Experimental Study on Runoff and Sediment Production of the Fully Weathered Granite Backfill Slope under Heavy Rain in Longling, Yunnan Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological and Meteorological Characteristics of the Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Test Materials
3.2. Test Design
3.3. Index Observation and Calculation
- (1)
- When runoff was initially generated (T0), this unit refers to the time from the start of rainfall until the slope stabilizes the runoff generation. The unit of measurement is s.
- (2)
- Runoff rate (N) and sediment yield rate (M) are the runoff (mL/s) and sediment yield amount (g/s), respectively. They can be calculated as follows:
4. Results
4.1. Initial Flow-Producing Time
4.2. Characterization of Slope Runoff Changes under Intermittent Rainfall Conditions
4.2.1. Characterization of Total Runoff under Intermittent Rainfall Conditions
4.2.2. Characteristics of Changes in Yield Rate for Different Rainfall Events on the Same Slope
4.2.3. Characteristics of Changes in Flow Production Rates for the Same Rainfall Event at Different Slopes
4.3. Characteristics of Changes in Sediment Production under Intermittent Rainfall Conditions
4.3.1. Characteristics of Total Sand Production under Intermittent Rainfall Conditions
4.3.2. Characteristics of Changes in Sand Production Rates for Different Rainfall Events on the Same Slope
4.3.3. Characteristics of Changes in Sand Production Rates for the Same Rainfall Event at Different Slopes
4.4. Characteristics of Changes in Slope Erosion under Intermittent Rainfall Conditions
5. Discussion
5.1. Influence of Rainfall Events and Slope on Runoff Formation Mechanisms
5.2. Influence of Rainfall Events and Slope Gradient on Sand Production Mechanisms on Slopes
5.3. Analysis of Slope Scour Damage Process
- (1)
- Raindrop spallation stage: Raindrops generated by the rainfall generator land on the slope surface, imparting kinetic energy. The impact on the surface soil results in the spattering damage of soil particles. This process unfolds in stages: dry soil spattering, wet soil spattering, and mud spattering. The dispersed soil contributes to the formation of surface pores, leading to the blockage of junctions on the slope panel. This impedes rainfall infiltration, creating conditions conducive to runoff from the slope surface. In varied slope conditions, the distance from the raindrop generator increases with height at each point on the slope. This results in an elevation in the kinetic energy of falling raindrops, intensifying splash erosion, particularly at the foot of the slope.
- (2)
- Runoff erosion stage: Following the onset of slope runoff, it uniformly transports fine granular material with limited scouring resistance from the slope surface, creating several erosion pits. As the rainfall persists, rainwater diversion will give rise to the formation of several fine gullies on the slope, with the foot of the slope being the initial site to develop and take shape. The subsequent concentration of surface runoff into the fine gullies, coupled with the potent downcutting effect, gradually transforms these fine gullies into incised gully erosion. The greater the slope, the quicker the formation of runoff, leading to heightened gravitational potential energy. This increased energy accelerates the erosion of the slope, facilitating the rapid formation of gullies and exacerbating soil erosion damage.
- (3)
- Collapse damage stage: This stage is primarily manifested in the collapse of cut ditches. Firstly, the ditch head soil body is affected by numerous tensile fissures, leading to the step-by-step occurrence of soil damage with a gradual recession. Secondly, the cessation of rainfall results in water loss in the ditch, causing a collapse due to the lack of water flow to support the ditch wall. The severity of collapse damage increases with a steeper slope.
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of multiple rainfall datasets reveals a consistent pattern in the relationship between slope characteristics and runoff dynamics, and the runoff on the slope increases with an increase in rainfall events, according to the study of multiple rainfall datasets in this work. On the other hand, for identical rainfall events on different slopes, the flow production rates remain relatively stable, with minor variations at 10° and 20° slopes, while showing significant fluctuations at 30° and 40° slopes.
- (2)
- The cumulative sand production across various slopes indicates a positive correlation between the slope magnitude and sand yield. Specifically, there is a quantitative increase in sand production after 20° slopes, highlighting the more pronounced impact of the slope on the runoff volume in sand production. The mean sand production rates during diverse rainfall events on the same slope remain generally stable at 10° inclination but exhibit oscillations on 20°, 30°, and 40° slopes, with more significant fluctuations observed at steeper inclinations. Notably, the sand production rate does not demonstrate a linear correlation with the slope gradient during the same rainfall event. Instead, the oscillatory changes in the sand production rate are attributed to variations in slope morphology influenced by gravitational and hydraulic forces.
- (3)
- The test findings delineate the stages of slope erosion, encompassing raindrop splash erosion, runoff erosion, and slump damage. The sequence of slope degradation unfolds chronologically at the toe, middle, and crest of the slope. Larger slopes exhibit more severe degrees of slope damage, leading to more extensive progression through the erosion stages.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Size range | <0.075 mm | 0.075–0.25 mm | 0.25–2 mm | >2 mm |
Mass percentage % | 1.13 | 24.76 | 41.16 | 32.95 |
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Gao, K.; Kong, Z.; Li, Y.; Zhao, F.; Cai, B.; Shi, D.; Wang, R. Experimental Study on Runoff and Sediment Production of the Fully Weathered Granite Backfill Slope under Heavy Rain in Longling, Yunnan Province. Sustainability 2024, 16, 1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041454
Gao K, Kong Z, Li Y, Zhao F, Cai B, Shi D, Wang R. Experimental Study on Runoff and Sediment Production of the Fully Weathered Granite Backfill Slope under Heavy Rain in Longling, Yunnan Province. Sustainability. 2024; 16(4):1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041454
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Kai, Zhigang Kong, Yanqing Li, Fei Zhao, Baoxin Cai, Dehua Shi, and Ren Wang. 2024. "Experimental Study on Runoff and Sediment Production of the Fully Weathered Granite Backfill Slope under Heavy Rain in Longling, Yunnan Province" Sustainability 16, no. 4: 1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041454
APA StyleGao, K., Kong, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, F., Cai, B., Shi, D., & Wang, R. (2024). Experimental Study on Runoff and Sediment Production of the Fully Weathered Granite Backfill Slope under Heavy Rain in Longling, Yunnan Province. Sustainability, 16(4), 1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041454