Projections of Beach Erosion and Associated Costs in Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Sites
3. Methodology
3.1. Projections of Wave Climate
3.2. Projections Sea-Level Rise
3.3. Projections of Shoreline Change
3.4. Projections of Economic Losses Due to Beach Erosion
4. Results
4.1. Projections of Wave Climate
4.2. Projections Sea-Level Rise
4.3. Projections of Shoreline Change
4.4. Projections of Economic Losses Due to Beach Erosion
5. Discussion
5.1. Projections of Shoreline Change
5.2. Projections of Economic Losses Due to Beach Erosion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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# | Beach | Lat (° S) | Lon (° W) | Type | Shape | Length (m) | Width (m) | Area (m2) | Orientation (° N) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cavancha | 20.23 | 70.15 | U | Embayed | 940 | 56–110 | ✘ | ✘ | 78,020 | 240° |
2 | Brava | 20.24 | 70.15 | U | Rectilinear | 2795 | 62–117 | ✘ | ✘ | 250,153 | 80° |
3 | Hornitos | 22.92 | 70.29 | R | Embayed | 6400 | 39–147 | 0.12 | ✘ | 595,200 | 281° |
4 | Chañaral | 26.30 | 70.65 | U | Embayed | 5147 | 24–35 | ✘ | ✘ | 151,837 | 220° |
5 | Caldera | 27.10 | 70.86 | U, PU | Embayed | 6181 | 47–98 | ✘ | ✘ | 448,123 | 300° |
6 | Huasco | 28.33 | 71.17 | R | Embayed | 3570 | 44–74 | ✘ | ✘ | 210,630 | 275° |
7 | La Serena | 29.96 | 71.32 | U | Embayed | 18,850 | 44–108 | ✘ | ✘ | 1,214,620 | 266°–330° |
8 | La Herradura | 29.98 | 71.36 | U | Embayed | 1574 | 26–95 | ✘ | ✘ | 78,800 | 325° |
9 | Guanaqueros | 30.29 | 71.53 | U, PU | Embayed | 5900 | 25–86 | ✘ | ✘ | 382,596 | 325° |
10 | Tongoy | 30.19 | 71.40 | U | Embayed | 11,630 | 28–32 | ✘ | ✘ | 367,625 | 337° |
11 | Los Vilos | 31.87 | 71.50 | PU | Embayed | 2780 | 53–70 | ✘ | ✘ | 170,970 | 65° |
12 | Pichidangui | 32.12 | 71.51 | PU | Embayed | 2996 | 20–61 | ✘ | ✘ | 122,252 | 315° |
13 | Los Molles | 32.24 | 71.51 | PU | Embayed | 1460 | 20–80 | ✘ | ✘ | 42,245 | 199° |
14 | Pichicuy | 32.34 | 71.45 | PU | Embayed | 2184 | 10–120 | ✘ | ✘ | 129,128 | 228° |
15 | La Ligua | 32.36 | 71.43 | PU | Embayed | 5800 | 30–50 | ✘ | ✘ | 232,000 | 230° |
16 | Papudo | 32.49 | 71.43 | U | Embayed | 2129 | 30–50 | ✘ | ✘ | 85,160 | 310° |
17 | Maitencillo | 32.59 | 71.45 | U | Embayed | 224 | 13–25 | ✘ | ✘ | 3483 | 335° |
18 | Quintero | 32.78 | 71.50 | I | Embayed | 7360 | 13–85 | ✘ | ✘ | 215,458 | 252°–340° |
19 | Concón | 32.86 | 71.51 | R, PU | Rectilinear | 10,392 | 10–132 | ✘ | ✘ | 504,547 | 264°–270° |
20 | Cochoa | 32.96 | 71.55 | U | Embayed | 160 | 11–46 | ✘ | ✘ | 3214 | 315° |
21 | El Encanto | 32.96 | 71.55 | U | Rectilinear | 232 | 9–26 | ✘ | ✘ | 5494 | 257° |
22 | Reñaca | 32.97 | 71.55 | U | Rectilinear | 1300 | 20–70 | 0.50 | 3.54 | 70,488 | 264° |
23 | Las Cañitas | 32.98 | 71.55 | PU | Embayed | 185 | 13–28 | ✘ | ✘ | 4193 | 275° |
24 | Las Salinas | 32.99 | 71.55 | U | Embayed | 190 | 20–40 | 0.63 | 2.74 | 7324 | 290° |
25 | Los Marineros | 33.00 | 71.55 | U | Rectilinear | 2680 | 25–68 | 0.75 | 4.54 | 125,889 | 278°–300° |
