Enhancing Supportive and Adaptive Environments for Aging Populations in Jordan: Examining Location Dynamics

Abstract

This study explores home modification and personalization as mechanisms to promote aging in place and independence for older adults in Jordan. Personalization and home modification are important because they help older people age in place and promote independence. Thus, this study investigated elderly adaptability and housing alteration methods in Jordan. As the first study in Jordan, this research examined the meaning of aging and cultural variations in aging in place. The study tested the following hypotheses for different governorates, all showing significant effects: (I) overall, the sense of control is different in different locations, (II) space personalization is different in different locations, (III) home modification is associated with location, (IV) the association between space personalization and overall sense of control varies across locations, and (V) home modification is associated with the overall sense of control differently in different locations. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of regulated and well-organized home care services to ensure seniors can receive the necessary care while remaining in their families and communities. This research offers valuable insights into the cultural variations surrounding visions of aging in place and emphasizes the need for further research.

1. Introduction

With increased longevity comes an increased number of years of ill health and old age incapacity. Families, particularly those headed by women, are the primary caregivers for the elderly in the majority of countries, including Arab ones [1]. In the next few decades, Arab countries are expected to experience a rapid aging of their populations due to changes in demographics and facilitation, which have notably increased life expectancy [2,3]. By 2050, it is projected that the percentage of people 60 or older in these countries will rise to 19%, up from an average of around 7% in 2010 [3]. Additionally, there is an expected increase in the number of older people from 22 million in 2010 to 103 million by 2050 due to historically high birth rates [3].

As individuals grow older, their bodies undergo transformations that impact their appearance and daily activities. The slowing down of cellular processes causes alterations and a decrease in the efficiency of organ systems during the later stages of life [4]. Some people have rapid and significant decreases, whereas others encounter fewer major alterations [5]. Culture affects how the elderly are viewed, their life expectancy, and their care.

Arab culture showcases a strong commitment to supporting the elderly, characterized by deep-rooted familial values, community involvement, and societal respect for older individuals. While the literature highlights varying perceptions of aging across cultures, it largely supports the notion that collectivistic cultures, such as those found in the Arab world, tend to embrace positive attitudes towards aging and the elderly [6,7].

In many Arab societies, the structure of the family plays a crucial role in the care and support of elderly family members. As emphasized by [8], cultural values heavily influence perceptions and treatment of older individuals. Arab families often prioritize intergenerational solidarity, where children are expected to care for their parents and grandparents [9]. This cultural expectation nurtures a sense of belonging and security for the elderly, contrasting with certain Western approaches that may favor independence and institutional care.

Furthermore, the literature points to the fact that older people are often viewed as a source of wisdom and cultural heritage in Arab societies, which fosters a positive environment for their artistic participation in family and community life. This is supported by [10], who identify the importance of social structures in enhancing the quality of life for older adults. By integrating elderly individuals in social events and decision-making processes, Arab cultures reinforce their values and promote a sense of purpose in their later years.

Despite some research indicating negative attitudes toward aging in certain regions [8,11], the collective framework of Arab family life and cultural emphasis on respect for elders affords a more supportive environment. Notably, studies also reveal that Arab countries rank among those that perceive and offer fair treatment of older individuals, underscoring the community-oriented perspective that exists [7].

While it is essential to acknowledge the diversity of experiences within aging populations across different cultures, evidence suggests that Arab culture offers robust familial support systems and societal respect for the elderly. This cultural framework not only enhances the dignity and quality of life for older adults but also serves to strengthen familial bonds and societal cohesion. Arab culture, driven by Islamic principles, prefers home aging to nursing institutions. However, Arab homes may not meet the demands of the elderly, so home modifications are necessary [1]. If seniors cannot access or control their living spaces, they may struggle to adjust and decline physically and mentally. Despite their desire to “age in place” and stay in their homes, senior needs are often overlooked while designing homes [4,12,13]. Helping older individuals with home adaptations makes daily duties easier and helps them stay at home longer. Environmental changes can also affect seniors’ quality of life [4,13,14].

Regional customs and habits change over time, but each community maintains its core traditions, rooted in their human nature as shaped by divine influence. These traditions often differ greatly from Western patterns [15]. Arab dwellings are distinctive in style and layout. The research in [16] on privacy in Arabic house design shows how Arab culture values privacy and how it is mirrored in traditional buildings [16]. A study on the typology of courtyard space in Najdi Architecture highlights the key elements of the traditional Saudi Arabian courtyard to understand the house’s layout [17]. Research on the Emirati Sha’bī House explores the evolution of traditional UAE homes [18]. Another study on Gulf housing typologies explores historical events that shaped social and economic realities and house styles during the last two centuries [19]. The study regarding the attitudes toward older people in a sample of university students in Jordan discovered positive and negative sentiments [20]. Another study in Jordan evaluated the positive attitudes of health workers toward older people, although that was not pronounced due to demographic variables [21].

The present research aimed to explore and explain the mechanisms of adaptation and modifications of homes for the elderly and how they relate to different locations in Jordan. Figure 1 shows typical houses in the different governorates of the study area. Figure 2 illustrates how in such villages these typical family houses are clustered. The study model suggests that the elderly have control over their environment and have adapted their home environments differently in different locations. As the first of its kind in Jordan, this research aimed to explore the meaning of aging and the cultural variations in envisioning aging in place. The study examined (1) whether there were differences in the overall sense of control and personalization of space in different locations (Governorates) and (2) whether home modifications were associated with location.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Aging in Place: Home and Neighborhood Environments

The concept of “home” describes familiar areas that individuals emotionally connect to [22]. Most people prefer to spend as much time as possible in their homes. Aging in place is linked to an individual’s current residence, neighborhood, and surroundings [23,24]. It promotes attachment and a sense of identity with one’s home, which is associated with social relationships, stability, and familiarity [25]. It refers to elders remaining in their community and home. There are two dimensions to the concept of aging in place: spatial, which involves remaining in one’s local area and existing neighborhood, and psychological, which pertains to the desire to maintain self-sufficiency by living in one’s own home. It presents challenges regarding the environment and different populations [26,27,28,29,30,31]. It eases the economic burden on governments and reduces dependence on government services. Informal family and friend networks can offer social and care services to the elderly [29]. It is essential for the health of elderly people [24]. Elderly individuals strongly desire to age in place and remain in their current homes, choosing it over other long-term living arrangements [32].

2.2. Rural Aging in Place and Place Attachment

Place attachment refers to the emotional and positive bond individuals develop with a particular place based on their connections and understanding. For elderly individuals living in rural and suburban areas, this attachment varies. The correlation between attachment to a particular place and elderly individuals in rural communities emphasizes attachment’s diverse and intricate expressions. This complexity is both a motivator and a means for aging in rural areas. Social connections or familiarity with landscapes may be the source of attachment for some individuals [33,34,35].

