Towards Solving the Beach Litter Problem: Ecosystem Service Assessments at North African Coasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. North African Beaches in Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt
2.2. Beach Litter Sampling
2.3. Ecosystem Service Assessment
2.3.1. Selection of Sandy Beach ESs (Step 1)
2.3.2. Scenario Development (Step 2)
- Baseline Scenario (Figure 3a) shows a “clean(ed)” beach without marine litter or beach wrack. It represents a common beach for the Southern Mediterranean Sea by active management (i.e., regular cleaning operations). Moderate beach vegetation was assumed.
- Scenario 1 (Figure 3b) shows high amounts of marine litter, i.e., around 2500 macro litter items per 100 m, but no beach wrack accumulation. Accumulation includes marine litter washed ashore from the sea, as well as litter from human activities on the beach. Entanglements of the moderate beach vegetation, as well as floating litter in nearshore waters, were assumed.
- Scenario 2 (Figure 3c) represents a beach with moderate to high amounts of beach wrack accumulation (50–75% coverage of the whole beach area) without marine litter. Beach wrack accumulation was defined as landed organic material, including sea grass and algae, as well as the remains of dead animals, such as crabs and seashells, stones, and wood pieces. Floating algae in the nearshore waters and birds feeding on landed beach wrack were assumed.
2.3.3. Scenario-Based ES Assessment by Stakeholders (Step 3.a)
2.3.4. Scenario-Based ES Assessment by Literature (Step 3.b)
3. Results
3.1. State of Beach Litter Pollution
3.2. Relative Importance of Beach ESs Perceived by Local Stakeholders
3.3. Scenario 1: Impact of Beach Litter Perceived by Local Stakeholders
3.4. Scenario 2: Impact of Beach Wrack Perceived by Local Stakeholders
3.5. Stakeholder Involvement Approaches—Lessons Learned
3.6. Comparison of the Literature- and Stakeholder-Based Assessment Results: Mediterranean Sea and Baltic Sea
3.7. Mitigation Measures
4. Discussion
4.1. The ES Approach: Applicability and Transferability
4.2. The ES Approach: Benefits and Shortcomings
4.3. Towards a New Approach—Integrating ES Assessments in Litter Management Measures
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Ecosystem Services (ESs) | Description/Examples | ||
Provisioning | 1 | Wild plants for materials (further processing) | Beach wrack or dune vegetation for further processing, e.g., seagrass or algae for cosmetic products |
2 | Wild plants for human nutrition | Beach wrack or dune vegetation as a human food source or supplement, e.g., seaweed or reed sprouts for consumption | |
2 | Biomass as an energy source | Beach wrack or other organic material for energy production | |
3 | Extraction of minerals (sand, nutrients) | Sand extraction or nutrients, e.g., sand for construction or beach wrack used for agriculture | |
4 | Driftwood | Driftwood used for further processing (handicrafts) | |
5 | Natural ornaments | Collection of natural ornaments (e.g., seashells) washed ashore | |
Regulating and Maintenance | 1 | Sediment storage and transport | Beaches as sand storage and transport for natural coastal dynamics |
2 | Coastal protection/flood control | Attenuation of wave energy and flood prevention, e.g., inclination of the beach, beach width, beach wrack | |
3 | Biodiversity and habitats | Sand and beach wrack providing suitable habitats and nursery grounds | |
4 | Pest and disease control | Sand and beach wrack as providers of habitats for native pest and control agents | |
5 | Water purification | Regulation of the chemical condition of salt waters by living processes (algae, seagrass, …), e.g., to combat eutrophication or pollution | |
6 | Groundwater regulation | Groundwater regulation—maintaining the water cycle (e.g., water storage and buffer) | |
7 | Carbon sequestration | Regulation of the chemical composition of the atmosphere and oceans by the sequestration of carbon | |
8 | Nutrient regulation | The capacity of an ecosystem to store and recycle nutrients, e.g., N, P (for beach soil and dune vegetation) | |
9 | Dispersal of seeds | Dispersal of seeds and the reproduction of lots of plants (resuspension by beach wrack, coastal dynamics) | |
Cultural | 1 | Recreation and tourism (active) | The beach as a recreational and tourist area (hiking, swimming, sunbathing) and a sport spot |
2 | Recreation and health (observational) | Beach for wildlife watching and nature observation; promoting mental health | |
3 | Knowledge systems | The beach ecosystem as a site to educate about nature conservation and human–nature conflicts, as well as a research topic (science) | |
4 | Culture, religion, and heritage | Beaches and their ecosystems as part of local identity and cultural heritage (historically important) | |
5 | Regional identity | Elements or processes of ecosystems that contribute to a person’s individual identity (sense of belonging) or strengthen people’s group identity | |
6 | Landscape aesthetics | Inspirational experiences at beaches and their ecosystems for the enjoyment of nature (natural beauty) | |
7 | Natural heritage | The existence value of nature and species themselves, beyond economic or human benefits |
