The Impact of Technophobia on Vertical Farms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Related Reviews
3.2. Academic Papers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kaewmai, R.; Grant, T.; Eady, S.; Mungkalasiri, J.; Musikavong, C. Improving Regional Water Scarcity Footprint Characterization Factors of an Available Water Remaining (AWARE) Method. Sci. Total. Environ. 2019, 681, 444–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Islam, K.M.N.; Kenway, S.J.; Renouf, M.A.; Lam, K.L.; Wiedmann, T. A Review of the Water-Related Energy Consumption of the Food System in Nexus Studies. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 279, 123414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farooq, A.; Farooq, N.; Akbar, H.; Hassan, Z.U.; Gheewala, S.H. A Critical Review of Climate Change Impact at a Global Scale on Cereal Crop Production. Agronomy 2023, 13, 162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ambaye, T.G.; Formicola, F.; Sbaffoni, S.; Franzetti, A.; Vaccari, M. Life Cycle Assessment of Bioslurry and Bioelectrochemical Processes for Sustainable Remediation of Soil Polluted with Petroleum Hydrocarbons: An Experimental Study. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 36, 416–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Javed, S.A.; Cudjoe, D. A Novel Grey Forecasting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Four Industries of China and India. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2022, 29, 777–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Zhao, L.; Qian, Y.; Papageorgiou, G.N.; Lv, Y.; Xue, J. An Evaluation of the International Trade-Related CO2 Emissions for China’s Light Industry Sector: A Complex Network Approach. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2022, 33, 101–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ammann, J.; Arbenz, A.; Mack, G.; Nemecek, T.; El Benni, N. A Review on Policy Instruments for Sustainable Food Consumption. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 36, 338–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bimbo, F. Climate Change-Aware Individuals and Their Meat Consumption: Evidence from Italy. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 36, 246–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zwicker, M.V.; Brick, C.; Gruter, G.-J.M.; van Harreveld, F. Consumer Attitudes and Willingness to Pay for Novel Bio-Based Products Using Hypothetical Bottle Choice. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 35, 173–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, M.; Ahmed, Z.; Bai, Y.; Qiao, G.; Popp, J.; Oláh, J. Financial Inclusion, Technological Innovations, and Environmental Quality: Analyzing the Role of Green Openness. Front. Environ. Sci. 2022, 10, 851263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, M.; Ahmed, Z.; Gavurova, B.; Oláh, J. Financial Risk, Renewable Energy Technology Budgets, and Environmental Sustainability: Is Going Green Possible? Front. Environ. Sci. 2022, 10, 909190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avadí, A.; Benoit, P.; Bravin, M.N.; Cournoyer, B.; Feder, F.; Galia, W.; Garnier, P.; Haudin, C.-S.; Legros, S.; Mamy, L. Trace Contaminants in the Environmental Assessment of Organic Waste Recycling in Agriculture: Gaps between Methods and Knowledge. Adv. Agron. 2022, 174, 53–188. [Google Scholar]
- Eldridge, B.M.; Manzoni, L.R.; Graham, C.A.; Rodgers, B.; Farmer, J.R.; Dodd, A.N. Getting to the Roots of Aeroponic Indoor Farming. New Phytol. 2020, 228, 1183–1192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benke, K.; Tomkins, B. Future Food-Production Systems: Vertical Farming and Controlled-Environment Agriculture. Sustain. Sci. Pract. Policy 2017, 13, 13–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Despommier, D. The Vertical Farm: Controlled Environment Agriculture Carried out in Tall Buildings Would Create Greater Food Safety and Security for Large Urban Populations. J. Consum. Prot. Food Saf. 2010, 6, 233–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paraschivu, M.; Cotuna, O.; Sărățeanu, V.; Durău, C.C.; Păunescu, R.A. Microgreens-Current Status, Global Market Trends and Forward Statements. Sci. Pap. Ser. Manag. Econ. Eng. Agric. Rural. Dev. 2021, 21, 633–639. [Google Scholar]
