Sustainable Design Protocol in BIM Environments: Case Study of 3D Virtual Models of a Building in Seville (Spain) Based on BREEAM Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Current Energy Assessment Mechanisms and Sustainable Standards According to Green Seals
2. BIM Technology and Sustainable Design: Literature Review and Reference Studies
- Facilitating the introduction of sustainability standards in buildings from the initial design phases, so that they do not require subsequent changes.
- Avoiding the requirement of specialized agents at such early stages of the design process.
- The protocol allows us to establish a clear scale of values to be considered from the beginning of the design process; these affect the decision-making process and have a tangible impact on the final result.
- The information is centralized in a BIM platform capable of managing information that can be evaluated in the initial design phases.
- BIM technology helps to reduce lead times in the design process of sustainable standards versus traditional design and simulation tools.
3. Materials and Methods
- 1.
- The sustainability indicators associated with compliance with the BREEAM seal were defined, focusing on those related to decision-making in the initial phase of the design process. Additionally, the standards considered in this study have to address four fundamental aspects:
- The standards considered can be classified as geometrical/spatial parameters or material/energetic parameters.
- The standards considered can be integrated into a virtual BIM model for evaluation in the design phase [47].
- The standards can be evaluated directly in a BIM environment [48].
- The standards can be evaluated through an external evaluation, to which data from BIM are transferred.
- 2.
- Once the standards used in this study were selected, we defined how each one of them should be integrated into the BIM model to be evaluated, according to the case study analyzed.
- 3.
- According to the measures adopted in the case study for each standard, the results of the BREEAM seal evaluation were presented, in order to determine the environmental performance of the designed solutions according to the score obtained, to analyze the cost associated with the measures proposed for each standard, and to assess their impact on the total work.
- 4.
- Finally, a protocol of sustainable indicators was defined, which includes a list of BREEAM standards to evaluate in the BIM environment during the initial phases of the design process, according to the results of this study. These standards are evaluated, comparing the estimated time to model and evaluate them in BIM with the time necessary to perform this task through traditional design systems (without the use of BIM).
3.1. Definition of BREEAM Method to Follow
- The design phase (FD): this leads to obtaining a provisional BREEAM classification, occurring before the start of the works but in a design phase that is sufficiently advanced to be able to carry out the evaluation (usually the project execution phase). However, in the initial phase (basic project), there are already standards that can be integrated into the design process to ensure compliance with the conditions of the seal.
- The post-construction phase (FPC): this leads to the as-built building obtaining a final BREEAM classification. This evaluation is carried out either by supplementing the evaluation carried out at the design stage or, when there has been no evaluation at the design stage, by carrying out a complete evaluation.
- Health and wellness aspects:
- Energy aspects:
- Transport-related aspects:
- Water-related aspects:
- Aspects related to materials:
- Waste aspects:
- Aspects related to land use and ecology:
3.2. Parameters and Data Considered to Develop the Work: Classification of BREEAM Standards
- Type of standard to be integrated into BIM:
- Standards associated with the geometry and spaces of the building:When working on the development of a virtual BIM model associated with a design phase, certain key elements affect its environmental performance. They are usually linked to aspects such as the orientation of the facades within the plot, the orientation of the different holes within the facade, and the location of these holes within the space to be naturally illuminated or ventilated.
- Standards associated with the materiality of the building:Additionally, in the initial design phase in BIM virtual environments, parameters such as the durability of materials, the selection of materials from native areas, and the use of recyclable or reusable materials or materials with insulating properties (thermal or acoustic) can be considered.
- Standards associated with the equipment and facilities in the building:The design of spaces that facilitate the optimization of the facilities and equipment in the building, as well as the definition of efficient equipment and facilities or the use of renewable energies, are important points to consider.
- 2.
- Type of standard to be evaluated:
- Standards that can be analyzed directly in a BIM environment:In other words., analysis through the sunlight module of the software, in this case Allplan 2022, through simulation and automatic testing programs associated with the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) BIM exchange format, in this case the Solibri Model Checker 2019.
- Standards that have to be analyzed in platforms external to BIM:In other words, analysis through other simulation tools. It is important to transfer the information associated with the BIM model to this software, in this case Dialux evo 9.2., for lighting simulation, or the residential energy rating abbreviated method (CERMA V.4.2.5 in Spanish)/Lider-Calener Unified Tool (HULC 2019 in Spanish) for energy efficiency simulation.
