Navigating Digital Transformation and Technology Adoption: A Literature Review from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Developing Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. General Concepts
2.1.1. Digital Transformation and Technology Adoption
2.1.2. Cultural Behavior
2.1.3. Developing Countries
2.2. Related Works
3. Methods
3.1. Definition of Research Questions
3.2. Conduct Search
3.3. Sources of Analysis
3.4. Article Selection Process
3.5. Quality Assessment
- QC1: The article articulates a specific research goal and provides a thorough contextual description;
- QC2: The article specifies the research methodology employed to meet the research goal;
- QC3: The article employs a methodology that is both clear and suitable for this study’s objective;
- QC4: The article delivers findings relevant to digital transformation or the practical implementation of technology adoption.
3.6. Data Extraction
3.7. Study Support Files
4. Results
4.1. Context and Research Approach
4.1.1. Publication Years
4.1.2. Data Sources
4.1.3. Type of Study and Contribution
- Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: This refers to the network and conditions that facilitate entrepreneurship, including access to capital, mentorship, and a supportive community;
- Government Initiatives: These are programs or policies implemented by the government to encourage business activity, such as tax incentives, grants, or regulatory reforms;
- Private Policies: These consist of rules or guidelines set by private entities that influence their operations and the broader business environment, such as corporate governance standards or ethical sourcing requirements;
- Public Policies: These involve regulations and laws established by governmental bodies that dictate how businesses must operate, covering aspects like labor laws, environmental regulations, and compliance requirements.
5. Discussion
5.1. Bibliometric Analysis
5.2. Interpreting Answers to Research Questions
5.2.1. RQ1: What Are the Digital Transformation Models That Allow Evaluating Technological Adoption in Micro and Small Companies?
5.2.2. RQ2: What Are the Mechanisms for Assessing Cultural Behavior in Micro and Small Enterprises?
5.2.3. RQ3: What Are the Technological Barriers Affecting MSEs in Developing Countries?
5.2.4. RQ4: What Are the Determining Factors and Drivers in the Digital Transformation Process for MSEs in Developing Countries?
5.3. Orthogonal Discussion
5.4. Threats to Validity
- Study Search. To minimize search-related threats, we employed a predefined search string across major electronic databases. Prior to the actual search, a pilot search was conducted on each selected database to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the search string.
- Study Selection Bias. We mitigated selection bias by using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Additionally, several reviewers cross-checked all selected studies to ensure consistency. The inter-rater reliability, as measured by the Kappa coefficient, was 0.62, indicating substantial agreement among reviewers, thus significantly reducing the risk of discrepancies in study relevance.
- Data Extraction Bias. A systematic approach was used to ensure data extraction accuracy and reduce potential biases. Initially, one author developed a tool for distributing study results. Subsequently, five authors independently extracted data from an equal number of studies using a standardized form. Regular discussions between these authors helped to maintain consistency and mitigate data extraction bias.
Validity concerns the following:
- External Validity: External validity concerns the generalizability of the findings. The primary limitation is whether the studies adequately represent digital transformation initiatives in developing countries. This threat was addressed by selecting peer-reviewed studies and deliberately excluding the non-peer-reviewed (gray) literature to enhance the reliability and applicability of the findings.
- Conclusion Validity: This pertains to the reliability of drawing accurate conclusions from a study. Despite adhering to established best practices, it remains challenging to comprehensively encompass all relevant primary studies. We addressed this limitation by discussing our findings with industry professionals, enriching our interpretations and conclusions with practical insights.
- Construct Validity: Construct validity relates to the appropriateness of inferences from the operational measures to the theoretical constructs that they represent. A primary concern is the potential subjectivity of the results. To counteract this, three researchers independently executed critical phases of the systematic mapping study, subsequently convening to discuss and consolidate their findings into a consensus. This collaborative approach ensures that the conclusions drawn are robust and reflective of a collective agreement, thereby enhancing the construct validity of the study.