- Specht, K.; Siebert, R.; Hartmann, I.; Freisinger, U.B.; Sawicka, M.; Werner, A.; Thomaier, S.; Henckel, D.; Walk, H.; Dierich, A. Urban Agriculture of the Future: An Overview of Sustainability Aspects of Food Production in and on Buildings. Agric. Hum. Values 2014, 31, 33–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saad, M.H.M.; Hamdan, N.M.; Sarker, M.R. State of the Art of Urban Smart Vertical Farming Automation System: Advanced Topologies, Issues and Recommendations. Electronics 2021, 10, 1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costache, M.; Cristea, D.S.; Petrea, S.-M.; Neculita, M.; Rahoveanu, M.M.T.; Simionov, I.-A.; Mogodan, A.; Sarpe, D.; Rahoveanu, A.T. Integrating Aquaponics Production Systems into the Romanian Green Procurement Network. Land Use Policy 2021, 108, 105531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lengyel, P.; Bai, A.; Gabnai, Z.; Mustafa, O.M.A.; Balogh, P.; Péter, E.; Tóth-Kaszás, N.; Németh, K. Development of the Concept of Circular Supply Chain Management—A Systematic Review. Processes 2021, 9, 1740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Li, X.; Chong, C.; Wang, C.-H.; Wang, X. A Decision Support Framework for the Design and Operation of Sustainable Urban Farming Systems. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 268, 121928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xydis, G.; Strasszer, D.; Avgoustaki, D.D.; Nanaki, E. Mass Deployment of Plant Factories as a Source of Load Flexibility in the Grid under an Energy-Food Nexus. A Technoeconomics-Based Comparison. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2021, 47, 101431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Asutosh, A.; Hu, W. Implementing Vertical Farming at University Scale to Promote Sustainable Communities: A Feasibility Analysis. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beacham, A.M.; Vickers, L.H.; Monaghan, J.M. Vertical Farming: A Summary of Approaches to Growing Skywards. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 2019, 94, 277–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajan, P.; Lada, R.R.; MacDonald, M.T. Advancement in Indoor Vertical Farming for Microgreen Production. Am. J. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 1397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwon, C.-T. Trait Improvement of Solanaceae Fruit Crops for Vertical Farming by Genome Editing. J. Plant Biol. 2022, 66, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hilbeck, A.; Binimelis, R.; Defarge, N.; Steinbrecher, R.; Székács, A.; Wickson, F.; Antoniou, M.; Bereano, P.L.; Clark, E.A.; Hansen, M. No Scientific Consensus on GMO Safety. Environ. Sci. Eur. 2015, 27, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mabhaudhi, T.; Chibarabada, T.; Modi, A. Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus: Linking Water to Improving Food, Nutrition and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cardinael, R.; Deheuvels, O.; Leroux, L.; Subervie, J.; Suwa-Eisenmann, A.; Bessou, C.; Bouquet, E.; Catry, T.; Chikowo, R.; Corbeels, M.; et al. Food Security and Natural Resources: Diversification Strategies. In Sustainable Food Systems for Food Security. Need for Combination of Local and Global Approaches; Alban, T., Arlène, A., Aleksandra, B., Zakhia-Rozis, N., Eds.; Quae: Versailles, France, 2022; pp. 171–185. ISBN 978-2-7592-3575-9. [Google Scholar]
- Seo, S.; Ahn, H.-K.; Jeong, J.; Moon, J. Consumers’ Attitude toward Sustainable Food Products: Ingredients vs. Packaging. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lubna, F.A.; Lewus, D.C.; Shelford, T.J.; Both, A.-J. What You May Not Realize about Vertical Farming. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rayyan Rayyan. Available online: www.rayyan.ai (accessed on 19 December 2022.).
- Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E. The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. Int. J. Surg. 2021, 88, 105906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liberati, A.; Altman, D.G.; Tetzlaff, J.; Mulrow, C.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Ioannidis, J.P.A.; Clarke, M.; Devereaux, P.J.; Kleijnen, J.; Moher, D. The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2009, 62, e1–e34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Moher, D. Updating Guidance for Reporting Systematic Reviews: Development of the PRISMA 2020 Statement. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2021, 134, 103–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Butturini, M.; Marcelis, L.F.M. Vertical Farming in Europe: Present Status and Outlook; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019; ISBN 9780128166918. [Google Scholar]
- Ifarm Leafy Greens Farm Profit Calculator. Available online: https://ifarm.fi/ifarm_calculators/leafy_greens_farm_calculator (accessed on 13 February 2023).
