth noting that AR technology can be used to improve the quality of life of seniors, with many social benefits. AR may be an example of a technology used within gerontechnology. AR can improve the quality of life of seniors by using it to facilitate everyday functioning and increase seniors’ independence. The use of AR is not yet widespread in this area, but some theoretical and practical solutions can already be found in the literature. As noted by Lee et al. [45], unfortunately, solutions in the field of virtual and AR are often aimed at younger groups of recipients, and we should consider the exclusion of seniors as users of these solutions. Hence, as the authors note, research in the literature on the challenges and opportunities related to the use of VR and AR by seniors is quite limited. Moreover, the authors emphasize that most research on AR focuses on the physical well-being of seniors, leaving aside their mental well-being. The authors identify a research gap around increasing the social well-being of seniors through the use of AR. In turn, Seifert and Scholomann [46] describe the many benefits resulting from the use of virtual and AR by seniors. These technologies can support a healthy lifestyle through interactive health games. In addition, they can enable maintaining social contacts via digital interfaces, support rehabilitation, and help with everyday tasks. AR allows for users to interact in a new way with their real surroundings. The authors emphasize that research results indicate that the use of VR and AR can improve the well-being of older adults, even though they are often omitted from research on these technologies. Silva et al. [47] conducting a systematic literature review, identifying the main applications of virtual reality for seniors currently and in the near future. These include healthcare, rehabilitation, fall prevention, physical activity, cognitive exercises, play, and virtual travel to remote places. In the literature, there is also research on specific AR applications. For example, Williams et al. [48] show the results of designing individual elements of the application selecting the optimal image information displayed in the application. Liang [49] present design principles for AR for older adults. Guerrero et al. [50] present research on designing and evaluating an intelligent AR system for assisting seniors’ medication management. Nishchyk et al. [51] present an AR game for helping older adults to perform physical exercises at home. Tsao et al. [52] develop a reminiscence therapy system for older adults using the integration of VR and AR.

4.2. Smart City as a Way to Activate Seniors

The issue of exclusion of seniors from certain areas, especially those related to modern technologies, mentioned briefly in the previous section, is part of a much larger social problem. In practice and the literature, we can encounter the phenomenon of discrimination and exclusion of seniors. Recently, scholarship has also highlighted the digital exclusion of seniors. The digital social exclusion of seniors is a growing concern, as many older adults face significant barriers to accessing and using digital technologies [53]. Factors contributing to this exclusion include lack of access to devices and Internet connectivity, limited digital literacy, and cognitive challenges. The design and usability of many digital interfaces often do not take into account the needs of older users, and social and psychological barriers such as fear of technology and isolation further compound the problem [54]. This exclusion leads to increased social isolation, limited access to basic services, an unfavorable economic situation, and deterioration in the quality of life of seniors. For example, an increasing number of stores offer discounts thanks to smartphone applications, but sometimes seniors have difficulties in using smartphones, downloading new applications, and setting up accounts on them.

It should be noted that rapid technological progress leads to increasing inequalities, among others, between the younger and older generations. Younger generations (Generation Y, Z, and younger) who grew up in the digital age tend to be better at coping with modern technologies and adapting to changes faster. In contrast, older generations (especially the so-called Baby Boomers, but also partly Generation X) often have difficulty keeping up with technological progress, which may lead to digital exclusion. The lack of skills in using new devices and applications, as well as less access to the Internet, may limit their ability to fully participate in social life and use the services offered by smart cities.

In the face of growing social inequalities between generations, especially when it comes to digital skills, smart cities strive to ensure equal access to technology for all residents, regardless of age. The phenomenon of digital exclusion of older generations is a real problem, but smart cities assume that every person should have the opportunity to use modern digital solutions. One of the key features of smart cities is inclusiveness [55]. This means that technologies are designed to be accessible to everyone, including seniors. Smart cities offer educational and training programs that aim to increase the digital competences of seniors, enabling them to participate more fully in social life and use the amenities offered by modern technologies. Some cities, e.g., Chongqing in China, implement the idea of smart “age-friendly” cities, recognizing the mentioned problem and counteracting its occurrence [56]. The idea of “age-friendly” is also discussed in other papers, such as [57,58,59]. Even the World Health Organization (WHO) has discussed this issue and has created national programs for age-friendly cities and communities, as can be read on the WHO’s website [60].

Smart cities take various actions to reduce the social and digital exclusion of seniors and help them in their daily life and functioning in the city. Rodrigues et al. [61], in their paper, describe the idea of a smart bus stop. This solution can integrate all the features of existing bus stops and intelligent features to allow for their adaptation to different users’ needs. Liouane et al. [62] discuss the importance of localization services for older adults that should be provided in time and, when necessary, in smart cities. Such a solution should be based on the IoT paradigm for collecting heterogeneous data that should be broadcast in smart cities. Another technology is called DisAssist [63]. Its aim is to allow for seniors to find, reserve, and access real-time parking availability information obtained via machine-to-machine communications. Vargas-Acosta et al. [64] introduced Urban Connector, a mobile application designed to provide essential information about city services, helping older adults navigate urban areas and reduce risks such as traffic congestion, getting lost, or being involved in accidents. Matos et al. [65] introduced the SafeFollowing application, which provides collaborative support to people with disabilities and older adults in challenging situations by connecting them with qualified agents and volunteers. Specifically, the SafeFollowing mobile app allows for users to request assistance by sending notifications to nearby agents and volunteers. Lee et al. [66] proposed a biosensor (smart watch) worn on the wrist and a platform for the continuous monitoring of seniors’ interactions with the built environment. The goal of this solution is to support interventions that minimize stressful interactions. In addition, there are some solutions that use AI to facilitate the development of inclusive transportation tailored to the specific needs of seniors [67]. There are, for example, intelligent routing systems that suggest accessible routes for older adults—which means that these routes avoid physical barriers and steep inclines. Due to this, older adults can travel comfortably and independently. These and similar solutions are designed to offer customized suggestions that improve the mobility of seniors and to enhance the inclusion and safety of the transportation options available to seniors [59].