26 | Miramar | 33.02 | 71.57 | U | Embayed | 147 | 14–21 | ✘ | ✘ | 1517 | 325° |
27 | Caleta Abarca | 33.02 | 71.57 | U | Rectilinear | 420 | 18–33 | ✘ | ✘ | 11,570 | 312° |
28 | Caleta Portales | 33.03 | 71.59 | U | Rectilinear | 633 | 0–83 | 0.42 | 3.37 | 11,718 | 330° |
29 | Torpederas | 33.02 | 71.64 | U | Embayed | 95 | 38–38 | 0.50 | 3.00 | 3460 | 333° |
30 | Tunquén | 33.29 | 71.66 | R | Embayed | 2184 | 10–68 | ✘ | ✘ | 71,252 | 241° |
31 | Algarrobo | 33.36 | 71.66 | U | Embayed | 2484 | 39–97 | ✘ | ✘ | 153,137 | 275° |
32 | El Quisco | 33.39 | 71.69 | U | Embayed | 1050 | 43–107 | ✘ | ✘ | 65,410 | 295° |
33 | Las Cruces | 33.47 | 71.65 | PU | Embayed | 376 | 47–53 | ✘ | ✘ | 14,161 | 224° |
34 | Cartagena | 33.52 | 71.61 | U, PU | Embayed | 4456 | 10–90 | ✘ | ✘ | 193,372 | 230°–266° |
35 | St. Domingo | 33.69 | 71.65 | U, PU | Rectilinear | 21,807 | 10–88 | ✘ | ✘ | 513,612 | 285°–305° |
36 | Pichilemu | 34.43 | 72.04 | PU | Embayed | 4201 | 10–90 | ✘ | ✘ | 230,996 | 287°–333° |
37 | San Vicente | 36.76 | 73.14 | I, PU | Embayed | 5460 | 6–41 | ✘ | ✘ | 133,622 | 313°–348° |
38 | Escuadrón | 36.95 | 73.17 | U, PU | Rectilinear | 8555 | 25–40 | ✘ | ✘ | 278,347 | 286° |
39 | Playa Blanca | 37.03 | 73.15 | PU | Embayed | 1790 | 20–107 | ✘ | ✘ | 92,248 | 293° |
40 | Tubul | 37.23 | 73.44 | PU | Embayed | 1227 | 9–52 | ✘ | ✘ | 41,250 | 50° |
41 | Llico | 37.18 | 73.56 | R | Rectilinear | 2257 | 25–44 | ✘ | ✘ | 70,510 | 25° |
42 | Arauco | 37.24 | 73.31 | U, PU | Rectilinear | 12,658 | 49–86 | ✘ | ✘ | 696,862 | 322° |
43 | Bahía de Lebu | 37.59 | 73.65 | PU | Embayed | 2862 | 68–126 | ✘ | ✘ | 270,026 | 310° |
44 | Lebu–Tirúa | 37.88 | 73.54 | R | Embayed | 4283 | 43–130 | 0.60 | 6.50 | 349,227 | 264° |
45 | Anakena | 27.07 | 109.32 | R | Embayed | 241 | 12–40 | ✘ | ✘ | 7273 | 344° |
Type of Trip | Change in Beach Width | Adjusted WTP (USD) |
---|---|---|
Short trip | 1% Decrease | −0.84 |
1% Increase | 0.46 | |
Long trip (more than four nights) | 1% Decrease | −2.07 |
1% Increase | 1.14 |
Beach Reduction | Costs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | Thousands of USD/y | ||||||
# | Beach | Min | Mean | Max | Min | Mean | Max |
1 | Cavancha | 11.1 | 6.7 | 2.2 | 120.0 | 115.2 | 110.3 |
2 | Brava | 10.3 | 6.2 | 2.0 | 139.1 | 133.8 | 128.5 |
3 | Hornitos | 12.4 | 10.3 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.5 |
4 | Chañaral | 36.1 | 21.7 | 7.3 | 72.5 | 64.9 | 57.2 |
5 | Caldera | 14.9 | 9.0 | 3.0 | 61.2 | 58.0 | 54.9 |
6 | Huasco | 18.6 | 11.2 | 3.8 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.1 |
7 | La Serena | 14.9 | 9.0 | 3.1 | 439.0 | 416.5 | 394.0 |
8 | La Herradura | 18.7 | 11.3 | 3.9 | 151.2 | 141.8 | 132.3 |
9 | Guanaqueros | 20.6 | 12.4 | 4.3 | 153.6 | 143.2 | 132.9 |
10 | Tongoy | 38.3 | 23.1 | 8.0 | 176.1 | 156.8 | 137.5 |
11 | Los Vilos | 19.2 | 11.6 | 4.0 | 30.2 | 28.3 | 26.4 |
12 | Pichidangui | 29.2 | 17.7 | 6.2 | 32.8 | 29.8 | 26.9 |