- Farms, T. Yield and Profit Calculator. Available online: https://www.towerfarms.com/us/en/resources/yield-calculator (accessed on 13 February 2023.).
- Jürkenbeck, K.; Heumann, A.; Spiller, A. Sustainability Matters: Consumer Acceptance of Different Vertical Farming Systems. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Specht, K.; Zoll, F.; Schümann, H.; Bela, J.; Kachel, J.; Robischon, M. How Will We Eat and Produce in the Cities of the Future? From Edible Insects to Vertical Farming—A Study on the Perception and Acceptability of New Approaches. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kalantari, F.; Akhyani, N. Community Acceptance Studies in the Field of Vertical Farming—A Critical and Systematic Analysis to Advance the Conceptualisation of Community Acceptance in Kuala Lumpur. Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev. 2021, 13, 569–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perambalam, L.; Avgoustaki, D.D.; Efthimiadou, A.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Ren, M.; Petridis, A.; Xydis, G. How Young Consumers Perceive Vertical Farming in the Nordics. Is the Market Ready for the Coming Boom? Agronomy 2021, 11, 2128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ares, G.; Ha, B.; Jaeger, S.R. Consumer Attitudes to Vertical Farming (Indoor Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting) in China, Singapore, UK, and USA: A Multi-Method Study. Food Res. Int. 2021, 150, 110811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, H.; Specht, K.; Kirby, C.K. Consumers’ and Stakeholders’ Acceptance of Indoor Agritecture in Shanghai (China). Sustainability 2022, 14, 2771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaeger, S.R.; Chheang, S.L.; Ares, G. Text Highlighting as a New Way of Measuring Consumers’ Attitudes: A Case Study on Vertical Farming. Food Qual. Prefer. 2021, 95, 104356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Parliament, Council of the European Union: REGULATION (EU) No 1169/2011. Available online: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/1169/oj (accessed on 10 February 2023).
- European Parliament, Council of the European Union: REGULATION (EU, Euratom) 2020/2092. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/2092/oj (accessed on 10 February 2023).
- National Center for Agricultural Law Research and Information the Fight over Organic Hydroponics: An Update. Available online: https://nationalaglawcenter.org/the-fight-over-organic-hydroponics-an-update/ (accessed on 12 February 2023).
- Basha, M.B.; Mason, C.; Shamsudin, M.F.; Hussain, H.I.; Salem, M.A.; Ali, A. Consumer Acceptance towards Organic Food. GJISS 2015, 4, 29–32. [Google Scholar]
- Van Delden, S.H.; SharathKumar, M.; Butturini, M.; Graamans, L.J.A.; Heuvelink, E.; Kacira, M.; Kaiser, E.; Klamer, R.S.; Klerkx, L.; Kootstra, G. Current Status and Future Challenges in Implementing and Upscaling Vertical Farming Systems. Nat. Food 2021, 2, 944–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United States Department of Agriculture: United States Code National Organic Program Regulations. Federal Register Volume 65; 2000. Available online: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2000-12-21/00-32257/ (accessed on 12 February 2023).
- van Dijk, M.; Morley, T.; Rau, M.L.; Saghai, Y. A Meta-Analysis of Projected Global Food Demand and Population at Risk of Hunger for the Period 2010–2050. Nat. Food 2021, 2, 494–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nechaev, V.; Mikhailushkin, P.; Alieva, A. Trends in Demand on the Organic Food Market in the European Countries. In MATEC Web of Conferences; EDP Sciences: Les Ulis, France, 2018; Volume 212, p. 7008. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, J.; Wu, L.; Wang, S.; Xu, L. Consumer Preference and Demand for Traceable Food Attributes. Br. Food J. 2016, 118, 2140–2156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charlebois, S.; Haratifar, S. The Perceived Value of Dairy Product Traceability in Modern Society: An Exploratory Study. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 3514–3525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Musshoff, O.; Hirschauer, N. Adoption of Organic Farming in Germany and Austria: An Integrative Dynamic Investment Perspective. Agric. Econ. 2008, 39, 135–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sgroi, F.; Candela, M.; Di Trapani, A.M.; Foderà, M.; Squatrito, R.; Testa, R.; Tudisca, S. Economic and Financial Comparison between Organic and Conventional Farming in Sicilian Lemon Orchards. Sustainability 2015, 7, 947–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Gerrewey, T.; Boon, N.; Geelen, D. Vertical Farming: The Only Way Is Up? Agronomy 2022, 12, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avgoustaki, D.D.; Xydis, G. Indoor Vertical Farming in the Urban Nexus Context: Business Growth and Resource Savings. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demestichas, K.; Peppes, N.; Alexakis, T.; Adamopoulou, E. Blockchain in Agriculture Traceability Systems: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Q.; Xu, B. Differential Game Analysis of Optimal Strategies and Cooperation in Omni-Channel Organic Agricultural Supply Chain. Sustainability 2019, 11, 848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aertsens, J.; Mondelaers, K.; Van Huylenbroeck, G. Differences in Retail Strategies on the Emerging Organic Market. Br. Food J. 2009, 111, 138–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Islam, S.; Colonescu, C. Data on Retail Price Differential between Organic and Conventional Foods. Data Brief 2019, 27, 104641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jensen, K.O.; Denver, S.; Zanoli, R. Actual and Potential Development of Consumer Demand on the Organic Food Market in Europe. NJAS Wageningen J. Life Sci. 2011, 58, 79–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asseng, S.; Guarin, J.R.; Raman, M.; Monje, O.; Kiss, G.; Despommier, D.D.; Meggers, F.M.; Gauthier, P.P.G. Wheat Yield Potential in Controlled-Environment Vertical Farms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 19131–19135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, L.; Wu, L. Food Safety and Consumer Willingness to Pay for Certified Traceable Food in China. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2010, 90, 1368–1373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghali-Zinoubi, Z.; Toukabri, M. The Antecedents of the Consumer Purchase Intention: Sensitivity to Price and Involvement in Organic Product: Moderating Role of Product Regional Identity. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 90, 175–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, B.; Wu, L.; Chen, X.; Zhu, D.; Ying, R.; Tsai, F.-S. Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Foods with Traceability Information: Ex-Ante Quality Assurance or Ex-Post Traceability? Sustainability 2019, 11, 1464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, A.; Mankad, A.; Ariyawardana, A. Establishing Confidence in Food Safety: Is Traceability a Solution in Consumers’ Eyes? J. Consum. Prot. Food Saf. 2020, 15, 99–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, B.; Hou, J.; Wu, L. Consumer Preferences for Traceable Food with Different Functions of Safety Information Attributes: Evidence from a Menu-Based Choice Experiment in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, H.; Tian, Z.; Xu, F. What Are Cost Changes for Produce Implementing Traceability Systems in China? Evidence from Enterprise A. Appl. Econ. 2019, 51, 687–697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khuu, T.P.D.; Saito, Y.; Tojo, N.; Nguyen, P.D.; Nguyen, T.N.H.; Matsuishi, T.F. Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for Traceability? Evidence from an Auction Experiment of Vietnamese Pork. Int. J. Food Agric. Econ. 2019, 7, 127–140. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, L.; Yang, X.; Wu, L.; Chen, X.; Chen, L.; Tsai, F.-S. Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Food with Information on Animal Welfare, Lean Meat Essence Detection, and Traceability. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, K.; Tan, L.; Aloqaily, M.; Yang, H.; Jararweh, Y. Blockchain-Enhanced Data Sharing with Traceable and Direct Revocation in IIoT. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2021, 17, 7669–7678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nyaletey, E.; Parizi, R.M.; Zhang, Q.; Choo, K.-K.R. BlockIPFS-Blockchain-Enabled Interplanetary File System for Forensic and Trusted Data Traceability. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain), IEEE, Atlanta, GA, USA, 14–17 July 2019; pp. 18–25. [Google Scholar]
- Dooley, D.M.; Griffiths, E.J.; Gosal, G.S.; Buttigieg, P.L.; Hoehndorf, R.; Lange, M.C.; Schriml, L.M.; Brinkman, F.S.L.; Hsiao, W.W.L. FoodOn: A Harmonized Food Ontology to Increase Global Food Traceability, Quality Control and Data Integration. npj Sci. Food 2018, 2, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhowmick, S.; Biswas, B.; Biswas, M.; Dey, A.; Roy, S.; Sarkar, S.K. Application of IoT-Enabled Smart Agriculture in Vertical Farming. In Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2019; pp. 521–528. [Google Scholar]