All of the solutions described above are intended to contribute to increasing the safety and comfort of seniors, as well as to reducing the social exclusion of seniors from cities, especially smart cities. Therefore, it can be said that these solutions indirectly activate and encourage seniors to live freely and actively. On the other hand, there are many solutions that directly increase the activity of seniors. For instance, Casino et al. [68] discusses a context-aware recommender application that suggests personalized exercise routes based on real-time data from smart city infrastructure, such as air quality and weather conditions. Users can select routes that match their health profiles and preferences, and even propose new routes based on their experiences. Similarly, the SmartWalk project, detailed across articles [69,70,71], focuses on promoting seniors’ physical activity through personalized route suggestions tailored to individual health conditions. Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in selecting suitable routes designed to meet the requirements of physical activity and personal preferences. Other papers [72,73] relate to the Smart City Active Mobile Phone Intervention (SCAMPI) project, which evaluates an application that aims to promote physical activity through active transportation. Using GPS and accelerometers, the application monitors behavior changes toward active transportation, providing real-time data on location, travel speed, and physical activity levels. These initiatives collectively demonstrate how smart city technologies can effectively improve physical activity among older adults while integrating real-time data and user feedback to optimize health outcomes. In the literature, there are some more solutions for seniors, for example, SmartWalk [71]. This is a project to create a monitoring system of well-being and physical activity for older adults. The service is about helping people to have the best possible activity level and do so without disrupting their routines. Another solution is the concept of an Intelligent Assistant Carer system for the older adult [74]. It was designed to help with active aging and facilitate interactions with carers. There are also eHealth platforms that enable seniors to have a more independent lifestyle, enhance their participation, and improve their well-being [75,76,77]. In addition, information and communication technologies are expected to be associated with aging, social inclusion, and active participation [78].

These solutions fit into the concept of smart living which is one of six areas of smart cities. These pillars were identified in the McKinsey Global Institute report in 2018 [79]. Smart living encompasses the integration of technology to improve the quality of life of city residents, covering areas such as healthcare, education, and safety [80]. It includes the deployment of, for example, smart home systems, IoT-enabled devices, and digital services that meet the needs of individuals and communities. Smart living intends to create a more comfortable and connected urban life, providing citizens with increased well-being and a sense of community [81].

As shown above, smart cities have various solutions that both support seniors in everyday life and activate them. But, at the same time, there are many challenges that smart cities face in terms of activating and supporting seniors. The challenge is also to ensure that the solutions developed enable the activation of seniors in the three areas that are discussed above: physical, mental, and social activation. As part of physical activation, cities must ensure the availability of safe, well-lit walking paths, parks, and recreational areas. Such places should be easily accessible to seniors, including people with limited mobility. On the other hand, developing mobile applications and wearables that monitor physical activity, motivate regular exercise, and offer personalized training plans should also be adapted to the needs and comfort of seniors. As part of physical activity, cities should also organize social sporting events, such as group walks, yoga, or gymnastics, for seniors. It is important that these events are regular and take place in different parts of the city to be accessible to as many people as possible. As part of mental activation in smart cities, seniors should have access to a number of online and stationary courses and training that will help seniors develop new skills, such as using a computer/smartphone, foreign languages, and artistic activities. Another idea is to create digital libraries with access to e-books, audiobooks, online courses, and educational platforms. Moreover, promoting educational applications and games that stimulate the mind and support memory and cognitive skills is also an important initiative that should be implemented. Smart cities should also have a positive impact on the social activity of seniors. One solution is to create local social media platforms that make it easier for seniors to establish and maintain contacts, organize meetings, and participate in joint activities. An interesting idea would be to establish social centers where seniors could meet and participate in workshops, lectures, and various cultural events. Another initiative is to encourage seniors to participate in volunteer and mentoring programs that allow for them to share their experiences and skills with younger generations.

Summarizing Section 4.1 and Section 4.2, it should be stated that the activation of seniors in smart cities fits in the concept of Society 5.0 [82] which represents a vision of a highly advanced and interconnected society where technology serves as a catalyst for positive social and economic transformation. This article proposes the activation of seniors through the use of AR in men’s sheds, which is described in the next chapter.

5. Smart City and AR in Supporting Seniors in Men’s Sheds—A Concept

The above research results allow us to state that there is a need to supplement the activities of men’s sheds with methods and computer programs that will support animators and participants in the implementation of projects. The purpose of their use will primarily be activities that improve the health and well-being of seniors, as well as eliminating or limiting the effects of digital exclusion through mental and social activation. This will be performed by supplementing knowledge and skills, as well as selected social competencies, which will allow for the creation of technical means, improving the work of seniors individually and in a team. The presented goals can be achieved when creating technical means and can be achieved through the implementation of the process of meeting needs stages. This process of meeting needs includes the following stages [83,84,85,86,87]:

• Recognition of the need;
• Design;
• Construction;
• Manufacturing;
• Exploitation (this stage will be skipped in further considerations).