2.3. Attachment to Place as Home

The concepts of place attachment and aging in place are closely linked. Older individuals often have strong emotional connections to their homes and may reside there for many decades. These connections are formed through various social, environmental, functional, emotional, and psychological considerations that grow stronger over time [36]. Existing literature identifies three levels of place attachment—home, home environment, and neighborhood—that affect an individual’s attachment to a specific place [37,38]. People typically become attached to a place for two main reasons: social-constructivist elements that give the location a particular meaning and empirical-rationalist elements that improve individual functioning [33]. While the latter concentrates on intangible or abstract elements like memories and personal experiences, the former considers tangible qualities of a neighborhood, like accessibility, mobility, and social interaction. When attempting to explain why individuals would rather age in place, the constructivist method is especially pertinent [23,24,34]. Seniors have a sense of independence, self-determination, and homecoming. As people age in place, untold stories and experiences are shared and contribute to the collective identities, histories, memories, and interpersonal encounters of the location, fostering a feeling of connection and commitment. Places outside the home, such as green spaces and places where people may socialize (like benches), have an effect on place attachment and a sense of community, according to social-constructivist studies [39,40,41]. Elderly individuals’ experiences of place differ greatly from those defined by policymakers, bringing different perspectives to the forefront [26,42,43,44].

2.4. Aging in Place and Control

Usually, the elderly are afraid of losing their independence. When they move into an institution, they experience decreased freedom and loss of control over their environment. They are forced to leave behind personal items that give meaning to their life and undergo a change in their daily routines and lifestyles [23,45]. In comparison, elderly individuals who live in their own homes have a higher level of control and satisfaction and are less likely to feel lonely [26,29,31].

2.5. Home Modification and Aging in Place

When people interact with their surrounding environments, changes in their functional competence levels can lead to dynamic environmental modifications. Elderly individuals who live in houses with accessibility barriers or without support systems experience difficulties in their daily activities. For example, they may face challenges with climbing stairs, accessing entrances and bathrooms, and navigating narrow corridors and kitchens. Thus, older individuals may also make house improvements to continue living in their current residences [14,46,47,48,49]. This continuity benefits their quality of life and independence [50].

Similarly, ownership is associated with home modifications, which take various forms. For instance, temporary rearrangement of furniture and household equipment involves removing throw rugs and providing assistive gadgets [51]. Additionally, supportive home environments are created through home renovations, which involve providing adequate space for caregiving and adding supportive features to reduce accidents and falls [4,14]. Homes can also be modified to simplify and make it safer for senior citizens to perform activities like bathing, cooking, and moving from one room to another. For seniors to age in place, physical changes must be made to improve the building’s safety and overall condition [52]. Home modifications are more likely to make the elderly stay longer in their housing [53]. It is positively related to aging in place. Home modifications positively affect the quality of life, as they strengthen the personal and social meaning of home for the elderly [54,55]. They improve activity performance and foster independence and self-assurance. The benefits of modifications include improved usability and accessibility of home surroundings [12], a stronger sense of personal and social belonging for elderly individuals [56], decreased dependence on others for everyday tasks, and a lighter caregiver load [57]. Other benefits include accident prevention, aging at home, living in older houses, accommodating lifestyle changes, increasing comfort, engaging in major life activities, and a cost-effective strategy to reduce healthcare costs [4,14,57,58]

2.6. Aging and Personalization

Over time, possessions kept at home become integral to one’s life experiences. They represent continuity, provide a sense of location, and contribute to self-identity while representing happy accomplishments and social connections [57,59,60]. Possessions offer comfort to individuals, validate their preferred interpersonal and spatial relationships, and can enhance the quality of life, particularly for the elderly. However, as individuals age, possessions can either assist or disrupt an independent lifestyle [61,62,63]. The materiality of the place, through the encouragement of strong feelings towards places and connection to the social and material environment, can have an impact on aging-in-place experiences and results, particularly in the maintenance of self-esteem, health, and well-being [25,64]. Using a phenomenological approach, the lifeworld can be regarded as an environment in which objects, activities, and events are continuously disclosed in space, thus making it more familiar and contributing to an abiding feeling of place and identity [65]. Cherished possessions contribute to the development of self-identity and allow individuals to become more familiar with and attached to a particular place through interactions with beloved objects [39]. Some cherished possessions are used by individuals to connect with their past selves, to cope with challenges and changes in the present, and to foster a sense of aging in place. Cherished items give seniors a sense of independence by connecting them to relationships and identities, improving their sense of continuity in the present [61,62]. They serve as constant reminders of one’s own life experiences, social standing, significant persons, and historical events and provide comfort and a sense of belonging [66,67,68,69,70].

The current study investigates the mechanisms governing the adaptation and modification of homes for the elderly in various locations in Jordan, exploring the dynamic relationship between aging populations, their control over their environments, and the unique adaptations made in different geographical contexts. It also aims to unravel the cultural nuances surrounding aging in place and ascertain whether variations in the overall sense of control and personalization of space exist across different locations (Governorates) and if these variations are associated with the extent of home modifications.

3. Research Methods

The field research adopted a mixed-method methodology, combining structured and open-ended interviews and questionnaires, to investigate the study themes and hypotheses linked to the senior population in several governorates of Jordan. The following sections explain the sample strategies, data-gathering methods, research instruments, research setting, study models, research questions, and constructs.

3.1. Sampling and Data Collection

Structured and open-ended interviews were carried out at the homes of key participants, focusing on older adults from varied governorates of Jordan, such as Irbid, Jerash, Ajloun, Mafraq, Zarqa, Balqa, and Madaba, Figure 3. Convenient sampling was applied for the interviews, resulting in 35 participants. Additionally, surveys were carried out using random sampling, which comprised 587 older adults in their homes out of a target of 700. Data for both interviews and surveys were acquired using open-ended and structured questionnaires. The privacy rights of human subjects were observed and informed consent was obtained from the subjects.

3.2. Research Instruments

The research instruments included eight open-ended questions for face-to-face interviews and a structured questionnaire including 33 questions for surveys. These instruments aimed to obtain complete information on the overall sensation of control, space personalization, and home modification among the older participants.

3.3. Research Setting and Study Models

The research was carried out across several governorates in Jordan, offering a diverse geographical representation, including Irbid, Jerash, Ajloun, Mafraq, Zarqa, Balqa, and Madaba, Figure 3. The study models focused on studying changes in the overall sense of control, space personalization, and home modifications across different locations.

3.4. Research Questions and Constructs

Field interviews investigated various constructs regarding the aging population. Based on the initial literature review the filed constructs included housing typology, social structure, cultural values, sense of control, attachments, modifications, and personal space.

3.5. Hypotheses of the Study

The hypotheses of the study are:

Hypothesis 1.

