Elevating Children’s Play Experience: A Design Intervention to Enhance Children’s Social Interaction in Park Playgrounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Situation Observation and Analysis
2.1. Location
2.2. Objects
2.3. Data Collection and Coding
2.4. Observation Results
Peer Interaction Behavior Displayed by Children Aged 3–6 Years during Play
3. Methods
3.1. Stimuli
3.2. Choice of Facilities
4. Results
- Interaction among Group A children
- 2.
- Interaction among Group B children
- 3.
- Interaction among Group C children
- Level 1: simple parallel play
- Level 2: parallel play with mutual regard
- Level 3: simple social play
- Level 4: complementary play with mutual awareness
- Level 5: complementary social play
5. Discussion
5.1. Transformation by Design Intervention
5.2. Caregiver–Child Interaction
5.3. Peer Interaction
6. Conclusions
6.1. Contribution
6.2. Future Research and Development
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level | Age | Behavior |
---|---|---|
Level 1: simple parallel play | 2.5–3.5 years | children engaging in similar activities but no social contact |
Level 2: parallel play with mutual regard | 2.5–3.5 years | children engaging in the same or similar activity and having social contact |
Level 3: simple social play | 3.5–4.5 years | children directing social behavior to one another |
Level 4: complementary play with mutual awareness | After 4.5 years | children engaging in complementary action and mutual gaze or awareness of the other |
Level 5: complementary social play | After 4.5 years | children engaging in complementary actions and reciprocal social roles |
Level 6: cooperative social pretend-to-play and complex social pretend-to-play | After 4.5 years | children play games with reciprocal social roles and set up post-communication activities. |
Behavior | Code |
---|---|
Single play | play alone, give up, play wrong, hard to use |
Level 1: simple parallel play | other children do the same |
Level 2: parallel play with mutual regard | look at others, be watched by others, eye contact, imitate others |
Level 3: simple social play | initiative speaking, passive speaking, physical contact, dispute |
Level 4: complementary play with mutual awareness | initiative following, passive following, waiting, finding, play together |
Level 5: complementary social play | play together |
Caregivers’ Care Behavior | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Following and watching behavior | ||||
C9 (aisle) | H4 (Revolving facilities) | C7 (aisle) | O4 (Rest area) | C12 (aisle) |
100% | 100% | 77.32% | 74.74% | 74.03% |
Standing and watching behavior | ||||
O5 (Rest area) | H6 (Revolving facilities) | K1 (Single rocking horse) | H1 (Revolving facilities) | H3 (Revolving facilities) |
100% | 100% | 76.32% | 72.12% | 64.42% |
Sitting and watching behavior | ||||
C14 (aisle) | E5 (Climbing facilities) | D2 (Uneven aisle) | C19 (aisle) | A5 (Straight slide) |
33.54% | 25.58% | 25.29% | 16.48% | 16.00% |
Standing and waiting behavior | ||||
O13 (Rest area) | O7 (Rest area) | O1 (Rest area) | J3 (Swing) | N (water washing table) |
46.84% | 39.09% | 27.76% | 18.23% | 17.07% |
Sitting and waiting behavior | ||||
Q (Railing) | C23 (aisle) | K3 (Single rocking horse) | L1 (Rocking horse) | A4 (Straight slide) |
60.00% | 38.46% | 36.42% | 32.97% | 22.47% |
Places where peer interaction behavior is common | ||||
P (Floor) (dark-gray) | H3 (Revolving facilities) | L1 (Rocking horse) | A1 (Straight slide) | G1 (Stairs) |
23.78% | 8.71% | 6.03% | 5.80% | 5.78% |
Level 1 (simple parallel play)—Places where Level 1 is common | ||||
I1, I2 (Toddler swing) | J1, J2, J3 (Swing) | C5 (Aisle) | E6 (Climbing facilities) | E1 (Climbing facilities) |
96.61%, 65.45% | 76.00%, 65.45%, 76.51% | 60.00% | 59.13% | 56.64% |
Level 2 (parallel play with mutual regard)—Places where Level 2 is common | ||||
O4 (Rest area) | J4 (Swing) | L1 (Rocking horse) | K3 (Single rocking horse) | Q (Railing) |
74.74% | 56.00% | 54.17% | 37.97% | 32.31% |