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | Objective | Ref. |
---|---|---|
1 | Adoption of Digital Technologies and Social Networks: Includes studies investigating how the adoption of social networks and digital technologies influences the performances of SMEs. This covers the influence of social networks on business performance, the current and future direction of social network marketing, and the adoption of social media in SMEs. | [55,56] |
2 | E-readiness and ICT Implementation: This includes works that develop models to measure ICT implementation in organizations, such as the e-readiness model for cooperatives, and the adoption of business intelligence systems based on theories such as TAM and UTAUT. | [57,58,59,60,61] |
3 | Digital Transformation in Response to External Challenges: This association considers papers highlighting the importance of digital transformation in response to COVID-19, assessing how SMEs adapt their strategies and operations through digitization and how the pandemic has influenced Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) digitization. | [62,63,64] |
4 | Impact of Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Digitization: This section focuses on studies examining the impact of Industrial Revolution 4.0 and digitization on SMEs, including adaptation strategies, the role of digitization in Lean–Green practices, and the challenges and opportunities involved in implementing data science. | [65,66,67] |
5 | Digital Maturity Assessment and Improvement: This section includes analyses that seek to develop self-assessment models to measure the digital maturity of SMEs and provide a framework for the adoption of 5G technology to foster digital innovation. | [68] |
6 | Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis and Strategies for Development: This topic brings together research on the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on SMEs, offering strategies to combat challenges and improve resilience. | [69,70] |
7 | Competitive Advantages and Access to International Markets: This chapter examines how digitization and other determinants can contribute to SMEs’ competitive advantages in international markets, including the role of digitization in the adoption and uptake of e-commerce. | [71,72] |
8 | Sustainability and the Green Economy: This topic focuses on studies that provide frameworks on how MSMEs can achieve green economic performance through green economy readiness and digitization. | [73,74] |
ID | Item | Objective |
---|---|---|
RQ1 | (a) What are the digital transformation models that allow for evaluating technological adoption in micro and small companies? | To identify general technology adoption models. |
RQ2 | (b) What are the mechanisms for assessing cultural behavior in micro and small enterprises? | To identify formal models of cultural behavior and sociocultural impacts on digital transformation. |
RQ3 | (c) What are the technological barriers affecting MSEs in developing countries? | To identify technology gaps and barriers. |
RQ4 | (c) What are the determining factors and drivers in the digital transformation process for MSEs in developing countries? | To identify drivers of the digital transformation process. |
Criteria | Definitions |
---|---|
Population | micro enterprise, small enterprise, medium-sized enterprise |
Intervention | technology adoption model, digital transformation |
Comparison | n/a |
Outcome | process, initiatives, proposals, products, software, model |
Context | academy, industry |
Keyword | Synonyms |
---|---|
digital transformation | digital disruption, digital innovation, digital modernization, digitalization |
model | approach, practice, procedure, protocol, technique, framework, initiative, method, process, product, proposal, software |
small enterprise | SME, SMEs, medium enterprise, micro enterprise |
technology adoption model | TAM, TOE, technology acceptance, technology adaptation, Tornatzky |
Research Chain |
---|
(“small enterprise” OR “SME” OR “SMEs” OR “medium enterprise” OR “micro enterprise”) AND (“digital transformation” OR “Digital disruption” OR “Digital innovation” OR “Digital modernization” OR “digitalization” OR “technology adoption model” OR “TAM” OR “TOE” OR “Technology acceptance” OR “Technology adaptation” OR “Tornatzky”) AND (“model” OR “Approach” OR “Practice” OR “Procedure” OR “Protocol” OR “Technique” OR “framework” OR “initiative” OR “method” OR “process” OR “product” OR “proposal” OR “software”) |
Source | Link |
---|---|
ACM Digital Library | http://portal.acm.org (accessed on 1 December 2023) |
IEEE Digital Library | http://ieeexplore.ieee.org (accessed on 1 December 2023) |