Overall sense of control differs among locations (governorates).

Hypothesis 2.

Space personalization of space differs among different locations (governorates).

Hypothesis 3.

Home modification is associated with location (governorates). The interactive models include the following hypotheses:

Hypotheses 4.

The association between space personalization and overall sense of control varies across locations (governorates).

Hypotheses 5.

The association between home modification and overall sense of control varies across locations (governorates).

3.6. Study Variables and Measures

The study involved several variables, including the independent variable (Location) and three dependent variables (Overall Sense of Control, Space Personalization, and Home Modification).

• Independent Variable—Location. This refers to the location of the sampled governorates. The independent variable is location, which is measured by one of the seven governorates: (1) Irbid, (2) Jerash, (3) Ajloun, (4) Mafraq, (5) Zarqa, (6) Salt, (7) Madaba.
• Dependent Variable 1: Overall Sense of Control—this refers to the ability of elderly individuals to feel that they have control over the physical and social aspects of their lives. The first dependent variable is an overall sense of control, which is measured using two levels: (1) Control 1—Control of opinion (measured using two levels); and (2) Control of activities (measured using two levels).
• Dependent Variable 2: Space Personalization—this variable explains how adaptable the environment is for elderly individuals. It includes the marking of specific places with objects or items that have value to them. The second dependent variable is space personalization, which is measured using five levels: Average of (Managed objects + Freedom of displays + No intrusion to objects + Placement choice + Fixated (cannot be given)).
• Dependent Variable 3: This variable explains how supportive the environment is for the elderly individuals in their homes. It includes any modifications or changes that were made to their living space to accommodate their needs. The third dependent variable is home modification, which is measured using four levels: Average of (Modification of kitchen + bedroom + living room + reception room).

3.7. Anticipated Data Analysis

• Quantitative analysis includes the following steps:
  • Data entry and data management using SPSS statistical software version 27.
  • Descriptive analysis and Hypothesis testing using ANOVA and Multiple Regression.
• Qualitative analysis includes the following steps:
  • Summary of the interviews
  • Analysis by extraction of codes: First step: Identifying codes from Individual interviews: This involves reading through the interview transcripts and noting down any specific ideas, concepts, or themes that are discussed). Second step: Collapse codes from interviews.
  • Analysis by extraction of themes: First step: Extract themes from Individual interviews. Second step: Collapse themes from Individual interviews.

By examining the interview contents, it becomes possible to identify specific individual codes that shed light on the topics discussed. These codes serve as markers for ideas, concepts, or themes that were explored during the interview. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the interview data, further synthesis and evaluation were carried out. These distinct codes form the basis for organizing and categorizing the gathered information, providing a structured methodology for data analysis, and addressing specific research questions or objectives. Each code represents a unique aspect or theme that was touched upon during the interview, allowing for a deeper exploration. From individual interviews collapsed themes were identified to extract generic collapsed themes across the interviews.

3.8. Sampling Error and Bias

With such diverse populations and varied geographical locations as in this study, it was crucial to consider potential sampling biases and errors in the data collection process. Here are some points that were considered:

• Sampling Methodologies:
  • Convenient Sampling for Interviews: Convenient sampling was used for selecting the interview participants. The people who happened to be conveniently available shared diverse characteristics.
  • Random Sampling for Surveys: The use of random sampling for surveys helped to mitigate sampling bias, as it attempted to ensure that every individual in the target population has an equal chance of being selected.
• Sample Size and Generalizability: The larger sample size for the surveys offers a robust data set.
• Data Collection Instruments: Using both structured and open-ended questionnaires allows for both breadth and depth. These instruments were designed to capture the diverse experiences and views of the senior population. Poorly designed questions can introduce bias if they lead or limit responses.

4. Results

4.1. Descriptive Analysis

4.1.1. Socio-Economic Demographic Characteristics of the Participants

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for the sample socio-economic characteristics.

Demographics	Percent
Governorate
Irbid	25.6%
Ajloun	7.2%
Jerash	14.1%
Zarqa	11.9%
Balqa	25.6%
Madaba	15.7%
Gender
Male	53%
Female	47%
Age
>90 Years	4.4%
>80–90 Years	10.4%
>70–80 Years	35.4%
>60–70 Years	49.7%
Marital status
Single	0.9%
Married	65.4%
Divorced	0.9%
Widowed	32.9%
Assigned private room
No	21.5%
Yes	78.5%
Ownership
Charity	6.8%
Owned	87.6%
Rented	5.7%
Length of residence
<10	17.30%
>10–20	20.00%
>20–30	22.50%
>40	40.20%
Number of family members at home
None	9.20%
1–5	56.50%
>5–10	28.60%
>10	5.70%
Number of rooms
1–4	72.50%
>4	27.50%

displays the descriptive analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of the study population. Nearly half of the samples were from the northern governorates, and the rest were from different regions. Geographically and demographically, these provinces reflect a varied cross-section of Jordan. Irbid, Zarqa, and Balqa are located in the country’s northern section, while Ajloun, Jerash, and Madaba are in different regions. This diversity makes it possible to gain a deeper knowledge of how demographic and geographic differences affect the adaptation and modification of homes for the elderly. Approximately 53% of the participants in the study were male. Around half of the participants were above 70 years of age. One-third of the participants were widowed. About two-thirds of the participants had a private room. Nearly all the participants owned houses. About 60% of the participants had lived in the same place for 10–30 years, with 40% having lived there for over 40 years. The average length of residence was 29 years (M = 29.47). Only about 9% of the participants lived alone in their homes, with an average family size of four (M = 4.48). Nearly two-thirds of the houses had between one and four rooms, with one-third having more than four rooms. The average room size was four (M = 3.94).

4.1.2. Descriptive Analysis of the Independent Variable—Location

Table 1 shows the distribution of governorates. Nearly half of the samples were from the northern governorates (46.8%). The predicted linear probability plot for the governorates is shown in Figure 4.

4.1.3. Descriptive Analysis of the Dependent Variables

This section presents the distribution of the significant study variables.

Table 2. Descriptive distribution for the dependent variables of the study.