3.3. Parameters to Evaluate the Results Obtained
- Evaluation of the results provided by BREEAM
- 2.
- Evaluation of the standards integrated into the defined protocol
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics of the Standards Implemented in the Case Study Analyzed
4.1.1. Geometrical and Spatial Design Actions
- Analysis of visual comfort: it is important to produce an adequate design in terms of guaranteeing the natural lighting conditions of the different rooms of the building, which means selecting a suitable orientation. In addition, it is necessary to properly size the holes to ensure the adequate lighting of the rooms (10% of the useful surface area of the space to be illuminated). In this regard, the BIM tool ensures the following from the beginning of the design process:
- Including the latitude and altitude of the building in the project definition parameters.
- Incorporating three-dimensionally the adjacent elements and buildings that may affect the generation of shadows on the faces of the designed building.
- Performing sunlight analysis by testing on the virtual model the behavior of natural lighting for different times/days/months.
- Estimating, based on the surface area of the gap in relation to the surface area of the room, whether the natural lighting parameters defined by the BREEAM standard are met, in this case, evaluating whether there is a window less than 5 m away from any point of the different rooms.
- 2.
- Guarantee of indoor air quality: as in the previous case, the presence of holes in the facades of the building not only seeks to guarantee adequate natural lighting but also ensures the consequent natural ventilation of rooms. In this way, and depending on the useful surface area of each room, we establish as a quality standard that at least 5% of the total surface area of the room is an open surface; we analyze compliance through a test conducted with the virtual model, in which the position and adequate distance of these holes are also determined. The analysis was carried out using the Solibri Model Checker 2019, introducing rules that relate to the surface areas of rooms and the distance to windows in the IFC virtual model.
- 3.
- Compliance with thermal and acoustic comfort: since the BIM tool facilitates modeling of the elements that make up the envelope of the building not as drawing elements but as constructive elements, we establish in the BIM virtual model the different layers that make up the facade, roof, and elements in contact with the unheated spaces in the building. In so doing, we define the type of insulating material to be used and its thickness, which ensures that, from the initial phases of the design process, the constructive elements have adequate thickness to comply with the conditions of thermal comfort. Therefore, there is a geometrical component, as well as associated information about its energy-related behaviors. The analysis was carried out using CERMA V.4.2.5, introducing the defined specifications for isolation materials in the BIM virtual model. For parameters not defined in the early stage of the design process, a generic value is considered. In the same way, we test whether the defined constructive elements comply with the acoustic insulation standards established by the regulations.
- 4.
- Compliance with accessibility conditions: this is a requirement of the BREEAM seal that has a direct impact on the social sustainability of buildings. At the same time, it is a solution that guarantees accessibility to a building, meaning that, in the future, it will not be necessary to incorporate mechanical elements such as lifting platforms, with their associated energy expenditure, to give access to people with reduced mobility.The BIM tool allows us to test whether the different spaces associated with the evacuation route of a building comply with the minimum dimensions established by the relevant regulations, as well as ensuring the presence of adequate slopes that facilitate access to spaces at different levels. The analysis is carried out using the Solibri Model Checker 2019, by introducing rules to check the adequacy of spaces designed according to accessibility requirements.
- 5.
- Design of recreational spaces associated with the building: in the initial design phase, attention must be paid to the importance of designing free spaces within the building with adequate dimensions, whether these are community or private spaces (gardens, terraces, balconies, etc.). It is important to test the fulfillment, among other factors, of the conditions of sunlight and natural lighting in these spaces, emphasizing the importance of giving the surface areas of these spaces suitable dimensions in relation to the height of the building. The analysis of this parameter is carried out using the Solibri Model Checker 2019, introducing rules to assess the adequacy of these designed spaces.
- 6.
- Design of drying spaces: to avoid the use of mechanical drying equipment, with the consequently associated energy consumption, it is important to include spaces with natural ventilation, in which the drying of clothes can occur in residential buildings. These spaces must have adequate dimensions and be proportionate to the total size of the house and the estimated number of occupants. This analysis is carried out using the Solibri Model Checker 2019, introducing rules to assess the adequacy of these spaces in relation to the requirements of BREEAM.
- 7.
- Design of a mobility plan in the environment of the building: promoting the use of alternative means of transport to those dependent on oil is linked to the existence of space for bicycle parking, which helps promote the use of this means of transport. The analysis is carried out using the Solibri Model Checker 2019, introducing rules to assess the adequacy of the surface area designated for bicycle parking according to the BREEAM standard.