ISI Web of Science | http://www.isiknowledge.com (accessed on 1 December 2023) |
Scopus | http://www.scopus.com (accessed on 1 December 2023) |
Wiley | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com (accessed on 1 December 2023) |
Criteria | Scenarios |
---|---|
Inclusion Criteria | cultural behavior, developing countries, developing enterprises, digital transformation, technology adoption model |
Exclusion Criteria | congress ranking, literature review, non-article or non-conference, non-technology-related, short paper/position paper/poster, software-only approach, year, developed countries, full/big enterprise, inaccessible |
Data Extraction Form | sociocultural objective, technology, organization, environment, cultural behavior model, application context, technology adoption method |
Stage | Filter Element | Detail |
---|---|---|
Initial Search | Metadata |
|
Filter 1 | Title |
|
Filter 2 | Type of Article |
|
Filter 3 | Title and abstract |
|
Filter 4 | Title and abstract |
|
Data Source | Initial Search | Filter 1 | Filter 2 | Filter 3 | Filter 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACM DL | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
IEEE DL | 139 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 17 |
ISI WOS | 29 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
SCOPUS | 1430 | 281 | 264 | 237 | 236 |
WILEY | 12 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 1617 | 317 | 299 | 265 | 256 |
Rank | Term | Score |
---|---|---|
1 | digital transformation | 145.6 |
2 | medium enterprise | 93.6 |
3 | social medium | 89.8 |
4 | technology acceptance model | 80.8 |
5 | medium-sized enterprise | 54.0 |
6 | cloud computing | 52.7 |
7 | structural equation | 51.2 |
8 | technology acceptance | 50.5 |
9 | top management support | 49.1 |
10 | acceptance model | 40.2 |
11 | structural equation modeling | 37.9 |
12 | business model | 37.6 |
13 | digital technology | 36.7 |
14 | technology adoption | 35.9 |
15 | top management | 31 |
16 | information technology | 30.9 |
17 | social commerce | 24.8 |
18 | adoption model | 24.6 |
19 | competitive advantage | 24 |
20 | digital innovation | 22.3 |
21 | TOE framework | 22 |
22 | competitive pressure, research model | 21 |
23 | government support | 20 |
24 | social medium adoption | 19.8 |
25 | supply chain | 19.7 |
26 | management support | 19 |
27 | social medium marketing, ICT adoption | 18.7 |
28 | literature review | 17.6 |
29 | structural equation model | 17.1 |
30 | behavioral intention | 17 |
31 | cloud ERP | 16.8 |
32 | information system | 16.5 |
33 | SME performance | 16 |
34 | conceptual framework, environmental factor | 15 |
35 | big datum | 14.8 |
36 | digital marketing | 14.6 |
37 | cloud ERP adoption | 14.2 |
38 | SME owner, practical implication | 14 |
39 | ERP adoption | 13.8 |
40 | financial inclusion | 13.6 |
Article | Ref. |
---|---|
ICT Adoption Scale Development For SMEs | [87] |
Factors Influencing Small Medium Enterprises Behavior In Adopting E-Fulfillment Services | [88] |
Mobile Marketing Technology Adoption In Service SMEs: A Multi-Perspective Framework | [89] |
An Information And Communication Technology Adoption Framework For Small, Medium And Micro Enterprises Operating In Townships South Africa | [90] |
A Multifaceted Framework For Adoption Of Cloud Computing In Malaysian SMEs | [91] |
Measuring Digital Capability Maturity: Case Of Small-Medium Kampong-Digital Companies In Bandung | [92] |
Identifying The Driving And Moderating Factors Of Malaysian SMEs’ Readiness For Industry 4.0 | [93] |
The Concept Of Building A Digital Transformation Model For Enterprises From The SME Sector | [94] |
Accounting Information System Adoption Model For Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises In Northern Ghana | [95] |
Testing An Adoption Model For Industry 4.0 And Sustainability: A Malaysian Scenario | [96] |
Factors Affecting E-Commerce Adoption By Handicraft SMEs Of India | [97] |
Creating A Market For E-Health Entrepreneurs | [98] |
Antecedent And Business Process Management Non-Technical Capabilities In Social Media Implementation For Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises: A Conceptual Model | [99] |
Article Title | Author’s Keywords | Behavioral Model/ Construct Correlation | Cultural Behavior Reference |
---|---|---|---|