Dependent Variables	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
Dependent 1—Overall sense of control	587	1.0	6.0	4.08	1.10
Control 1 (Control of opinion)	587	1.0	6.0	4.31	0.86
Control 1 (Control of opinion)—Consulted on general issues	587	1	6	4.21	1.05
Control 1 (Control of opinion)—Consulted on my issues	587	1	6	4.42	0.88
Control 2 (Control of activities)	587	1.0	6.0	4.32	0.90
Dependent 2—Personalization	587	1.0	6.0	4.47	0.98
Personalization 1—Managed objects	587	1	6	4.57	1.08
Personalization 2—Freedom of display	587	1	6	4.56	1.07
Personalization 3—No intrusion into objects	587	1	6	4.34	1.30
Personalization 4—Placement choice	587	1	6	4.40	1.26
Personalization 5—Fixated (Cannot be given)	587	1	6	4.50	1.24
Dependent 3—Home modification	587	1.0	2.0	1.592	0.42
Modification of kitchen	587	1	2	1.51	0.50
Modification of bedroom	587	1	2	1.57	0.50
Modification of living room	587	1	2	1.64	0.48
Modification of reception room	587	1	2	1.65	0.48

displays the descriptive analysis of the dependent variables by mean, which shows the average values of the data collected from the governorates as follows:

Dependent 1: Overall sense of control has a mean of M = 4.08 (SD = 1.09) and is defined in terms of (1) Control 1 (control of opinion) with a mean of M = 4.2 (SD = 1.05) and (2) Control 2 (control of activities) with a mean of M = 4.32 (SD = 0.90). Control of activities is the highest central tendency among the two attributes. Meanwhile, Control 1 (control of opinion) has a mean of M = 4.31 (SD = 0.86) and is defined in terms of (1) Control of opinion on general issues has a mean of M = 4.21 (SD = 1.05) and (2) Control of opinion on my issues and the sub-attributes has a mean of M = 4.42 (SD = 0.88). The highest central tendency is modifying the control of opinion on my issues.

The values provided give insight into how individuals perceive and experience their sense of control in different aspects of their lives. Overall, participants reported a high level of control, as indicated by the mean score of 4.08 with a relatively low standard deviation of 1.09.

When looking at the two components that make up this overall sense of control, Control 2 (control of activities) was found to have a higher mean (4.32) compared to Control 1 (control of opinion) (4.20). This suggests that participants feel more in control of their activities than their opinions.

Further breaking down Control 1, participants reported feeling slightly more control over their opinions on their own issues (4.42) compared to general issues (4.21). This highlights the importance of perceived control over personal issues in shaping the overall sense of control for individuals.

Overall, these values convey that participants feel a moderate to high level of overall control, with a slightly higher sense of control over activities compared to opinions. Additionally, control over personal opinions appears to be more influential in shaping the overall sense of control compared to control over general opinions.

Dependent 2: Space personalization (explains adaptability) has a mean of M = 4.47 (SD = 0.98) and is defined by (1) Personalization 1—The managed object (M = 4.57, SD = 1.08), (2) Personalization 2—Freedom of display has a mean of M = 4.56 (SD = 1.07), (3) Personalization 3—No intrusion to objects has a mean of M = 4.34 (SD = 1.30), (4) Personalization 4—Placement choice has a mean of M = 4.40 (SD = 1.26), and (5) Personalization 5—Fixated (cannot be given) has a mean of M = 4.50 (SD = 1.24). The highest central tendency of which is managed object.

The mean value (M) of 4.47 for Space personalization indicates that, on average, respondents rated this factor highly in terms of adaptability. The standard deviation (SD) of 0.98 shows that there was a relatively low amount of variability in responses.

The individual components of Space personalization (Personalization 1—The managed object, Personalization 2—Freedom of display, Personalization 3—No intrusion to objects, Personalization 4—Placement choice, Personalization 5—Fixated) also have mean values ranging from 4.34 to 4.57, indicating that respondents generally rated these aspects highly as well.

The highest mean value was for Personalization 1—The managed object, which had a mean of 4.57 and a standard deviation of 1.08. This indicates that respondents felt particularly strongly about the importance of managing objects within a personalized space.

Overall, these values convey that respondents prioritize adaptability and personalization in their space, with a particular emphasis on managing objects effectively.

Dependent 3: Home modification (explains how support) (M = 1.59, SD = 0.42) and is defined by modifications of (1) Kitchen has a mean of M = 1.51 (SD = 0.50), (2) Bedroom has a mean of M = 1.57 (SD = 0.50), (3) Living room has a mean of M = 1.64 (SD = 0.48), and (4) Reception room has a mean of M = 1.65 (SD = 0.48). The highest central tendency of which is the modification of the reception room.

The value of M = 1.59 and SD = 0.42 for the dependent variable of home modification suggests that, on average, participants in the study reported making some modifications to their homes. The standard deviation of 0.42 indicates that responses varied around this average, with some participants reporting more extensive modifications and others reporting fewer modifications.

Breaking down the specific modifications, the means for each area of the home are as follows:

• Kitchen: M = 1.51, SD = 0.50
• Bedroom: M = 1.57, SD = 0.50
• Living room: M = 1.64, SD = 0.48
• Reception room: M = 1.65, SD = 0.48

These values indicate that, on average, participants reported making the most modifications to their reception room, followed by the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. The standard deviations for each area suggest that there was more variability in responses for the kitchen and bedroom compared to the living room and reception room.

Overall, these values convey that participants in the study have made home modifications, with the reception room being the area most likely to have been modified. This information is important for understanding the level of support and accommodation that individuals may have in their living spaces.

4.2. Hypotheses Testing

Hypothesis 1.

Overall, the sense of control is different in different locations (governorates).

A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to test the difference between the mean scores of the overall sense of control and the mean scores of locations (governorates).

Table 3. Distribution of overall sense of control over locations.

Governorate	Statistics	Dependent—Overall Sense of Control
Irbid	Mean	4.55
	N	150
	Std. Deviation	0.86
Ajloun	Mean	3.62
	N	42
	Std. Deviation	0.96
Jerash	Mean	3.95
	N	83
	Std. Deviation	0.88
Zarqa	Mean	3.33
	N	70
	Std. Deviation	1.02
Balqa	Mean	3.99
	N	150
	Std. Deviation	1.25
Madaba	Mean	4.36
	N	92
	Std. Deviation	1.02
Total	Mean	4.08
	N	587
	Std. Deviation	1.10

shows the distribution of the overall sense of control over the different governorates. Whereas the results in

Table 4. ANOVA of the overall sense of control with locations.

			Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
The overall sense of control Governorate	Between groups	(Combined)	91.87	5	18.37	17.41	0.00
		Linearity	8.05	1	8.05	7.63	0.00
		Deviation from linearity	83.82	4	20.96	19.85	0.00
	Within groups		613.37	581	1.06
	Total		705.24	586

present a significant effect of location on the overall sense of control [F (5, 586) = 17.41], p < 0.00.

Table 5. Multiple comparisons of the overall sense of control with locations.