The first stage mentioned should include the recognition of human needs. A. Maslow presents different categories of needs in his pyramid. According to Kaźmierczak [88], this stage should also include the identification and assessment of needs. The next stage of designing technical means involves determining their structure (what they consist of) and the operating principle of the technical means. This stage develops the proposed concepts of the technical means, as well as their optimization, which involves finding the optimal solution for the technical means based on the adopted criteria. The construction stage, on the other hand, involves assigning specific design features to the technical means. These are geometric (dimensions), material, and dynamic features. The manufacturing stage includes the preparation and implementation of the production process. It includes, among others, the development of production technology and the planning of the production. The latter are the times of task execution, and the resources needed for this purpose include tools, production machines, and rooms in which the tasks in the field of production are carried out.

The implementation of the mentioned stages means acquiring, collecting, and storing data, information, and knowledge. Generally, the knowledge that an animator or participant of men’s workshops should acquire can be divided into the following [10]:

• Declarative knowledge, which is expressed in the statement, “I know that…”;
• Procedural knowledge, which consists of rules, principles, instructions, strategies, and algorithms of conduct.

Therefore, it is necessary to manage knowledge appropriately. The exchange of data/information or knowledge between the animator, the participants of the men’s workshops, and the environment where the projects must be implemented in such a way as to achieve their intended goals can be supported using appropriate computer programs. An example of such a system is shown in Figure 2.

Its essence of the concept is to acquire, collect, and share knowledge with people performing tasks at individual stages of the process of meeting needs. Data and information related to these stages, which are shown in Figure 2 and which can be collected in a database (developed using MS Excel or MS Access) or in the form of files (drawing documentation), can be made available within an application operating in accordance with the AR concept. These can be seen within the framework of AR on the screen that appears after putting the goggles on the head of the participant or animator. Within it, it also displays information on the actions that should be taken at individual stages in the diagram of the process of meeting needs. The visualization of this information is possible due to knowledge repositories, each of which provides specific knowledge (knowledge in a selected scope) to a specific participant. Within the repositories of the developed support system, both the animator and the participants have access to specific knowledge, which they can obtain/learn and use at individual stages of the process of meeting needs (according to J. Dietrych), but they can also transfer knowledge to other people—participants of men’s workshops, as well as representatives of the environment or residents of the smart city—thanks to the use of Internet browsers and social media. Also, thanks to the use of these tools, they can obtain data, information, and knowledge from the residents of the city. Optionally, the (integrated) support system can additionally use the following partial tools:

• Drawing program: This can be used in preparing the concept of the designed technical object;
• Text editor: This can be used in the development of the technology for manufacturing the technical object;
• Text and graphic visualization program.

Figure 3 shows the scheme of AR applied in a men’s shed. The user sees, in the AR goggles, elements of the real world (for example, a table with tools) and virtual elements (e.g., objects, inscriptions, or markings) which help the user to perform real activities in the shed.

6. Practical Realization of the Concept of AR in Men’s Sheds—Activities and Examples

6.1. Implementation Scenario

According to the concept described in Section 5 and illustrated in Figure 2, the “production” stage will involve planning, organizing, and implementing the production of the selected object by the people involved in the men’s sheds (participants and facilitators). The planning stage will involve determining the manufacturing operations that will allow for the production of the technical object. The intention is to produce a bracket for mounting a birdhouse to a wooden pole. Metal processing should be performed using AR following the following sequence of activities:

[1]

Reviewing information on the design.

[2]

Reviewing documentation on the available manufacturing techniques and establishing the process flow with the facilitator.

[3]

Marking of the sheet metal for cutting.

[4]

Cutting the sheet metal to the following measurements: 100 × 50 × 1 mm.

[5]

Learning about sheet metal bending technology using a hammer (Figure 4).

[6]

Securing the sheet metal in a vise.

[7]

Performing the bending operation with a hammer.

[8]

Removing the sheet metal from the vise.

[9]

Checking the correctness of the drilling operation using a caliper.

[10]

Marking the screw holes.

[11]

Securing the sheet metal in a vise.

[12]

Selection of the drill and the drill bit.

[13]

Attaching a 2.5 mm diameter drill bit.

[14]

Drilling two 2.5 mm diameter holes for screws.

[15]

Removing the sheet metal from the vise.

[16]

Checking the correctness of the drilling operation.

[17]

Removing burs from the holes.

According to the concept presented in the article, the production of a technical mean will depend on the availability of appropriate resources (materials, tools, machines, and manufacturing equipment), including IT tools. Therefore, these resources must be organized. Organizational tasks include the implementation of AR methods and measures, which require the development and evaluation of an implementation concept. This concept should be the result of an analysis of various scenarios for implementing AR solutions available in the men’s sheds and the selection of the most appropriate scenario. For the purposes of educating the shed participants to produce the mounting bracket, the implementation scenario should include the following information:

• Preparing the technical knowledge necessary to produce the technical mean: Assigning material resources to the appropriate manufacturing activities (in our case, operation 7 should be assigned a hammer, a wooden block, and a vise), including the technical resources needed for its implementation, including AR tools (goggles), and determining how and for which manufacturing activities, with the participation of a facilitator or persons from outside the shed and/or AR technicians, guidelines and instructions should be provided. In this case, the purpose of AR will be to visualize the technological process by showing videos with 2D and 3D models of semi-finished products (plate, shaft, etc.) for various types of processing, taking into account various auxiliary operations (e.g., measuring the diameter of a hole using a caliper), as well as the product itself and the resources needed for its processing (tools and manufacturing machines). It will also display comments on the screen below containing the following information:
  • Name of the technological operation (e.g., “performing a bending operation using a hammer”);
  • Name and parameters of the tools to be used (e.g., 1 kg hammer);
  • A message about the need to ensure safety measures (e.g., for operations 4 and 14, the instruction should be, “wear safety glasses”);
  • Questions arising from the principles of sustainable development (e.g., “Does the operation produce too much waste?”, “Does the operation consume too much of your energy?”, and “Does the operation (excessively) pollute the environment?”);
  • Information about the tools used in the technological operation (the name and type of tool, as well as machining parameters) (e.g., when selecting a drill and drill press, the rotational speed and feed rate should be provided), should also include questions such as, “Is the tool excessively energy-intensive?”, “Does the tool cause environmental pollution?”, and “Is the tool prone to frequent breakdowns?”