- Chand, J.G.; Susmitha, K.; Gowthami, A.; Chowdary, K.M.; Ahmed, S.K.K. IOT-Enabled Vertical Farming Monitoring System Using Big Data Analytics. In Proceedings of the 2022 Second International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (ICAECT), IEEE, Bhilai, India, 21–22 April 2022; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Haris, I.; Fasching, A.; Punzenberger, L.; Grosu, R. CPS/IoT Ecosystem: Indoor Vertical Farming System. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Consumer Technologies (ISCT), IEEE, Ancona, Italy, 19–21 June 2019; pp. 47–52. [Google Scholar]
- Tsang, Y.P.; Choy, K.L.; Wu, C.H.; Ho, G.T.S.; Lam, H.Y. Blockchain-Driven IoT for Food Traceability with an Integrated Consensus Mechanism. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 129000–129017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chowdhury, M.E.H.; Khandakar, A.; Ahmed, S.; Al-Khuzaei, F.; Hamdalla, J.; Haque, F.; Reaz, M.B.I.; Shafei, A.A.; Al-Emadi, N. Design, Construction and Testing of Iot Based Automated Indoor Vertical Hydroponics Farming Test-Bed in Qatar. Sensors 2020, 20, 5637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sreedhar, G.; Manoj Kumar, G. Vertical Farming Using Information and Communication. Infosys. 2019. Available online: https://www.infosys.com/industries/agriculture/insights/documents/vertical-farming-information-communication.pdf (accessed on 27 February 2023).
- Broad, G.M. Know Your Indoor Farmer: Square Roots, Techno-Local Food, and Transparency as Publicity. Am. Behav. Sci. 2020, 64, 1588–1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shomefun, T.E.; OA, A.C.; Diagi, E.O. Microcontroller-Based Vertical Farming Automation System. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2018, 8, 2046. [Google Scholar]
- Martin, M.; Molin, E. Environmental Assessment of an Urban Vertical Hydroponic Farming System in Sweden. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, C.E.; Teo, Z.W.N.; Shen, L.; Yu, H. Seeing the Lights for Leafy Greens in Indoor Vertical Farming. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 106, 48–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ullah, A.; Aktar, S.; Sutar, N.; Kabir, R.; Hossain, A. Cost Effective Smart Hydroponic Monitoring and Controlling System Using IoT. Intell. Control. Autom. 2019, 10, 142–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- About the Association for Vertical Farming. Available online: https://vertical-farming.net/about-avf/ (accessed on 12 February 2023.).
- Control Union Limited (UK) Sustainable Indoor Farming. Available online: https://uk.controlunion.com (accessed on 12 February 2023).
Sustainability | 18 |
Technology | 17 |
SWOT | 5 |
Indoor farm | 5 |
Light | 4 |
Given crop | 3 |
Theory | 3 |
Urban | 3 |
Food safety | 2 |
Feasibility | 1 |
Type | conv. | org. | v.f. + conv. | v.f. + org. | conv. + trac. | org. + trac. | v.f. + conv. + trac. | v.f. + org. + trac. | v.f. + org. + trac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acceptance | High e. | High [49] | Low [50] | Low e. | High e. | High e. | Low e. | Low e. | High e. |
Certificate | No [51] | Yes [51] | No [51] | Yes [51] | No [51] | Yes [51] | No [51] | Yes [51] | No [51] |
Demand | High [52] | High [53] | Low e. | Low e. | High [54] | High [55] | Low e. | Low e. | High [52] |
Investment | Average [56] | High [57] | High [58] | High [59] | Extra [60] | Extra [61] | Extra e. | Extra e. | Average [56] |
Marketing effort | Low e. | Average [62] | High e. | High e. | High e. | High e. | Extra e. | Extra e. | Low e. |
Price | Low [63] | Average [64] | High [65] | High e. | Extra [66] | Extra [67] | Extra e. | Extra e. | Low [63] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Csordás, A.; Füzesi, I. The Impact of Technophobia on Vertical Farms. Sustainability 2023, 15, 7476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097476
Csordás A, Füzesi I. The Impact of Technophobia on Vertical Farms. Sustainability. 2023; 15(9):7476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097476
Chicago/Turabian StyleCsordás, Adrián, and István Füzesi. 2023. "The Impact of Technophobia on Vertical Farms" Sustainability 15, no. 9: 7476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097476