Analysis of Opportunities to Reduce CO2 and NOX Emissions Through the Improvement of Internal Inter-Operational Transport
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Ability to build model logic via programmed block-diagram schemes;
- System analysis through generated schematics, reports and spreadsheets;
- Applicability in industrial production contexts, including analysis of transport-resource utilization;
- Production-flow mapping, mapping of the process for supplying workstations with raw materials and other inputs, and an analysis of workstation and intermediate-storage workloads.
- —CO2 emissions generated by the internal transport vehicles;
- —NOX emissions generated by the internal transport vehicles;
- D—distance covered by internal transport vehicles;
- I—CO2 emission rate [g/km];
- R—NOX emission rate [g/km].
- The production process consists of n technological operations (denoted as i = 1, 2…, n).
- A transport task is required between each pair of consecutive operations.
- There are m available transport vehicles.
- Each vehicle travels a defined route of length dij [m] between operations i and j.
- Unit emissions of CO2 and NOX are known for each vehicle k, depending on the type of propulsion used.
- xijk ∈ {0, 1}—binary variable: 1 if vehicle k performs the transport between operations i and j, 0 otherwise.
- Yk ∈ {0, 1}—binary variable: 1 if vehicle k is active in the transport schedule, 0 otherwise.
- Dij—distance between operations i and j [m].
- CO2k—CO2 emission rate per meter for vehicle k [g/m].
- NOxk—NOX emission rate per meter for vehicle k [g/m].
- Tij—number of required transport trips between operations i and j.
- Minimize Σk = 1ᵐ Σi = 1ⁿ Σj = 1ⁿ Tij · dij · xijᵏ · (α · CO2k + β · NOxk)
- α and β are weighting factors assigned to CO2 and NOX emissions, respectively (they can be equal or reflect environmental priorities).
- Assignment constraint: Each transport task must be assigned to exactly one vehicle:
- 2.
- Vehicle usage limit: Restrict the maximum number of active transport vehicles:
- 3.
- Activation linkage: A vehicle can be assigned to a task only if it is marked as active:
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- For LPG forklifts—from 221,414.3 g to 183,509.5 g.
- For forklifts with diesel engines—from 128,670.8 g to 106,643.1 g.
- An even more significant reduction was observed in NOX emissions:
- For LPG forklifts—from 1219.2 g to 1010.5 g (a decrease of 208.7 g).
- For diesel forklifts—from 2200.9 g to 1824.1 g (a decrease of 376.8 g).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|
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Gallo, M.; Marinelli, M. (2023) [23] | Energies | |
Pan, S.; Ballot, E.; Fontane, F. (2013) [25] | International Journal of Production Economics | Supply chain integration as a strategy for reducing CO2 emissions. |
No. Operation | Operation Description | Flow Between Operations | Type of Transport Vehicle | Number of Transport Vehicles Used |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | Cutting material to size | 10 ÷ 20 | Forklift | 1 |
20 | Rough turning | 20 ÷ 30 | 1 | |
30 | Profile turning | 30 ÷ 40 | 2 | |
40 | Milling of keyway grooves | 40 ÷ 50 | 2 | |
50 | Shaft surface grinding | 50 ÷ 60 | 1 | |
60 | Quality control and deburring | 60—finished products warehouse | 1 |
Flow Between Operations | Number of Transport Units | Internal Transport Vehicle Name |
---|---|---|
10 ÷ 20 | 1 | Transporter 1 |
20 ÷ 30 | 1 | Transporter 2 |
30 ÷ 40 | 1 | Transporter 3 |
40 ÷ 50 | 2 | Transporters 4 and 5 |
50 ÷ 60 | 2 | Transporters 6 and 7 |
60—Finished Products Warehouse | 1 | Transporter 8 |
Emission Type | LPG-Powered Forklifts | Diesel-Powered Forklifts |
---|---|---|
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) [g/km] | 3132.63 | 1820.47 |
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) [g/km] | 31.14 | 17.25 |
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Pawlak, S.; Małysa, T.; Fornalczyk, A.; Sobianowska-Turek, A.; Kuczyńska-Chałada, M. Analysis of Opportunities to Reduce CO2 and NOX Emissions Through the Improvement of Internal Inter-Operational Transport. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135974
Pawlak S, Małysa T, Fornalczyk A, Sobianowska-Turek A, Kuczyńska-Chałada M. Analysis of Opportunities to Reduce CO2 and NOX Emissions Through the Improvement of Internal Inter-Operational Transport. Sustainability. 2025; 17(13):5974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135974
Chicago/Turabian StylePawlak, Szymon, Tomasz Małysa, Angieszka Fornalczyk, Angieszka Sobianowska-Turek, and Marzena Kuczyńska-Chałada. 2025. "Analysis of Opportunities to Reduce CO2 and NOX Emissions Through the Improvement of Internal Inter-Operational Transport" Sustainability 17, no. 13: 5974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135974
APA StylePawlak, S., Małysa, T., Fornalczyk, A., Sobianowska-Turek, A., & Kuczyńska-Chałada, M. (2025). Analysis of Opportunities to Reduce CO2 and NOX Emissions Through the Improvement of Internal Inter-Operational Transport. Sustainability, 17(13), 5974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135974