This data should be available in the form of appropriate repositories for animators in the men’s sheds and for people outside them. It should be shared with them directly and via instant messaging, enabling data visualization and motivating workshop participants to complete tasks. An example of AR application to support the implementation of a selected manufacturing operation for the technical means is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Three-dimensional model of the selected sheet metal blank for operation 7 of the proposed technological process, with commentary [89].

Figure 4. Three-dimensional model of the selected sheet metal blank for operation 7 of the proposed technological process, with commentary [89].

2.

Developing AR content:

• Developing or acquiring AR applications tailored to the selected project: This could include 3D models, instructional videos, or step-by-step guides, which can be accessed using AR. For manufacturing activity 7, a model of a technical system could be used, including a sheet of metal to be bent, a hammer, a block of wood, and a vise.
• Verifying that the AR content is user-friendly and appropriate for the facilitator and participants, with clear, simple instructions, and easy-to-read text.

To further clarify the technical implementation of the proposed AR system in men’s sheds for seniors, we present a preliminary solution architecture. The system is based on a combination of HoloLens 2 devices and tablets, communicating with a local application server that stores session data and enables the synchronization of AR content between devices. Objects are tracked and registered using SLAM (Simultaneous Location and Mapping) technology, utilizing both physical markers and markerless functionality for flexible interaction within the workshop. User interaction is based on hand gestures, voice commands, and a touchscreen interface on the tablet that accommodates the varying abilities of older adults. The system maintains latency tolerances of less than 50 ms and a tracking accuracy of <1 cm, ensuring user comfort and safety. Sample interface mockups show task selection screens, visualizations of metal operations, and AR prompts for subsequent task steps. The proposed architecture also enables scalability and interoperability with other educational tools and workshop data systems, creating a flexible and safe environment for learning practical skills in AR. Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram showing the architecture of the AR system for the men’s sheds.

3.

Setting up AR equipment:

• Providing the men’s shed with the necessary AR hardware (usually as AR goggles—for example, Hololens2 goggles—or sometimes tablets or smartphones).
• Installation of AR software or application(s) that will be used to view and interact with AR content.
• Ensuring that all equipment is accessible and easy to use for seniors, considering factors such as screen size, font readability, and ease of navigation.

4.

Preparation of the infrastructure:

• Designation of a specific area within the men’s shed for AR activities. This space should be well-lit, comfortable, and free of obstacles to ensure safety.
• Providing all the necessary tools and materials for AR activity projects in the area, ensuring that they are easily accessible to participants.
• Setting up a secure station for AR goggles, tablets, or smartphones. This includes charging stations and storage for devices when not in use.
• Providing strong Wi-Fi connectivity for AR applications.

5.

Providing training and support:

• Introducing participants to AR technology with a simple demonstration on how to use the devices and access AR content.
• Offering ongoing support and assistance to help seniors get comfortable with the technology. This could include workshops, one-on-one sessions, or easy-to-follow manuals.

After organizing the tasks, they are implemented (realization stage). Realization phase includes the following stages:

• Starting the AR-supported project:
  • Starting the project, in which participants use AR to guide them through each step. For example, they can view a 3D model of a birdhouse in a shed, along with the mounting bracket they need to make (the relative positioning of both components).
  • Users follow interactive instructions that show each manufacturing step (e.g., to make a mounting bracket for the birdhouse) and the order in which each step should be completed.
• Monitoring progress and providing feedback:
  • Checking each participant’s progress: AR can provide real-time feedback, such as identifying whether the component is properly made, in accordance with the requirements specified in the instructions.
  • Being ready to help (animator).
  • Ensuring safe AR use and the infrastructure of the men’s shed (animator).
  • Encouraging collaboration in projects. For example, a participant can share their AR view with another participant for advice or assistance. Participants can also use AR to present their completed projects in person, showcasing their work to the rest of the men’s shed or the broader community.
• Providing feedback:
  • Gathering feedback from participants on their experience with AR after completing the project: Discussion of what worked well and what could be improved.

Figure 6 presents the concept of AR in a men’s shed during metal processing activities. The illustration shows a senior participant wearing AR goggles and working on a bench with a sheet of metal fixed in a vise. Through AR overlays, the user receives step-by-step visual instructions, safety reminders (e.g., “Wear safety glasses”), and 3D models of the processing steps (e.g., bending the sheet with a hammer). This visualization demonstrates how AR can simplify technical tasks, increase safety, and support the digital inclusion of older adults in practical workshop activities.