Dependent Variable	(I) Govern	(J) Govern	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.	95% Confidence Interval
The overall sense of control	Irbid	Ajloun	0.93	0.18	0.00	0.34	1.53
		Jerash	0.60	0.14	0.00	0.13	1.07
		Zarqa	1.23	0.15	0.00	0.73	1.72
		Balqa	0.57	0.12	0.00	0.17	0.96
		Madaba	0.20	0.14	0.84	–0.26	0.65
	Ajloun	Irbid	–0.93	0.18	0.00	–1.53	–0.34
		Jerash	–0.33	0.20	0.71	–0.982	0.32
		Zarqa	0.29	0.20	0.84	–0.38	0.96
		Balqa	–0.37	0.18	0.52	–0.97	0.23
		Madaba	–0.74	0.19	0.01	–1.38	–0.10
	Jerash	Irbid	–0.60	0.14	0.00	–1.07	–0.13
		Ajloun	0.33	0.19	0.71	–0.32	0.98
		Zarqa	0.62	0.17	0.02	0.07	1.18
		Balqa	–0.03	0.14	1.00	–0.50	0.43
		Madaba	–0.41	0.16	0.23	–0.93	0.11
	Zarqa	Irbid	–1.22	0.15	0.00	–1.72	–0.73
		Ajloun	–0.29	0.20	0.84	–0.96	0.38
		Jerash	–0.62	0.17	0.02	–1.18	–0.07
		Balqa	–0.66	0.15	0.00	–1.16	–0.16
		Madaba	–1.03	0.16	0.00	–1.57	–0.49
	Balqa	Irbid	–0.57	0.12	0.00	–0.96	–0.17
		Ajloun	0.37	0.18	0.52	–0.23	0.97
		Jerash	0.04	0.14	1.00	–0.43	0.50
		Zarqa	0.66	0.15	0.00	0.16	1.16
		Madaba	–0.37	0.14	0.19	–0.83	0.08
	Madaba	Irbid	–0.20	0.14	0.84	–0.65	0.26
		Ajloun	0.74	0.19	0.01	0.10	1.38
		Jerash	0.41	0.16	0.23	–0.11	0.93
		Zarqa	1.03	0.16	0.00	0.49	1.57
		Balqa	0.37	0.14	0.19	–0.08	0.83

presents a multiple regression comparison test between different governorates, which shows the overall effect of control in different locations compared to others. Different statistics were applied for further understanding of the overall sense of control.

Hypothesis 2.

Space personalization is different in different locations (governorates).

To determine whether there is a difference between the mean scores for space personalization and the mean scores for places, a one-way ANOVA test was conducted (governorates).

Table 6. Distribution of personalization style over locations.

Governorate	Statistics	Independent 1—Personalization
Irbid	Mean	5.14
	N	150
	Std. Deviation	0.74
Ajloun	Mean	3.98
	N	42
	Std. Deviation	0.76
Jerash	Mean	4.22
	N	83
	Std. Deviation	0.76
Zarqa	Mean	3.95
	N	70
	Std. Deviation	0.96
Balqa	Mean	4.24
	N	150
	Std. Deviation	0.84
Madaba	Mean	4.63
	N	92
	Std. Deviation	1.21
Total	Mean	4.47
	N	587
	Std. Deviation	0.98

shows the distribution of space personalization over the different governorates. The highest is Irbid (M = 5.14), and the lowest is Zarqa (M = 3.95). The findings shown in

Table 7. ANOVA of space personalization with locations.

			Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Governorates Personalization	Between groups	(Combined)	110.61	5	22.12	28.34	0.00
		Linearity	29.29	1	29.29	37.53	0.00
		Deviation from linearity	81.31	4	20.33	26.04	0.00
	Within groups		453.52	581	0.781
	Total		564.12	586

show a substantial relationship between location and space personalization. [F (5, 586) = 28.34], p < 0.00.

A multiple regression comparison test among the different governorates presented in

Table 8. Multiple comparisons of space personalization with locations.

Dependent Variable	(I) Govern	(J) Govern	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.	95% Confidence Interval
Personalisation	Irbid	Ajloun	1.16	0.15	0.00	0.64	1.67
		Jerash	0.91	0.12	0.00	0.51	1.31
		Zarqa	1.19	0.13	0.00	0.76	1.61
		Balqa	0.89	0.10	0.00	0.55	1.23
		Madaba	0.51	0.12	0.00	0.12	0.90
	Ajloun	Irbid	–1.16	0.15	0.00	–1.67	–0.64
		Jerash	–0.25	0.17	0.82	–0.81	0.31
		Zarqa	0.03	0.17	1.00	–0.55	0.60
		Balqa	–0.27	0.15	0.70	–0.78	0.25
		Madaba	–0.65	0.17	0.01	–1.20	–0.10
	Jerash	Irbid	–0.91	0.12	0.00	–1.31	–0.51
		Ajloun	0.25	0.17	0.82	–0.31	0.81
		Zarqa	0.28	0.14	0.60	–0.20	0.75
		Balqa	–0.02	0.12	1.00	–0.42	0.39
		Madaba	–0.40	0.13	0.11	–0.85	0.04
	Zarqa	Irbid	–1.19	0.13	0.00	–1.61	–0.76
		Ajloun	–0.03	0.17	1.00	–0.60	0.55
		Jerash	–0.28	0.14	0.60	–0.75	0.20
		Balqa	–0.29	0.13	0.38	–0.72	0.13
		Madaba	–0.68	0.14	0.00	–1.15	–0.21
	Balqa	Irbid	–0.89	0.10	0.00	–1.23	–0.55
		Ajloun	0.27	0.15	0.70	–0.25	0.78
		Jerash	0.02	0.12	1.00	–0.39	0.42
		Zarqa	0.29	0.13	0.38	–0.13	0.72
		Madaba	–0.39	0.12	0.06	–0.78	0.01
	Madaba	Irbid	–0.51	0.11	0.00	–0.90	–0.12
		Ajloun	0.65	0.17	0.01	0.10	1.20
		Jerash	0.40	0.13	0.11	–0.04	0.85
		Zarqa	0.68	0.14	0.00	0.21	1.15
		Balqa	0.39	0.12	0.06	–0.01	0.78

shows the space personalization effect in different locations compared to other ones. The most compelling difference was in the Irbid governorate against other governorates, which was in a positive direction. This was also confirmed during the interviews.

Hypothesis 3.

Home modification is associated with location (governorates).

To examine the unique relationship between location and home modification, a Chi-square test was used (Governorate). The results of the Pearson Chi-square test of the individual association of home modification with location (Governorate) are displayed in

Table 9. Pearson Chi-square test on home modification with locations.

Tests	Value	Df	Asymp. Sig. (2-Sided)
Pearson Chi-square	262.97	20	0.00
Likelihood Ratio	274.19	20	0.00
Linear-by-Linear association	21.85	1	0.00
N of Valid Cases	587

. The results indicate a significant association of home modification with location (Governorate) [χ2 (20, 587) = 262.97, p = 0.00]. The distribution of home modifications across various governorates was visually displayed in Figure 5.

Hypothesis 4.