References
- Luijendijk, A.; Hagenaars, G.; Ranasinghe, R.; Baart, F.; Donchyts, G.; Aarninkhof, S. The State of the World’s Beaches. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 6641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hanley, M.E.; Hoggart, S.P.G.; Simmonds, D.J.; Bichot, A.; Colangelo, M.A.; Bozzeda, F.; Heurtefeux, H.; Ondiviela, B.; Ostrowski, R.; Recio, M.; et al. Shifting Sands? Coastal Protection by Sand Banks, Beaches and Dunes. Coast. Eng. 2014, 87, 136–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hubbard, D.M.; Dugan, J.E.; Schooler, N.K.; Viola, S.M. Local Extirpations and Regional Declines of Endemic Upper Beach Invertebrates in Southern California. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2014, 150, 67–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schlacher, T.A.; Schoeman, D.S.; Dugan, J.; Lastra, M.; Jones, A.; Scapini, F.; Mclachlan, A. Sandy Beach Ecosystems: Key Features, Sampling Issues, Management Challenges and Climate Change Impacts. Mar. Ecol. 2008, 29, 70–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbier, E.B.; Hacker, S.D.; Kennedy, C.; Koch, E.W.; Stier, A.C.; Silliman, B.R. The Value of Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Services. Ecol. Monogr. 2011, 81, 169–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Defeo, O.; McLachlan, A.; Schoeman, D.S.; Schlacher, T.A.; Dugan, J.; Jones, A.; Lastra, M.; Scapini, F. Threats to Sandy Beach Ecosystems: A Review. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2009, 81, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez, A.; Eckert, E.M.; Artois, T.; Careddu, G.; Casu, M.; Curini-Galletti, M.; Gazale, V.; Gobert, S.; Ivanenko, V.N.; Jondelius, U.; et al. Human Access Impacts Biodiversity of Microscopic Animals in Sandy Beaches. Commun. Biol. 2020, 3, 175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). From Pollution to Solution: A Global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution; UNEP: Nairobi, Kenya, 2021; Volume 237. [Google Scholar]
- Vousdoukas, M.I.; Ranasinghe, R.; Mentaschi, L.; Plomaritis, T.A.; Athanasiou, P.; Luijendijk, A.; Feyen, L. Sandy Coastlines under Threat of Erosion. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2020, 10, 260–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action and Plan Bleu. State of the Environment and Development in the Mediterranean; Marseille Imprimerie: Marseille, France, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Chubarenko, B.; Woelfel, J.; Hofmann, J.; Aldag, S.; Beldowski, J.; Burlakovs, J.; Garrels, T.; Gorbunova, J.; Guizani, S.; Kupczyk, A.; et al. Converting Beach Wrack into a Resource as a Challenge for the Baltic Sea (An Overview). Ocean Coast. Manag. 2021, 200, 105413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Trevathan-Tackett, S.M.; Lewis, C.J.E.; Ollivier, Q.R.; Jiang, Z.; Huang, X.; Macreadie, P.I. Beach-Cast Seagrass Wrack Contributes Substantially to Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 231, 329–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krelling, A.P.; Williams, A.T.; Turra, A. Differences in Perception and Reaction of Tourist Groups to Beach Marine Debris That Can Influence a Loss of Tourism Revenue in Coastal Areas. Mar. Policy 2017, 85, 87–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schooler, N.K.; Dugan, J.E.; Hubbard, D.M.; Straughan, D. Local Scale Processes Drive Long-Term Change in Biodiversity of Sandy Beach Ecosystems. Ecol. Evol. 2017, 7, 4822–4834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Trogu, D.; Simeone, S.; Ruju, A.; Porta, M.; Ibba, A.; DeMuro, S. A Four-Year Video Monitoring Analysis of the Posidonia Oceanica Banquette Dynamic: A Case Study from an Urban Microtidal Mediterranean Beach (Poetto Beach, Southern Sardinia, Italy). J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 2376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rotini, A.; Chiesa, S.; Manfra, L.; Borrello, P.; Piermarini, R.; Silvestri, C.; Cappucci, S.; Parlagreco, L.; Devoti, S.; Pisapia, M.; et al. Effectiveness of the “Ecological Beach” Model: Beneficial Management of Posidonia Beach Casts and Banquette. Water 2020, 12, 3238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mouat, J.; Lopez Lozano, R.; Bateson, H. Economic Impacts of Marine Litter; Kommunenes Internasjonale Miljøorganisasjon: Esbjerg, Denmark, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Otero, M.M.; Simeone, S.; Aljinovic, B.; Salomidi, M.; Mossone, P.; Giunta Fornasin, M.E.; Gerakaris, V.; Guala, I.; Milano, P.; Heurtefeux, H.; et al. Governance and Management of Posidonia Beach-Dune System. In POSBEMED Interreg Med Project; IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation: Málaga, Spain, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Zielinski, S.; Botero, C.M.; Yanes, A. To Clean or Not to Clean? A Critical Review of Beach Cleaning Methods and Impacts. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 139, 390–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- UNEP-MAP Marine Litter Assessment in the Mediterranean; UNEP/MAP: Athens, Greece, 2015.