6.2. Expert Assessment

The next stage of this research involved assessing the proposed use of AR in men’s sheds. For this purpose, expert interviews were conducted. The interviews were structured and consisted of ten questions: seven closed-ended and three open-ended. The closed-ended questions involved rating statements on a scale of 1–5 (Likert scale), where 1 means ‘strongly disagree’ and 5 means ‘strongly agree’. The assessed statements were the following:

• Q1. The proposed use of AR in men’s sheds has the potential to support the activation of seniors.
• Q2. The proposed concept has the potential for practical use in men’s sheds.
• Q3. The proposal makes a significant contribution to the development of innovative methods for the activation of seniors.
• Q4. The concept can contribute to the achievement of the SDG.
• Q5. The concept is consistent with the principles of smart cities (inclusivity, digital participation, lifelong learning, etc.).
• Q6. This solution has the potential to reduce the digital divide among seniors.
• Q7. I believe that further research and development of this concept is warranted.
• The open-ended questions were formulated as follows:
• Q8. What potential barriers can you identify in the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds for older adults?
• Q9. What potential threats can you identify in the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds for older adults?
• Q10. What potential benefits can you identify in the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds for older adults?

The proposal being evaluated was presented to the experts in two ways: orally (a descriptive presentation) and in writing (they received a description and assumptions of the concept). Experts could also ask questions to discuss the concept’s solution. The responses to the questions were noted by the research team (interviewers) in the questionnaire. Experts came from a variety of areas. The areas of expertise of experts are as follows:

• Expert 1 (E1)—Smart cities, Industry 4.0, digitalization.
• Expert 2 (E2)—Active aging, aging society, seniors.
• Expert 3 (E3)—Sustainable development, ergonomics, VR/AR development.
• Expert 4 (E4)—Occupational health and safety, inclusive design, ergonomics, sustainability culture.
• Expert 5 (E5)—VR/AR applications, human–machine interaction, human behavior in VR/AR, immersion.
• Expert 6 (E6)—IT, cybersecurity, smart living.
• Expert 7 (E7)—IT, computer graphics, VR/AR practice, VR/AR user experience.

In summary, the expert group consisted of seven people. Among these experts, there were also two seniors.

Table 1. The results of experts’ evaluation.

	E1	E2	E3	E4	E5	E6	E7	Average
Q1	5	5	5	5	4	5	2	4.43
Q2	4	5	4	5	4	5	5	4.57
Q3	4	5	4	4	4	4	2	3.86
Q4	5	4	5	5	5	4	5	4.71
Q5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5.00
Q6	5	4	4	5	4	5	4	4.43
Q7	4	5	5	5	5	5	5	4.86
average	4.57	4.71	4.57	4.86	4.43	4.71	4.00

presents experts’ ratings and the average grade for each question.

The evaluation by seven experts (E1–E7) provided a multifaceted view of the proposed concept for implementing AR in men’s sheds. Overall, the average scores were high, indicating very high acceptance and positive evaluation of the proposal. The following is an analysis and interpretation of the results:

• Q1. Potential to support senior activation (average: 4.43): Most experts agreed that AR in men’s sheds could realistically support senior activation. However, the ratings were mixed—E7 (VR/AR practice, user experience) in particular gave a low rating (2), suggesting skepticism among VR/AR practitioners about the actual impact of the technology on seniors. Experts in active aging (E2) and smart cities (E1) rated this potential the highest (5). It indicates that from a social and conceptual perspective, the project is promising, but technology practitioners may perceive some barriers.
• Q2. Practical potential (average: 4.57): High scores prevailed, particularly from experts in smart living and digitalization (E6) and VR/AR (E5, E7). This confirms that technical experts consider the application feasible in practice. Ratings of 4 indicate that there may be implementation barriers (cost, hardware availability), but overall reception is positive.
• Q3. Contribution to the development of innovative methods (average: 3.86): This was the lowest-rated category. Technology experts (E7—rating 2) were particularly skeptical, suggesting that the proposal is not perceived as a radically new technological innovation, but rather as an adaptation of existing AR tools to the specific context of men’s sheds. Social and development experts (E2, E3, E4) rated this aspect slightly higher, but also did not exceed a rating of 5. This indicates that innovation is seen primarily at the social and application levels, rather than strictly technological ones.
• Q4. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) (average: 4.71): The experts unanimously confirmed that the concept has the potential to support the SDGs, particularly in the areas of health, education, and sustainable cities. The highest scores came from experts who specialize in ergonomics, sustainable development (E3, E4), and smart cities (E1). This shows that the project fits well within the framework of urban policies and global development strategies.
• Q5. Compliance with the smart city concept (average: 5.00): This is the only question unanimously rated at the highest level by all experts. This indicates the complete compatibility of the proposed concept with the smart city concept, which includes inclusion, digital participation, and lifelong learning. The high ratings of experts specializing in digitalization (E1, E6), VR/AR (E5, E7), and active aging (E2) confirm the broad acceptance of this perspective.
• Q6. Potential to reduce digital exclusion (average: 4.43): The ratings were high, especially from experts in smart living (E6) and digital security. This indicates that the solution is perceived as a way to reduce technological barriers for seniors. At the same time, lower ratings (4) may suggest that implementation requires additional support, such as training or facilitator support.
• Q7. Justification for further research (average: 4.86): The experts clearly emphasized that the concept warrants further development and research. Only one expert (E1) rated this question a 4; the rest gave maximum ratings. This clearly indicates that the concept is promising, but empirical pilot studies and user evaluations are necessary once the first version of the application is ready.