The association between space personalization and overall sense of control varies across locations (governorates).

Table 10. Two-stage least squares analysis summary—Space personalization association with the overall sense of control in different locations.

Multiple R	Sign.
R Square	0.01
Adjusted R Square	0.01
Std. The error in the Estimate	1.00

displays the two-stage least analysis regression results. Space personalization is associated with the overall sense of control differently in different locations (governorates). A multiple regression test was conducted to test the interactive model space personalization with the overall sense of control while controlling the covariate location.

In this model, the interactive relationship was found to be significant in

Table 11. Regression model summary—Space personalization association with the overall sense of control in different locations.

	Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Regression	8.05	1	8.05	7.91	0.01
Residual	595.74	585	1.02
Total	603.79	586

with a value of [F (1, 586) = 7.91] and p < 0.01. It indicates that space personalization plays a role in the level of control elderly individuals possess. Additionally, the influence of space personalization on the overall sense of control varied in different locations, as shown in

Table 12. Linear logistic regression model for space personalization association with the overall sense of control in different locations.

	Unstandardized Coefficients		Beta	T	Sig.
	B	Std. Error	B	Std. Error	B
(Constant)	1.73	0.84		2.08	0.04
Independent 1—Personalization	0.52	0.19	0.47	2.81	0.01

, where the strength of individual contribution was deemed significant [t = 2.81, p = 0.01].

Hypothesis 5.

Home modification is associated with the overall sense of control differently in different locations (Governorates).

A multiple regression test was conducted to examine the interactive impact of the home modification on the overall sense of control while accounting for the covariate of location. The regression results from the two-stage least squares analysis are presented in

Table 13. Two-stage least squares analysis summary—Home modification associated with the overall sense of control in different locations.

Multiple R	0.08
R2	0.01
Adjusted R2	0.01
Std. Error of the estimate	1.41

.

Table 14. Regression model summary—Home modification associated with the overall sense of control in different locations.

	Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Regression	8.05	1	8.05	4.04	0.05
Residual	1166.76	585	1.99
Total	1174.81	586

shows a significant interactive relationship for this model: [F (1, 586) = 4.04], with a p < 0.05. It indicates that home modification impacts the sense of control that elderly individuals have. Additionally,

Table 15. Linear logistic regression model for home modification associated with the overall sense of control in different locations.

	Unstandardized Coefficients		Beta	T	Sig.
	B	Std. Error	B	Std. Error	B
(Constant)	6.36	1.14		5.60	0.00
Independent 2—Modification	–1.43	0.71	–0.55	–2.01	0.05

shows that the strength of the individual contribution to home modification is significant in various locations, indicating a negative effect [t = −2.01, p = 0.05].

4.3. Qualitative Analysis

The interview breakdown elucidated the following central themes in detail:

• Theme 1: Rural villages with a hierarchical physical setting, agriculture and livestock as the main livelihood, presence of schools and varying heights of fences.
• Theme 2: Random street layout in towns with services like mosques, health centres, schools, and parks, some areas lacking infrastructure like paved roads, electricity, and entertainment services.
• Theme 3: Different house typologies in the area, from old constructions to modern ones, traditional houses with wells for drinking water, and apartments on top of commercial strips.
• Theme 4: Strong kinship and communal activities in the village, periodic meetings for the elderly, good neighboring relationships, and changes in social structure due to working/studying outside the village.
• Theme 5: Extended family structure, sufficient income for farming and livestock, middle-class income level, inheritance of houses and land, basic furniture, and good health.
• Theme 6: Values include caring for elders, communal living, practicing generosity and religion, and striving to be self-sufficient.
• Theme 7: Individuals have control over various aspects of their lives, with age and health impacting their sense of control, and different levels of control based on family size and age.
• Theme 8: Attachment to village, house, family, community, tools, sentimental objects, cultural significance, and memories.
• Theme 9: House modifications made to accommodate the size of the family.
• Theme 10: Group conflict among individuals aged 20–30.
• Theme 11: Negative situations faced by some elderly individuals, including loneliness, isolation, poverty, and neglect, often due to lack of proper care from busy children and inadequate housing.
• Theme 12: Positive emotions towards the elderly, recognizing their beauty and the importance of cultural traditions in ensuring their well-being.
• These where further collapsed in relation to the adaptation of the elderly to home can be identified:
  • Physical Environment and Infrastructure: The physical setting of the villages, including the layout of houses, availability of basic services like electricity and sanitation, and the condition of housing structures, plays a key role in the adaptation of the elderly. Issues such as poorly insulated windows, inadequate bathroom facilities, and cracked walls impact their comfort and safety at home.
  • Control and Autonomy: Elderly individuals often value a sense of control and autonomy over their living environment. The level of control they feel over their homes and possessions can affect their overall well-being and satisfaction with their living situation.
  • Attachment and Sentimentality: Older individuals may feel a strong attachment to their homes, belongings, and the community they have lived in for many years. The sentimental value attached to their living space can influence their adaptation and feelings of comfort and security.
  • Social Support and Community Engagement: The involvement of the elderly in community activities, social gatherings with neighbors, and support from family members can enhance their adaptation to home. Loneliness, isolation, and lack of care from family members were identified as challenges that impact the well-being of older individuals at home.
  • Cultural Traditions and Practices: Cultural activities and traditions can contribute to a sense of fulfillment and purpose for elderly individuals living at home. Upholding cultural values such as caring for elders and maintaining social connections within the community can support their adaptation to home and overall quality of life.
  • The thematic analysis of the interviews among the older participants revealed new key themes:
  • Adaptation and coping strategies: Older individuals adapt to changes in their environment by modifying their homes, seeking support from their community, and finding ways to stay connected with their social network. They also cope with negative situations by maintaining a positive attitude, seeking help when needed, and utilizing their resources effectively.
  • Aging in place: The concept of aging in place is important for the older participants, as they value staying in their familiar environment surrounded by their community and family. They make modifications to their homes to ensure they can continue living independently and safely as they age.
  • Sense of identity and belonging: Older individuals in the villages have a strong sense of identity tied to their homes, families, and communities. They feel a deep sense of belonging to their surroundings and take pride in their cultural heritage and traditions.
  • Importance of intergenerational relationships: The older participants value their relationships with younger generations and see them as a source of support and companionship. They pass down their knowledge and wisdom to the younger members of the community, fostering a sense of continuity and connection between generations.