13 | Los Molles | 23.7 | 14.4 | 5.0 | 37.4 | 34.6 | 31.8 |
14 | Pichicuy | 18.2 | 11.1 | 3.9 | 35.8 | 33.6 | 31.4 |
15 | La Ligua | 29.7 | 18.0 | 6.3 | 39.2 | 35.7 | 32.2 |
16 | Papudo | 29.7 | 18.0 | 6.3 | 219.3 | 199.5 | 179.7 |
17 | Maitencillo | 62.6 | 37.9 | 13.3 | 274.9 | 233.2 | 191.5 |
18 | Quintero | 24.3 | 14.7 | 5.2 | 210.2 | 194.0 | 177.8 |
19 | Concón | 16.8 | 10.2 | 3.6 | 114.4 | 108.0 | 101.5 |
20 | Cochoa | 41.9 | 25.4 | 8.9 | 139.0 | 122.9 | 106.7 |
21 | El Encanto | 68.2 | 41.3 | 14.5 | 164.8 | 138.5 | 112.2 |
22 | Reñaca | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 106.2 | 106.2 | 106.2 |
23 | Las Cañitas | 58.2 | 35.3 | 12.4 | 155.0 | 132.6 | 110.1 |
24 | Las Salinas | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 109.3 | 109.3 | 109.3 |
25 | Los Marineros | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 103.4 | 103.4 | 103.4 |
26 | Miramar | 68.2 | 41.4 | 14.6 | 164.8 | 138.6 | 112.3 |
27 | Caleta Abarca | 46.8 | 28.4 | 10.0 | 143.9 | 125.8 | 107.8 |
28 | Caleta Portales | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 108.3 | 108.3 | 108.3 |
29 | Torpederas | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 108.3 | 108.3 | 108.3 |
30 | Tunquén | 30.6 | 18.6 | 6.5 | 351.9 | 319.5 | 287.1 |
31 | Algarrobo | 17.5 | 10.6 | 3.8 | 316.7 | 298.1 | 279.5 |
32 | El Quisco | 15.9 | 9.7 | 3.4 | 312.3 | 295.5 | 278.6 |
33 | Las Cruces | 23.9 | 14.5 | 5.1 | 333.7 | 308.5 | 283.2 |
34 | Cartagena | 23.8 | 14.5 | 5.1 | 333.7 | 308.5 | 283.2 |
35 | St. Domingo | 24.3 | 14.8 | 5.2 | 334.9 | 309.2 | 283.5 |
36 | Pichilemu | 45.5 | 27.7 | 9.8 | 175.5 | 154.0 | 132.5 |
37 | San Vicente | 24.6 | 15.0 | 5.5 | 41.9 | 38.7 | 35.5 |
38 | Escuadrón | 52.7 | 32.3 | 11.8 | 51.4 | 44.5 | 37.6 |
39 | Playa Blanca | 38.2 | 23.4 | 8.6 | 46.5 | 41.5 | 36.5 |
40 | Tubul | 19.6 | 12.0 | 4.4 | 27.0 | 25.3 | 23.6 |
41 | Llico | 40.8 | 25.0 | 9.1 | 31.8 | 28.3 | 24.7 |
42 | Arauco | 36.1 | 22.1 | 8.1 | 30.8 | 27.6 | 24.4 |
43 | Bahía de Lebu | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 |
44 | Lebu–Tirúa | 12.6 | 7.7 | 2.8 | 25.5 | 24.4 | 23.2 |
45 | Anakena | 12.5 | 7.5 | 2.5 | 34.0 | 32.5 | 31.0 |
Total | 6099 | 5618 | 5136 |
Beach Reduction | Costs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | Thousands of USD/y | ||||||
# | Beach | Min | Mean | Max | Min | Mean | Max |
1 | Cavancha | 52.0 | 29.5 | 9.1 | 215.8 | 183.9 | 154.8 |
2 | Brava | 47.8 | 27.2 | 8.4 | 244.8 | 210.7 | 179.6 |
3 | Hornitos | 58.9 | 47.8 | 37.3 | 16.4 | 15.3 | 14.2 |
4 | Chañaral | 100.0 | 100.0 | 32.4 | 140.0 | 140.0 | 92.7 |
5 | Caldera | 71.6 | 40.3 | 12.8 | 120.2 | 98.2 | 79.0 |
6 | Huasco | 93.5 | 51.7 | 16.2 | 19.8 | 15.5 | 11.9 |
7 | La Serena | 71.5 | 40.4 | 13.0 | 861.6 | 705.0 | 567.3 |
8 | La Herradura | 94.2 | 52.1 | 16.4 | 325.2 | 254.6 | 194.9 |
9 | Guanaqueros | 100.0 | 58.0 | 18.1 | 334.9 | 264.5 | 197.8 |
10 | Tongoy | 100.0 | 100.0 | 35.1 | 334.9 | 334.9 | 226.1 |
11 | Los Vilos | 96.6 | 53.3 | 16.9 | 65.5 | 51.1 | 39.0 |