[100] The contribution of organizational culture, structure, and leadership factors in the digital transformation of SMEs: a mixed-methods approach | digital transformation; organizational culture; organizational structure; leadership; small and medium enterprises; mixed methods; business model | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[101] Measuring the effects of different factors influencing on the readiness of SMEs towards digitalization: A multiple perspectives design of decision support system | small–medium enterprises; performance measurement; decision support system;, digitalization readiness; fuzzy analytical hierarchy process | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[102] Digital Transformation Process and SMEs | digital transformation; SMEs; e-commerce, enterprise 4.0.; big data; cloud computing; 3D printing | No | Yes—Organizational |
[103] Technology readiness for IoT adoption in Colombian SMEs | digital transformation; IoT adoption; IoT readiness; SMEs; technology readiness; TOE framework | No | Yes—Organizational |
[104] The Impact of Online Business Marketing on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Performance (SMEs) | online business marketing; competitiveness; SMEs; performance; implementation | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[105] Extended contextual validation of stakeholder approach to firm technology adoption/moderating and mediating relationships in an innovation eco-system | F-tam; innovation; stakeholder ecosystem; SMEs | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[106] Social Media and SMEs’ Performance in Developing Countries Effects of Technological-Organizational-Environmental Factors on the Adoption of Social Media | TOE framework; SME performance; social media adoption; developing countries | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[107] Identification of roles and factors influencing the adoption of ICTs in the SMEs of Pakistan by using an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) | SME growth, entrepreneurial behavior; innovation development; information and communication technology factors; technology acceptance model; emerging economies | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[108] Digital Transformation for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises to Develop Sustainable Community-Based Marine Tourism | CBT; youth; MSMEs; marine tourism | No | Yes—Organizational |
[109] Industry 4.0 in manufacturing SMEs of Argentina and Brazil | SMEs; industrial organization; technology | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[110] What are the obstacles hindering digital transformation for small and medium enterprise freight logistics service providers? An interpretive structural modeling approach | digital transformation; interpretive structural modeling; logistics service providers; matrix impact of cross-multiplication applied to classification; small–medium enterprises | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[111] A Model Of The E-Wallet Adoption In Small And Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia | e-wallet; small and medium enterprises (SMEs); technology acceptance model (TAM); diffusion of innovations (DOI); technology–organization–environment (TOE); Guanxi | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[112] Social Media Engagement, Organizational Agility and Digitalization Strategic Plan to Improve SMEs Performance | digital skill; ICT utilization; media engagement; organizational agility; small–medium enterprise (SME) performance | Yes | Yes—Organizational |
[113] Affiliate Marketing in SMEs: The Moderating Effect of Developmental Culture | affiliate marketing; developmental culture; SMEs; technology adoption models | Yes | Yes—Author’s approach |
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Díaz-Arancibia, J.; Hochstetter-Diez, J.; Bustamante-Mora, A.; Sepúlveda-Cuevas, S.; Albayay, I.; Arango-López, J. Navigating Digital Transformation and Technology Adoption: A Literature Review from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Developing Countries. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145946
Díaz-Arancibia J, Hochstetter-Diez J, Bustamante-Mora A, Sepúlveda-Cuevas S, Albayay I, Arango-López J. Navigating Digital Transformation and Technology Adoption: A Literature Review from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Developing Countries. Sustainability. 2024; 16(14):5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145946
Chicago/Turabian StyleDíaz-Arancibia, Jaime, Jorge Hochstetter-Diez, Ana Bustamante-Mora, Samuel Sepúlveda-Cuevas, Isidora Albayay, and Jeferson Arango-López. 2024. "Navigating Digital Transformation and Technology Adoption: A Literature Review from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Developing Countries" Sustainability 16, no. 14: 5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145946