The answers to the open-ended questions were collected from each expert and then analyzed and interpreted below, and the identified barriers, threats, and benefits related to the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds for older adults are grouped in the following paragraphs:

• Q8. What potential barriers can you identify in the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds for older adults? Experts identified a number of barriers that may hinder the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds. First, they highlighted the complexity of using AR technology, which may be too difficult for many seniors and require constant support from facilitators or additional staff to explain the application’s operation. Experts also emphasized that the lack of basic computer knowledge among participants is a significant limitation, especially in rural communities, where access to modern technology can be difficult. These barriers are further exacerbated by the high costs of purchasing and maintaining equipment, as well as the need to finance training for facilitators and participants. Another category of barriers involves factors related to age and individual limitations. Experts noted that older adults often struggle to use even simpler digital tools, such as a cell phone, which can completely prevent them from using more advanced AR technology. Vision problems (the need to wear glasses and limited visual perception) were also cited, which can impede the perception of content displayed in AR. Another important psychological factor is fear of technology and learning new things, as well as resistance to digitalization among those who were not raised with new technologies and do not feel comfortable with them. According to some experts, a significant limitation may also be the lack of wider recognition and understanding of the concept’s potential: although the project seems attractive, there is a risk that it will not receive adequate financial or institutional support and will not be implemented in practice. Therefore, a barrier to entry has been identified, consisting of both the low willingness of seniors themselves to use AR and the limited willingness of the environment (e.g., local authorities or financing institutions) to invest in such solutions.
• Q9. What potential threats can you identify in the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds for older adults? Experts pointed out that the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds could pose various risks, primarily related to the health, safety, and sustainability of technology. The issue most frequently emphasized was that using goggles or other AR interfaces could distract seniors, which consequently increases the risk of accidents such as falls, impacts, or injuries resulting from confusing real and virtual elements. Several experts highlighted the potential for disorientation and confusion between the real and digital worlds, which in seniors can lead to loss of balance, anxiety, and even reluctance to continue participating in the project. The second significant risk area is the negative health effects, often referred to as symptoms of simulator sickness. Experts mentioned dizziness, nausea, headaches, sweating, and labyrinth disorders, as well as vision problems, which can be exacerbated by intense visual stimuli generated in AR. It was emphasized that not all seniors should use AR, and in some cases there may even be medical contraindications to using such solutions. Another area is technological and organizational risk. Experts noted that AR environments require constant updates, and if support is discontinued by the software vendor, the system may become unusable. This, in turn, necessitates ongoing IT support, which can be difficult and expensive for small, local initiatives. Finally, some experts also emphasized risks of a social and image nature. There is a risk that the AR concept in men’s sheds will be treated solely as a technological curiosity, rather than as a real tool supporting the activation of seniors. In such a case, the project might not receive sustainable funding or a wider implementation, which would mean wasting its potential. In summary, the threats identified by experts include health problems (disorientation, simulator sickness, medical contraindications), safety problems (falls, collisions, distraction), and technological and organizational problems (system updates, lack of IT support, lack of funding, project marginalization). This indicates the need for detailed development of an AR prototype that incorporates principles of ergonomics, user safety, and long-term sustainability.
• Q10. What potential benefits can you identify in the practical implementation of AR in men’s sheds for older adults? Analysis of expert responses indicates that the use of AR in men’s sheds for the elderly offers a number of multifaceted benefits. First, AR promotes the activation by encouraging them to leave their homes, participate in new activities, and participate in technical tasks that might be dangerous or inaccessible in traditional settings. Second, experts emphasize the development of technical and digital skills, including the use of ICT tools and AR technology, which contributes to greater self-confidence and trust in modern solutions. Another important aspect is the cognitive and psychological benefits. Participating in AR activities supports cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and spatial skills, and also contributes to the mental well-being of seniors through motivation, positive experiences, and reduced social isolation. This also contributes to active aging, maintaining intellectual abilities, and preventing neurodegenerative problems. Experts also emphasize the social aspect, such as building a sense of belonging, group collaboration, developing social skills, and reducing loneliness. AR classes in men’s sheds can serve as a social integration platform, connecting participants in projects and shared tasks. The safety and practicality of learning are also important. AR allows for potentially dangerous activities, such as hammering nails or operating tools, to be performed in a controlled environment, minimizing the risk of injury while simultaneously enabling the acquisition of practical skills. Finally, the use of AR is in alignment with broader developmental and smart living goals, promoting independence among seniors, expanding educational and recreational opportunities in the city, and increasing the participation of seniors in activities consistent with the principles of sustainable development and modern technology. In summary, experts clearly indicate that AR in men’s sheds combines educational, cognitive, social, and health benefits, contributing to improved quality of life for seniors and active participation in social life.

7. Discussion

7.1. Experts’ Evaluations

Analysis of the responses from seven experts (E1–E7) allows for a multifaceted assessment of the concept of implementing AR in the so-called “men’s sheds” for seniors. Average ratings indicate high interest and acceptance of the proposal, with varying opinions depending on the experts’ specialization.

Experts recognized the significant potential for engaging seniors (Q1, mean score 4.43), although VR/AR practitioners expressed some skepticism, suggesting possible technological barriers and limitations related to the age of the participants. In terms of practical potential (Q2, mean score 4.57), the ratings were high, indicating that technical experts consider the project feasible, although potential obstacles such as cost and equipment availability were identified. The lowest ratings were given to technological innovation (Q3, mean score 3.86), suggesting that experts perceive the project as an adaptation of existing AR tools to a specific context rather than a revolutionary technological solution.

High scores were awarded for the potential to achieve the SDG (Q4, average score 4.71) and for its compliance with the smart city concept (Q5, average score 5.00), noting the coherence with global and urban development strategies. Experts indicated the potential to reduce digital exclusion among seniors (Q6, average score 4.43) and justified further research and pilot implementation of AR in men’s sheds (Q7, average score 4.86).