12 | Pichidangui | 100.0 | 87.2 | 26.4 | 66.6 | 62.3 | 42.1 |
13 | Los Molles | 100.0 | 68.0 | 21.2 | 79.5 | 66.8 | 48.2 |
14 | Pichicuy | 90.7 | 50.4 | 16.2 | 75.8 | 59.8 | 46.2 |
15 | La Ligua | 100.0 | 88.8 | 26.9 | 79.5 | 75.1 | 50.5 |
16 | Papudo | 100.0 | 89.1 | 27.0 | 444.4 | 420.1 | 282.3 |
17 | Maitencillo | 100.0 | 100.0 | 61.6 | 444.4 | 444.4 | 359.1 |
18 | Quintero | 100.0 | 70.2 | 21.9 | 444.4 | 378.2 | 271.0 |
19 | Concón | 82.1 | 46.1 | 14.9 | 234.5 | 188.1 | 148.0 |
20 | Cochoa | 100.0 | 100.0 | 39.4 | 257.6 | 257.6 | 179.6 |
21 | El Encanto | 100.0 | 100.0 | 68.4 | 257.6 | 257.6 | 216.9 |
22 | Reñaca | 37.0 | 37.0 | 37.0 | 176.4 | 176.4 | 176.4 |
23 | Las Cañitas | 100.0 | 100.0 | 57.0 | 257.6 | 257.6 | 202.2 |
24 | Las Salinas | 52.8 | 52.8 | 52.8 | 196.8 | 196.8 | 196.8 |
25 | Los Marineros | 23.5 | 23.5 | 23.5 | 159.1 | 159.1 | 159.1 |
26 | Miramar | 100.0 | 100.0 | 68.6 | 257.6 | 257.6 | 217.1 |
27 | Caleta Abarca | 100.0 | 100.0 | 44.7 | 257.6 | 257.6 | 186.3 |
28 | Caleta Portales | 47.4 | 47.4 | 47.4 | 189.8 | 189.8 | 189.8 |
29 | Torpederas | 47.4 | 47.4 | 47.4 | 189.8 | 189.8 | 189.8 |
30 | Tunquén | 100.0 | 92.6 | 28.2 | 708.2 | 682.2 | 453.9 |
31 | Algarrobo | 86.6 | 48.4 | 15.7 | 660.8 | 525.5 | 409.7 |
32 | El Quisco | 77.0 | 43.4 | 14.2 | 626.7 | 507.8 | 404.3 |
33 | Las Cruces | 100.0 | 68.8 | 21.7 | 708.2 | 597.7 | 430.8 |
34 | Cartagena | 100.0 | 68.8 | 21.7 | 708.2 | 597.6 | 430.8 |
35 | St. Domingo | 100.0 | 70.4 | 22.2 | 708.2 | 603.4 | 432.6 |
36 | Pichilemu | 100.0 | 100.0 | 44.4 | 317.2 | 317.2 | 229.0 |
37 | San Vicente | 100.0 | 73.0 | 23.8 | 88.4 | 76.5 | 54.7 |
38 | Escuadrón | 100.0 | 100.0 | 54.7 | 88.4 | 88.4 | 68.4 |
39 | Playa Blanca | 100.0 | 100.0 | 38.2 | 88.4 | 88.4 | 61.1 |
40 | Tubul | 100.0 | 56.1 | 18.8 | 59.4 | 46.4 | 35.3 |
41 | Llico | 100.0 | 100.0 | 41.2 | 59.4 | 59.4 | 41.9 |
42 | Arauco | 100.0 | 100.0 | 36.0 | 59.4 | 59.4 | 40.4 |
43 | Bahía de Lebu | 27.4 | 27.4 | 27.4 | 37.9 | 37.9 | 37.9 |
44 | Lebu–Tirúa | 60.2 | 34.9 | 12.1 | 47.6 | 40.1 | 33.3 |
45 | Anakena | 58.4 | 33.2 | 10.6 | 63.0 | 53.0 | 44.0 |
Total | 11,778 | 10,549 | 8127 |
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Winckler, P.; Martín, R.A.; Esparza, C.; Melo, O.; Sactic, M.I.; Martínez, C. Projections of Beach Erosion and Associated Costs in Chile. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5883. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075883
Winckler P, Martín RA, Esparza C, Melo O, Sactic MI, Martínez C. Projections of Beach Erosion and Associated Costs in Chile. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):5883. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075883
Chicago/Turabian StyleWinckler, Patricio, Roberto Agredano Martín, César Esparza, Oscar Melo, María Isabel Sactic, and Carolina Martínez. 2023. "Projections of Beach Erosion and Associated Costs in Chile" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 5883. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075883