- Boudouresque, C.F.; Ponel, P.; Astruch, P.; Barcelo, A.; Blanfuné, A.; Geoffroy, D.; Thibaut, T. The High Heritage Value of the Mediterranean Sandy Beaches, with a Particular Focus on the Posidonia Oceanica “Banquettes”: A Review. Sci. Rep. Port-Cros Natl. Park 2017, 31, 23–70. [Google Scholar]
- Chaabane, W.; Nassour, A.; Bartnik, S.; Bünemann, A.; Nelles, M. Shifting Towards Sustainable Tourism: Organizational and Financial Scenarios for Solid Waste Management in Tourism Destinations in Tunisia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanza, R.; D’Arge, R.; De Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.; Naeem, S.; O’Neill, R.V.; Paruelo, J.; et al. The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. Nature 1997, 387, 253–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drius, M.; Bongiorni, L.; Depellegrin, D.; Menegon, S.; Pugnetti, A.; Stifter, S. Tackling Challenges for Mediterranean Sustainable Coastal Tourism: An Ecosystem Service Perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 652, 1302–1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruju, A.; Buosi, C.; Coco, G.; Porta, M.; Trogu, D.; Ibba, A.; De Muro, S. Ecosystem Services of Reed and Seagrass Debris on a Urban Mediterranean Beach (Poetto, Italy). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2022, 271, 107862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herrera, M.; Pita, P.; Castelo, D.; Almeida, C.M.R.; Ramos, S.; Villasante, S. Public Perceptions of Marine Litter and Impacts on Coastal Ecosystem Services in Galicia (Spain). Mar. Policy 2023, 155, 105742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wangai, P.W.; Burkhard, B.; Müller, F. A Review of Studies on Ecosystem Services in Africa. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2016, 5, 225–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scheffers, A. Morocco. In Encyclopedia of the World’s Coastal Landforms; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2010; pp. 907–914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- OECD Morocco. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2022; OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Mghili, B.; Analla, M.; Aksissou, M.; Aissa, C. Marine Debris in Moroccan Mediterranean Beaches: An Assessment of Their Abundance, Composition and Sources. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2020, 160, 111692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paskoff, R. Tunisia. In Artificial Structures and Shorelines; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988; pp. 269–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Office National du Tourisme Tunisienne. Rapport Annuel 2019; Office National du Tourisme Tunisienne: Tunis, Tunisia, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- OECD. OECD Competition Assessment Reviews: Tunisia 2023; OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Rym, B.D.; Challouf, R.; Derouiche, E.; Ben Boubaker, H.; Kouched, W.; Attouchi, M.; Jaziri, H.; Ben Ismail, S. Beach Macro-Litter Monitoring on Monastir Coastal Sea (Tunisia): First Findings. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium “Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques”, Livorno, Italy, 14–16 June 2022; Firenze University Press: Florence, Italy, 2022; pp. 122–131. [Google Scholar]
- Hereher, M.E. Coastal Vulnerability Assessment for Egypt’s Mediterranean Coast. Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk 2015, 6, 342–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- OECD Egypt. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020; OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Hassan, I.A.; Younis, A.; Al Ghamdi, M.A.; Almazroui, M.; Basahi, J.M.; El-Sheekh, M.M.; Abouelkhair, E.K.; Haiba, N.S.; Alhussaini, M.S.; Hajjar, D.; et al. Contamination of the Marine Environment in Egypt and Saudi Arabia with Personal Protective Equipment during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Short Focus. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 810, 152046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fleet, D.M. A Joint List of Litter Categories for Marine Macrolitter Monitoring; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxemburg, 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alkalay, R.; Pasternak, G.; Zask, A. Clean-Coast Index—A New Approach for Beach Cleanliness Assessment. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2007, 50, 352–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tudor, D.T.; Williams, A.T. Development of a ‘Matrix Scoring Technique’ to Determine Litter Sources at a Bristol Channel Beach. J. Coast. Conserv. 2004, 10, 119–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vlachogianni, T. Marine Litter in Mediterranean Coastal and Marine Protected Areas How Bad Is It?: A Snapshot Assessment Report on the Amount, Composition and Sources of Marine Litter Found on Beaches; Interreg Med ACT4LITTER & MIO-ECSDE: Marseille, France, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Inácio, M.; Schernewski, G.; Pliatsika, D.A.; Benz, J.; Friedland, R. Assessing Changes in Ecosystem Services Provision in Coastal Waters. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robbe, E.; Woelfel, J.; Balčiūnas, A.; Schernewski, G. An Impact Assessment of Beach Wrack and Litter on Beach Ecosystem Services to Support Coastal Management at the Baltic Sea. Environ. Manag. 2021, 68, 835–859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haines-Young, R.; Potschin-Young, M.B. Revision of the Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services (CICES V5.1): A Policy Brief. One Ecosyst. 2018, 3, e27108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller, F.; Bicking, S.; Ahrendt, K.; Bac, D.K.; Blindow, I.; Fürst, C.; Haase, P.; Kruse, M.; Kruse, T.; Ma, L.; et al. Assessing Ecosystem Service Potentials to Evaluate Terrestrial, Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Types in Northern Germany–An Expert-Based Matrix Approach. Ecol. Indic. 2020, 112, 106116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menicagli, V.; De Battisti, D.; Balestri, E.; Federigi, I.; Maltagliati, F.; Verani, M.; Castelli, A.; Carducci, A.; Lardicci, C. Impact of Storms and Proximity to Entry Points on Marine Litter and Wrack Accumulation along Mediterranean Beaches: Management Implications. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 824, 153914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Weischedel, J. Assessment and Optimisation of Environmental Labels as Motivation for Reducing Beach Litter in Partner Countries of the TouMaLi Project. Master’s Thesis, Bochum University of Applied Science, Bochum, Germany, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Abdel-Hamid, H.T.; Kaloop, M.R.; Elbeltagi, E.; Hu, J.W. Impact Assessment of the Land Use Dynamics and Water Pollution on Ecosystem Service Value of the Nile Delta Coastal Lakes, Egypt. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 2023, 51, 963–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water; World Resources Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Santoro, A. Traditional Oases in Northern Africa as Multifunctional Agroforestry Systems: A Systematic Literature Review of the Provided Ecosystem Services and of the Main Vulnerabilities. Agrofor. Syst. 2023, 97, 81–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Busch, M.; La Notte, A.; Laporte, V.; Erhard, M. Potentials of Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Assessing Ecosystem Services. Ecol. Indic. 2012, 21, 89–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Nieto, A.P.; Geijzendorffer, I.R.; Baró, F.; Roche, P.K.; Bondeau, A.; Cramer, W. Impacts of Urbanization around Mediterranean Cities: Changes in Ecosystem Service Supply. Ecol. Indic. 2018, 91, 589–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ritzenhofen, L.; Schumacher, J.; Karstens, S.; Schernewski, G. Ecosystem Service Assessments within the EU Water Framework Directive: Marine Mussel Cultivation as a Controversial Measure. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karstens, S.; Inácio, M.; Schernewski, G. Expert-Based Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Provision in Coastal Reed Wetlands under Different Management Regimes. Front. Environ. Sci. 2019, 7, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robbe, E.; Rogge, L.; Lesutienė, J.; Bučas, M.; Schernewski, G. Assessment of Ecosystem Services Provided by Macrophytes in Southern Baltic and Southern Mediterranean Coastal Lagoons. Environ. Manag. 2024, 74, 206–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Thenen, M.; Effelsberg, N.; Weber, L.; Schernewski, G. Perspectives and Scenarios for Coastal Fisheries in a Social-Ecological Context: An Ecosystem Service Assessment Approach in the German Baltic Sea. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burdon, D.; Potts, T.; McKinley, E.; Lew, S.; Shilland, R.; Gormley, K.; Thomson, S.; Forster, R. Expanding the Role of Participatory Mapping to Assess Ecosystem Service Provision in Local Coastal Environments. Ecosyst. Serv. 2019, 39, 101009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simpson, S.; Brown, G.; Peterson, A.; Johnstone, R. Stakeholder Perspectives for Coastal Ecosystem Services and Influences on Value Integration in Policy. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2016, 126, 9–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barracosa, H.; de los Santos, C.B.; Martins, M.; Freitas, C.; Santos, R. Ocean Literacy to Mainstream Ecosystem Services Concept in Formal and Informal Education: The Example of Coastal Ecosystems of Southern Portugal. Front. Mar. Sci. 2019, 6, 626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Loinaz, G.; Palacios-Agundez, I. Teaching Ecosystem Services: A Pathway to Improve Students’ Argumentation in Favour of Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development? J. Biol. Educ. 2022, 58, 29–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caffyn, A.; Jobbins, G. Governance Capacity and Stakeholder Interactions in the Development and Management of Coastal Tourism: Examples from Morocco and Tunisia. J. Sustain. Tour. 2003, 11, 224–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Derak, M.; Cortina, J.; Taiqui, L.; Aledo, A. A Proposed Framework for Participatory Forest Restoration in Semiarid Areas of North Africa. Restor. Ecol. 2018, 26, S18–S25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Löhr, A.; Savelli, H.; Beunen, R.; Kalz, M.; Ragas, A.; Van Belleghem, F. Solutions for Global Marine Litter Pollution. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2017, 28, 90–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hofmann, J.; Stybel, N.; Lovato, M.; Banovec, M. Beach Wrack of the Baltic Sea–Public Acceptance and Implications for Beach Management. J. Coast. Conserv. 2024, 28, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanchez-Vidal, A.; Canals, M.; de Haan, W.P.; Romero, J.; Veny, M. Seagrasses Provide a Novel Ecosystem Service by Trapping Marine Plastics. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Porcino, N.; Bottari, T.; Falco, F.; Natale, S.; Mancuso, M. Posidonia Spheroids Intercepting Plastic Litter: Implications for Beach Clean-Ups. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mancuso, M.; Genovese, G.; Porcino, N.; Natale, S.; Crisafulli, A.; Spagnuolo, D.; Catalfamo, M.; Morabito, M.; Bottari, T. Psammophytes as Traps for Beach Litter in the Strait of Messina (Mediterranean Sea). Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 2023, 65, 103057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Date | Location | Assessment Format | No. of Stakeholders | Stakeholders |
---|---|---|---|---|
1: 20 June 2022 | Tunis (Tunisia) | Stakeholder workshop | 19 | Local: science (53%), municipalities (42%), government (10%), consulting (5%) |
2: 10 January– 10 February 2023 | Tangier, Essaouira, Agadir, and Marrakesh (Morocco) | Stakeholder interviews | 7 | Local: government (57%), NGOs (14%), science (29%) |
3: 31 March 2022 | Alexandria (Egypt) | Teaching/lecture (group workshop) | 5 | Local graduate students/science (100%) |
4: 16 November 2023 | Online (Germany) | Teaching/lecture (group workshop) | 12 | International graduate students/science (100%) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Robbe, E.; Abdallah, L.B.; El Fels, L.; Chaher, N.E.H.; Haseler, M.; Mhiri, F.; Schernewski, G. Towards Solving the Beach Litter Problem: Ecosystem Service Assessments at North African Coasts. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145911
Robbe E, Abdallah LB, El Fels L, Chaher NEH, Haseler M, Mhiri F, Schernewski G. Towards Solving the Beach Litter Problem: Ecosystem Service Assessments at North African Coasts. Sustainability. 2024; 16(14):5911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145911
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobbe, Esther, Lilia Ben Abdallah, Loubna El Fels, Nour El Houda Chaher, Mirco Haseler, Fadhel Mhiri, and Gerald Schernewski. 2024. "Towards Solving the Beach Litter Problem: Ecosystem Service Assessments at North African Coasts" Sustainability 16, no. 14: 5911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145911
APA StyleRobbe, E., Abdallah, L. B., El Fels, L., Chaher, N. E. H., Haseler, M., Mhiri, F., & Schernewski, G. (2024). Towards Solving the Beach Litter Problem: Ecosystem Service Assessments at North African Coasts. Sustainability, 16(14), 5911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145911