The analysis of open-ended responses identified barriers, risks, and benefits associated with the practical implementation of AR. They highlighted the difficulties in using the technology by older adults, the lack of computer experience, the high costs of equipment, and the limited willingness of the community to invest in such solutions. Experts also highlighted potential health and safety risks, including the risk of dizziness, disorientation, and accidents resulting from the use of AR goggles.

At the same time, the numerous benefits of using AR in men’s sheds were highlighted, including the activation of seniors, the development of digital skills, support for cognitive functions and mental well-being, social integration, an increased sense of belonging, and the opportunity to safely acquire new technical skills. According to the experts, the project supports active aging, participant independence, and achievement of educational and recreational goals according to the principles of sustainable development.

In summary, expert assessments indicate that the concept of implementing AR in men’s sheds is promising, and its full potential can be achieved through further empirical studies, pilot implementations, and appropriate technical and training support for seniors.

7.2. Acceptance of AR and Smart City by Seniors—Possibilities

In the context of smart cities, various opportunities and chances are created for seniors, but there are also limitations and threats. AR technologies, such as those used in technology, allow us to solve seniors’ problems, as evidenced by research results demonstrating the use of these technologies. They enable seniors to achieve physical well-being, allowing for them to engage in physical activities and fulfill social roles. It is also assumed that seniors should participate in these activities while being free of physical limitations. Therefore, AR technologies are proposed in the following cases, according to Derby & Chaparro and Baragash et al. [90,91]:

• Ensuring adequate physical well-being in older adults, achieved particularly by body balance and preventing falls, muscle strength, and a desirable quality of life;
• There is a need for older adults to acquire skills;
• There is a need to encourage interest in physical activity;
• There is a need to remind people to take care of their health—in this case, an appropriate interface should be used in a device that can be carried by the older adult;
• There is good access to AR technology.

According to Baragash et al. [91], AR technologies can contribute to improving cognitive functions in older adults, including attention, memory, and spatial abilities, as well as executive functioning. Examples of the former include preparing and drinking coffee, and the latter include shopping. The well-being of older adults from a psychological perspective, as emphasized in the paper of Kliszcz [92], should be achieved through the engagement and motivation of older adults, as well as a calm and pleasant environment, which will contribute to a reduction in mood, as well as depression and isolation, and an improvement in the overall quality of life index.

AR technology should also enable seniors to achieve social well-being, as mentioned in papers by Lee et al. and Baragash et al. [45,91]. This includes a sense of belonging to a group of people, reduced loneliness, and reduced mood. It may address the challenges of mobility decline in older adults, lack of resources and transportation systems to accomplish this task, and transportation limitations. AR poses challenges that allow for older adults to participate in social events and explore new places [45].

Examples of AR applications are shown in the paper of Derby & Chaparro [90]. These capabilities include online shopping, browsing health information, interior design, and communicating with family and friends. AR can support older adults in their daily lives, offering, for example, interactive reminders about medication or doctor’s appointments [93]. AR systems can be integrated with smart glasses or screens that display real-time instructions, for example, on how to perform rehabilitation exercises [94] or operate home appliances [95]. Cognitive support can be provided through interactive AR games that stimulate memory, attention, and logical thinking, helping prevent the progression of dementia [96]. AR solutions enable virtual meetings and group activities, which promote social well-being and reduce the feeling of isolation in older adults, especially those who live alone. Due to its personalization capabilities, AR can improve the mental well-being of seniors, for example, by showing calm scenes of nature, guiding breathing exercises, or supporting mindfulness practices [97]. All of the above-mentioned measures and methods of improving physical, cognitive, mental, and social well-being can contribute to the acceptance of AR for use in smart city conditions.

7.3. AR and Smart City in Men’s Sheds—Challenges

A significant challenge facing contemporary cities is the aging of society. This creates various problems, including aging, ageism, and technophobia, which often result in, among other things, the digital exclusion of seniors. Technological progress is also a positive consequence of this phenomenon, with the emergence of the smart city concept and AR and Internet technologies. These technologies create opportunities because of the potential they can contribute to the technological development of cities and their residents. Thanks to these AR and Internet techniques, disadvantaged individuals can learn to use manufacturing technologies, not only in the “classic” sense, but also in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. They can also gain knowledge of the resources available for creating technical products from various materials (including wood and metal; these resources include tools and machines). Using AR techniques and technologies, it is possible to demonstrate how to use them. The challenges faced by AR designers and/or manufacturers include utilizing knowledge focused on the human cognitive sphere in developing AR techniques and technologies. The functioning of these techniques and technologies should be based on knowledge about the dysfunctions that exist in this sphere of human life and the means and methods for preventing them. This knowledge, which is currently developing very rapidly, can be found in publications in cognitive psychology, cognitive science, and neurobiology, as well as in pedagogy, particularly andragogy, and geragogy. The development of these sciences and technological advancements will influence the development of AR as a cognitive technology, improving the educational process for older adults, thus improving their mental and social well-being.

A specific type of competency that a senior with cognitive impairments can acquire is the ability to think creatively to solve technical problems. If future scientific and applied research is undertaken in this area, AR could provide knowledge about metaphors, including those relating to the biosphere, which constitutes the environment in which humans live, and which allow for the identification of creative technical solutions. Effective assistance in managing knowledge about the environment in which humans live, and which must be used to solve technical problems in men’s sheds, could be provided by the use of artificial intelligence methods and techniques, which would enable the decision-making process, including these solutions, with the participation of the disabled person.