5. Discussion

The descriptive analysis of socio-economic characteristics revealed a diverse sample, representing various governorates in Jordan. The findings indicated that certain governorates exhibited distinct socio-economic characteristics, which may impact the overall sense of control, space personalization, and home modification. The distribution of the overall sense of control over the different governorates is shown in Table 3. The highest is Irbid (M = 4.55), and the lowest is Zarqa (M = 3.33). This sense of control varies across different regions, as evidenced by the research conducted by [72]. Their study found a consistent association between higher scores in general knowledge, wisdom, family authority, life satisfaction, and respect, suggesting that these attributes increase with age across various cultures [72]. The most significant difference was found in the Irbid governorate (Table 5), where the effect was favorable compared to other governorates. A study by Taani investigated the health status and utilization of health services among the elderly population dwelling in the city of Irbid. There exists a significant association between those who have a health status that is less than ideal and their heightened utilization of healthcare resources [73]. Furthermore, the study by [65] identified notable differences in the living arrangements of elderly individuals across 43 developing nations. It also examined and contrasted these patterns based on gender, global regions, and macro-level indicators of socio-economic progress [74].

According to [16], homes in Arabic culture are modified to have privacy. It will always be a requirement and an amenity [10]. Moreover, according to Remali et al., Doha, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Manama are four significant Gulf cities whose housing typologies have evolved chronologically. The region’s origins and history have shaped new social and economic realities and housing styles throughout the last two centuries [19]. Whereas Figure 5 visually displays the distribution of home modifications across various governorates.

The current study indicates that space personalization plays a role in the level of control elderly individuals possess. These findings are consistent with the study of [75], which addressed how older people’s self-selected spaces of encounter in urban aging environments in the Netherlands might contribute to their sense of control and well-being [75]. The review by Martinez et al. indicated that home-sharing can boost older individuals’ independence and sense of control by providing them with a personal place they can control and modify [76]. A study in India by [77] found similar results [77]. The study by [78] concluded that insufficient privacy or personal space produced by overcrowded conditions could contribute to increased social and physical sickness [78]. The study by [79] discovered that older persons’ personal space is reduced when approached, impairing their sense of control and well-being [79].

The results of the current study in Table 14 and Table 15 indicate that home modification impacts the sense of control that elderly individuals have. Moreover, these results concord with Tanner et al.’s study of how house alterations assist in retaining a sense of place and a sense of self by facilitating the performance of daily rituals. The study analyses the impact of house renovations on the notion of home for older adults [55]. The study, performed in the USA by Kim et al., explains how to make a home accessible through improvements that will benefit different populations. It investigated how home alterations affect how accessible homes are for those with functional impairments [80]. The study explains how to make a home accessible through renovations that benefit different demographics. The study analyses how home renovations affect accessible dwellings for persons with functional limitations [81].

5.1. Thematic Discussion

The thematic analysis of the interviews among the older participants in rural villages underscores the significance of community, cultural values, and challenges faced by the elderly population. It illuminates the physical, social, and emotional dimensions of their lives, emphasizing the need for support and care. These themes emphasize the diverse aspects of the elderly’s adaptation to home, focusing on physical comfort, autonomy, social support, attachment, and cultural influences that shape their aging experiences in place. The interviews reveal the importance of community, family, and tradition in the lives of elderly residents in villages, as well as the challenges they encounter, such as social isolation and inadequate housing, which necessitate support and care.

Older participants in the villages exhibit a strong sense of control over their personal spaces and homes, valuing their authority within their households and communities, along with a deep attachment to their homes, land, and traditions. Despite this, some individuals may face loneliness and neglect due to various factors, including inadequate living conditions and busy family members, highlighting the need for support.

The overarching theme is the significance of control, personalization of space, and home modification for older individuals in rural villages. These individuals take pride in their decision-making abilities, sense of authority, and connections to family and community, underscoring the importance of their autonomy and well-being.

Attachment to their village, house, family, and community is a prevalent theme among the elderly participants, contributing to their sense of meaning and fulfillment. However, challenges such as loneliness and lack of proper care call for assistance and improvements in living conditions to ensure their comfort and well-being. In conclusion, the interviews illustrate the importance of autonomy, connection, and support for older individuals in rural villages, emphasizing the influence of culture, tradition, and community on their experiences and quality of life.

To clarify how aspects of buildings and their adaptation for elderly people would benefit from the study themes, the following elements:

• Sense of Control: The analysis breaks down the perceived control over both personal opinions and activities. Participants express a high sense of control, particularly in managing personal activities. This is crucial for elderly residents who value autonomy and decision-making in their living environments. Designing spaces that enable easy access, mobility, and independence can help maintain this sense of control. Elderly individuals cherish control over their lives, including domestic matters and decision-making processes. The design of living spaces needs to facilitate this control, even as physical abilities might decline with age. Architectural solutions like open floor plans, easily navigable spaces, and adaptable features (e.g., adjustable shelves and lighting) can help sustain this autonomy. Gender differences in control may also necessitate tailored approaches for a design that acknowledges different needs and societal roles.
• Space Personalization: This aspect focuses on the adaptability and customization of living areas. The study highlights that respondents place high importance on managing objects and being able to personalize their environment. For elderly individuals, the ability to personalize their space according to their preferences enhances comfort and psychological well-being. Personal spaces within homes significantly contribute to an individual’s sense of control and belonging. This can be achieved through flexible designs that allow for customization, such as movable partitions, multi-functional furniture, and design elements that enable residents to modify their environment according to personal preferences. This adaptability supports psychological well-being and allows homes to evolve with occupants’ lifestyles and family dynamics.
• Home Modification: The data reflect a modest level of home modifications reported by participants, with the reception room being the most frequently modified space. This suggests that living spaces need to support modifications that cater to the changing needs of elderly residents, such as improved accessibility or safety features. Products like adjustable furniture, wider doorways, and non-slip floors can accommodate these needs. Many older homes may not meet the needs of elderly residents due to poor infrastructure, outdated facilities, and safety hazards. Thus, retrofitting existing homes with modern amenities—like accessible bathrooms, better insulation, and reinforced structures—can significantly enhance comfort and safety. Emphasis should also be placed on preserving cultural and sentimental elements within homes, which strengthen emotional connections and enhance the feeling of belonging.

In conclusion, these elements of control, personalization, and modification are integral to providing elderly individuals with an environment where they can maintain independence, adapt to changing physical needs, and enjoy a sense of security and well-being. By addressing these aspects in building design, architects and designers can foster environments that not only accommodate but also empower aging populations.

Additional themes were explored as follows:

• Theme 1: Feel of Control and Its Manifestations: Individuals have authority in several ways: they are consulted on many issues; they exert control over family members; they manage the house and its contents; males exert more control than females; those living alone have more control, though living with sons reduces this; private families often have elders in control; smaller families equate to a greater sense of control; assigned private spaces enhance control; control decreases with age and health; individuals aged 60 to 70 generally have substantial control, while those between 70 and 80, 80% experience relative control, and 20% have complete control. Types of control include physical and social control, social and opinion-based control, and some decline the need for control, experiencing no sense of control.
• Theme 2: Attachment in Various Forms: People can be attached to their village, house, family, community, land, farming, and agriculture rather than tools. Gender differences exist, with females generally more attached than males. Objects, especially handmade or culturally significant ones, can carry value. Memories can influence attachment. Health and income can impact perceived control over one’s life.
• Theme 3: Negative Situations: Some elderly individuals experience loneliness, isolation, poverty, neglect, and lack of care. Contributing factors include busy children unable to provide care, and unsuitable housing conditions like poorly insulated windows, inadequate bathroom facilities, and structural issues.
• Theme 4: Cultural Practices: Elders often engage in cultural activities and traditions, providing them with a structured role within society.