Top 5 places where looking at others’ behavior is common | ||||
O4 (Rest area) | J4 (Swing) | K3 (Single rocking horse) | M (Sand area) | O7 (Rest area) |
74.74% | 56.00% | 37.97% | 31.71% | 25.89% |
Top 5 places where eye contact behavior is common | ||||
L1 (Rocking horse) | H3 (Revolving facilities) | C11 (Aisle) | C8 (Aisle) | D1 (Uneven aisle) |
28.18% | 11.25% | 10.42% | 6.72% | 6.56% |
Top 5 places where imitating others’ behavior is common | ||||
E6 (Climbing facilities) | Q (Railing) | G14 (Stairs) | E2 (Climbing facilities) | A1 (Straight slide) |
12.02% | 9.23% | 8.13% | 7.31% | 1.85% |
Level 3 (simple social play)—Places where Level 3 is common | ||||
H3 (Revolving facilities) | A4 (Straight slide) | C22 (Aisle) | B3 (Revolving slide) | C8 (Aisle) |
29.31% | 10.11% | 10.01% | 6.73% | 6.72% |
Top 5 places where initiative speaking behavior is common | ||||
H3 (Revolving facilities) | C8 (Aisle) | B3 (Revolving slide) | A5 (Straight slide) | C20 (Aisle) |
18.80% | 6.72% | 4.53% | 4.00% | 3.72% |
Top 5 places where passive speaking behavior is common | ||||
C22 (Aisle) | H3 (Revolving facilities) | O1 (Rest area) | G3 (Stairs) | B3 (Revolving slide) |
7.66% | 6.54% | 3.91% | 2.68% | 1.56% |
Top 5 places where physical contact behavior is common | ||||
A4 (Straight slide) | H3 (Revolving facilities) | G12 (Stairs) | G1 (Stairs) | C1 (Aisle) |
10.11% | 2.83% | 2.48% | 1.94% | 0.92% |
Level 4 (complementary play with mutual awareness)—Places where Level 4 is common | ||||
C23 (Aisle) | G1 (Stairs) | L1 (Rocking horse) | A4 (Straight slide) | H3 (Revolving facilities) |
38.46% | 21.34% | 21.34% | 20.22% | 19.41% |
Top 5 places where waiting behavior is common | ||||
A4 (Straight slide) | E2 (Climbing facilities) | B3 (Revolving slide) | O7 (Rest area) | E5 (Climbing facilities) |
12.36% | 11.96% | 8.71% | 7.87% | 7.37% |
Top 5 places where finding behavior is common | ||||
C20 (Aisle) | G14 (Stairs) | C19 (Aisle) | G15 (Stairs) | G13 (Stairs) |
1.74% | 1.39% | 1.12% | 0.68% | 0.68% |
Top 5 places where following passive behavior is common | ||||
C8 (Aisle) | C13 (Aisle) | G3 (Stairs) | G12 (Stairs) | E2 (Climbing facilities) |
2.99% | 2.27% | 2.01% | 1.98% | 1.66% |
The place where play-together behavior is common | ||||
L1 (Rocking horse) | G1 (Stairs) | H3 (Revolving facilities) | J3 (Swing) | E7 (Climbing facilities) |
20.11% | 19.66% | 19.41% | 18.23% | 17.79% |
The place where dangerous behavior is common | ||||
Q (Railing) | A4 (Straight slide) | A1 (Straight slide) | A5 (Straight slide) | B2 (Revolving slide) |
60.00% | 31.46% | 20.27% | 16.67% | 13.57% |
The place where difficult to play is common | ||||
G7 (Stairs) | N (Water washing table) | E3 (Climbing facilities) | F (Balance beam) | D1 (Uneven Aisle) |
55.14% | 42.28% | 29.30% | 24.45% | 23.28% |
Control Group | Experimental Group | |
---|---|---|
Group A (<3 years) | 14 | 21 |
Group B (3~6 years) | 32 | 167 |
Group C (>6 years) | 10 | 76 |
Total | 56 children | 264 children |
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Yang, J.-T.; Chen, C.-I.; Zheng, M.-C. Elevating Children’s Play Experience: A Design Intervention to Enhance Children’s Social Interaction in Park Playgrounds. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086971
Yang J-T, Chen C-I, Zheng M-C. Elevating Children’s Play Experience: A Design Intervention to Enhance Children’s Social Interaction in Park Playgrounds. Sustainability. 2023; 15(8):6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086971
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Jhu-Ting, Ching-I Chen, and Meng-Cong Zheng. 2023. "Elevating Children’s Play Experience: A Design Intervention to Enhance Children’s Social Interaction in Park Playgrounds" Sustainability 15, no. 8: 6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086971
APA StyleYang, J. -T., Chen, C. -I., & Zheng, M. -C. (2023). Elevating Children’s Play Experience: A Design Intervention to Enhance Children’s Social Interaction in Park Playgrounds. Sustainability, 15(8), 6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086971