The modern solutions discussed in this article can be used not only in the design, construction, and creation of specific technical means, but also in processes, either technical or technical-social. AR can enable teaching older adults in a men’s shed how to function in a city environment (which is an implementation of the smart city concept) in conditions of sustainable development. They will serve as guides for the older adult, supporting them by teaching them, for example, how to travel using various means of transport. Acquiring such competences, using AR and Internet technologies, will eliminate senior alienation, improving their motivation to connect with people (outside the men’s shed) in the city and improving their mental and social well-being.

Expanding the use of AR within men’s sheds opens new opportunities for participants to engage in more complex and diverse projects, leveraging the technology to introduce and develop new skills. As initial projects demonstrate success, AR can be integrated into various activities, allowing for seniors to tackle more complex tasks and continue their learning journey. Additionally, this integration can extend beyond men’s sheds by linking AR projects with larger smart city initiatives, fostering intergenerational learning through partnerships with local schools and connecting with other community groups. By doing so, AR can also facilitate the participation of seniors in smart city services, such as accessing health information or contributing to community planning, thereby promoting greater inclusivity and active participation in the digital age.

8. Conclusions

8.1. Conclusions of the Proposed Concept and Its Evaluation

Based on the conducted research, it should be stated that the concept of the activation of seniors proposed in the article meets the criteria of the model proposed by the World Health Organization, and is a response to its four assumptions, listed in point 2. Moreover, it should also be stated that the proposed integrated support tool, meeting the needs resulting from these assumptions, consisting of a computer program represented by the AR environment and selected partial tools, which can be used in men’s sheds, fits into the concept of Society 5.0. The presented technology was proposed to acquire new knowledge or transfer it to others, including the production of specific technical means, which can be performed by connections between people and objects and between the real and virtual worlds. In addition, it can have an impact on improving the health and well-being of participants in men’s sheds; the use of such a solution can be the first step in achieving these goals.

Importantly, this approach is aligned with the SDG—in particular, Goal 3 (Good health and well-being), Goal 4 (Quality education), Goal 10 (Reduce inequalities), and Goal 11 (Sustainable cities and communities)—by promoting inclusive technologies that address the challenges posed by demographic change and population aging.

Expert assessments clearly indicate that implementing AR in “men’s sheds” for seniors has significant potential for activation, social integration, and the development of participants’ digital competencies. The project is considered consistent with the concept of smart cities and supporting SDG, but, at the same time, it requires further pilot studies and appropriate technical and training support to fully utilize its potential and minimize the barriers related to the use of technology by older adults.

By supporting intergenerational exchange, knowledge sharing, and active aging, the integration of AR in men’s sheds not only supports the empowerment of seniors, but also strengthens community resilience and social cohesion in the face of demographic change. Therefore, this proposal should be seen as an innovative step towards adapting urban environments and social infrastructure to the realities of changing population structures.

8.2. Limitations and Future Work

In the conducted research, the following challenges must be overcome:

• Developing methods and techniques for teaching adults using technology, the concept of which is presented in the article. For this purpose, research should be conducted to gain knowledge on the latest achievements in the field of knowledge—termed gerontopedagogy—and to determine the possibilities of its application in teaching people—namely, participants and animators in men’s workshops.
• Development of a research methodology on the competencies of animators in men’s workshops and the means and methods (including pedagogical ones) they use to achieve the goals required in the described activity.
• Development of knowledge management methodology in men’s shed’s, which is the basis for the development of methods and techniques supporting the implementation of physical, mental, and social activity to ensure the well-being and good health of people in men’s workshops. In this respect, achievements in the following fields will be helpful:

  ○

  Psychology of older adults (as participants in men’s workshops);

  ○

  Andragogy;

  ○

  Geragogy;

  ○

  Creative acmeology (psychology of creative personality of a human);

  ○

  Knowledge management;

  ○

  AI;

  ○

  AR;

  ○

  Internet technologies (including selected social media).

• Developing a list of methods related to the above fields that could be implemented into an integrated support tool and used in men’s shed’s, and preparing their characteristics.

Further research may concern the effects of using the proposed developed support methods on the following:

• Participants in men’s workshops;
• Animators (who take care of the participants);
• Residents of the city.

This research should be carried out based on the empirical data obtained as a result of using selected scientific methods. Integrating AR into men’s sheds within a smart city offers a promising avenue for enhancing the activation of older adults. By addressing digital exclusion and providing interactive learning, AR can improve the physical, mental, and social well-being of seniors. This approach supports individual growth and fosters community involvement, bridging generational gaps and aligning with broader smart city initiatives. The idea of using AR to enrich the lives of seniors underscores its importance in promoting active aging, ensuring that they remain integral members of the digital society.

Future research should be focused on comparing AR technology with other tools that support older adults’ activation, such as mobile applications or e-learning platforms. However, mobile health applications are often passive in nature and do not provide deep user engagement. E-learning platforms enable theoretical learning, but lack a practical and interactive component. In this context, AR stands out for its ability to create realistic three-dimensional environments that respond to user input and allow for the simulation of specific activities in a safe and controlled environment. An example is the use of AR to learn how to use tools in men’s sheds. In this context, seniors wearing AR glasses can see step-by-step instructions directly on real-world objects, increasing their engagement and sense of agency. The unique value of AR lies in its integration of visual and spatial stimuli with practical activities, which supports the development of technical competencies, improves cognitive functions, and can foster greater social participation in older adults.