5.2. Relevant Home Modifications

Relevant modifications made in the analyzed homes, as derived from the thematic analysis above, highlight a range of adaptations and personalization aimed at enhancing living conditions for elderly individuals are explored as follows:

• Home Modifications for Suitability: Homes in rural areas have been upgraded over time to better accommodate the size of growing families, addressing some elderly residents’ needs. Despite this, certain houses remain unsuitable for elderly individuals due to inadequate insulation, insufficient bathroom facilities, and structural damage.
• Space Personalization: Elderly residents have personalized their living spaces, converting them into environments that cater to their comfort and well-being. This personalization involves assigning private spaces within homes which contribute significantly to their sense of control and belonging.
• Enhancing Living Conditions: Modifications are made to ensure that the elderly can age in place, maintaining a sense of independence and safety as they live within their familiar environments. This entails adjustments that enhance accessibility and ease of mobility within their homes.
• Addressing Loneliness and Isolation Through Modifications: The study identifies challenges like loneliness and isolation among some elderly, which can be mitigated through home modifications and community engagement. Such changes can foster better social interactions and provide more inviting spaces for family visits.
• Community Support and Engagement: The involvement of the community and support from family through periodic meetings and maintenance of cultural practices are integral to the well-being of the elderly, adding a layer of emotional stability through social connections.
• Cultural Tradition and Attachment: Modifications also respect cultural traditions, enabling the elderly to maintain cultural practices and heritage within their personalized home environments, thus enhancing their attachment to the place.

These modifications reflect a complex interplay between improving the functional suitability of homes and maintaining cultural and emotional ties, aimed at supporting the autonomy and well-being of older adults in these communities.

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

The current study aimed to enhance the understanding of supportive and adaptive environments for aging populations in Jordan, examining location dynamics across various governorates. The mixed-method methodology, employing structured and open-ended interviews along with questionnaires, facilitated a comprehensive exploration of themes related to the elderly population. The research covered diverse governorates, including Irbid, Jerash, Ajloun, Mafraq, Zarqa, Balqa, and Madaba, ensuring geographical representation.

This study creates significant links between participant location and different elements of a nurturing and flexible home environment. The degree of personalization of space and the overall sense of control were found to differ among the governorates, with Zarqa having the lowest levels and Irbid having the highest. Furthermore, a correlation was found in the study between the governorate and home modifications, suggesting a complex relationship. Notably, the overall sensation of control varied depending on the region and was linked to personalization and customization of the home environment. When participants feel in control of their surroundings, they feel more in charge of their customized environment.

Adaptation of the elderly to home is thematically identified by the following: physical environment and infrastructure; control and autonomy; attachment and sentimentality; social support and community engagement; and cultural traditions and practices. The elderly showed a high sense of adaptation and coping with their environment, eagerness to age in place and accustom themselves to familiarity, and a sense of belonging and identification with their families and communities and intergenerational interactions.

The study suggests that to enhance older individuals’ safety, health, security, and self-care, regulated and well-organized home care services should be promoted. To keep senior citizens healthy and happy in their own homes, caregivers are essential. To improve accessibility, safety, and comfort, the study suggests making certain changes to a variety of living spaces, including halls, doors, entrances, and exits; bathrooms, kitchens, bedrooms; living rooms; and reception rooms. There are also recommendations for enhancing air quality, energy efficiency, and the view from the house, all of which have a favorable impact on health outcomes. Furthermore, it is recommended that homes and neighborhoods be redesigned to better suit the needs of Jordan’s aging population. The report urges the Ministry of Health and Social Services to create and implement elder housing rules and supports an integrated strategy to build community-based housing for the elderly. To create safe communities and flexible physical environments, it is also advised to promote mixed land use and include measures for elderly accessibility in construction rules. One of the limitations of the current study is that it only covers a small number of Jordanian governorates. To develop comprehensive plans to improve surroundings that are supportive and adaptive for the aging population, future studies should include all governorates in order to obtain a more thorough understanding of the problem.

Based on the outcomes and thematic discussion from the study, several planning and design guidelines could be proposed to improve the lives of older individuals in rural villages, focusing on their unique needs and challenges:

• Cultural and Traditional Integration:
  • Design living environments that reflect cultural values and traditions, such as community gardens for agriculture to maintain connectivity to land and farming practices.
  • Include spaces dedicated to cultural or religious practices that help elders remain connected to their heritage.
• Policy and Regulations:
  • Advocate for policies that support community-based elder care, ensuring accessible healthcare and social services.
  • Encourage regulatory frameworks that incorporate elder-friendly design into new housing developments and renovations.
• Community-Based Support Systems:
  • Establish community centers that provide social activities, health services, and emotional support, to counteract social isolation and loneliness.
  • Foster intergenerational programs that encourage interaction between the elderly and younger community members, reinforcing community bonds.
• Environment and Infrastructure Improvements:
  • Improve infrastructure to enhance mobility and accessibility, such as better public transport options and pedestrian-friendly pathways.
  • Address housing inadequacies by improving insulation, structural integrity, and energy efficiency to ensure comfortable living conditions.
• Health and Safety Enhancements:
  • Integrate technology solutions, like emergency response systems and smart home devices, that promote health monitoring and immediate assistance.
  • Develop partnerships with local health services to provide regular health check-ups and home visits.
• Home Design and Modification:
  • Encourage home modifications that enhance safety and accessibility, such as installing handrails, ramps, and wider doorways.
  • Implement age-friendly design elements that improve comfort and usability, particularly in bathrooms and kitchens.
• Personalization of Space:
  • Enable personalized spaces within the home that allow older adults to maintain a sense of control and authority, such as dedicated rooms or areas where personal items and mementos can be showcased.
  • Support housing designs that allow for adaptability over time, accommodating changing mobility and health needs.
• Research and Development:
  • Encourage ongoing research to continue evaluating the effectiveness of implemented solutions and explore innovative strategies to further support the aging population.
  • Expand studies to include more regions and diverse populations within Jordan to tailor solutions that address varied needs across different settings.

Implementing these guidelines requires a collaborative effort between government agencies, communities, families, and developers to create environments that holistically support the autonomy, comfort, and well-being of elderly populations in rural areas.