- 8.
- Design of housing to reconcile the use of home offices: with the boom in home working experienced in recent years, this measure is proposed as a means of reducing displacement for those who undertake their professional work at home. For them, the design of spaces at home with characteristics and dimensions suitable for working is proposed. This analysis is carried out using the Solibri Model Checker 2019, introducing rules to assess the adequacy of the surface area of rooms designated for home working according to the BREEAM standard.
- 9.
- Impact of the use of materials on the lifecycle of the building: although decisions related to the use of materials do not have to be made during the initial design phase, there are issues of an aesthetic nature that are related to the appearance of certain materials that affect the final result of the design. Therefore, it is important to prioritize native materials that are linked to the area where the work is being undertaken, and which are durable, easy to maintain, and have the capacity to be reused in the future. The three-dimensional representation in the BIM virtual model enables the appearance of different material solutions to be tested so that the designers can opt for the most appropriate ones based on these parameters. Therefore, there is a geometrical component, as well as associated information about its energy-related behaviors. The visual analysis used to choose between different materials can be developed in a BIM environment (Allplan 2020 in the case study). Nevertheless, the materials’ energy-related behaviors should be analyzed using CERMA V.4.2.5.
- 10.
- Study of the domestic waste-management model: in the initial phases of the design process, it is necessary to undertake the adequate forecasting of spaces. This is the case for space destined for the accumulation of waste, whether collective or individual; there should be adequate surface areas in these rooms for the separation of waste and the recycling of the same. The analysis is carried out using the Solibri Model Checker 2019, introducing rules to assess the adequacy of the defined surface area according to the BREEAM standard.
- 11.
- Improvement in the ecology of the site: when the building is associated with green outdoor open spaces, it is important to design these spaces according to sustainable criteria, encouraging the use of native species to positively influence the building’s possible impact on biodiversity. The analysis of this criterion is carried out using the Solibri Model Checker 2019, introducing rules to assess the adequacy of the surface areas defined for green spaces according to the BREEAM standard.
4.1.2. Definition of Materials and Facilities According to Efficient Design Criteria
- 1.
- Energy efficiency: it is linked to geometric and material aspects (i.e., insulation thickness defined above) or the efficiency of equipment, included in other standards. Therefore, the evaluation of this specific standard, through CERMA V.4.2.5., is linked to the development of other defined standards.
- 2.
- Lighting: as in the case of natural lighting, it is essential to define an efficient artificial lighting system. Therefore, the process of designing facilities should consider not only the installation, but also the requirement to incorporate presence detectors, energy-saving luminaires, timers, or twilight clocks in the case of outdoor lighting. The analysis is carried out using CERMA V.4.2.5., introducing the defined specifications for the artificial lighting facilities designed in the BIM virtual model.
- 3.
- Development of the design of low-carbon facilities: this is a starting condition for the development of the design of the building’s different facilities. In general, it involves the use of facilities associated with the generation of renewable energy. The design of this type of facility requires reserved spaces to be taken into account at the beginning of the building design process. The analysis of the environmental performance of this indicator is carried out using CERMA V.4.2.5., introducing the specifications defined in BIM. Moreover, the adequacy of the reserved spaces’ surface areas can be analyzed using the Solibri Model Checker 2019.
- 4.
- Energy-efficient transport systems and equipment: as noted above, the choice of elevators (transport) or heating/cooling equipment is not the subject of the initial design phases. However, it is important to note that the impact of the efficiency of this equipment will be of enormous relevance in the final environmental assessment of the building. The analysis of the environmental performance of this indicator is carried out through CERMA V.4.2.5.
- 5.
- Mobility plan and alternative modes of transport associated with the building and its surroundings: associated with the search for energy production mechanisms that are not dependent on oil, the design of garages and car parks is promoted by incorporating recharging equipment for electric vehicles. The analysis of the environmental performance of this indicator is carried out through CERMA V.4.2.5.
- 6.
- Efficient water network: although this is an aspect to be checked in more advanced phases of the design (i.e., the execution of the project), it is important to start with an adequate design of water supply facilities that are in strict compliance with the current relevant regulations. Likewise, efficient equipment must be used, optimizing the flow of water consumption and the design of separative networks for wastewater and rainwater. At the same time, it is important to effectively design the building’s irrigation network.
4.2. BREEAM Evaluation of the Measures Adopted; Definition of Environmental Improvements and Costs
- The standards that are most important to the environmental improvement in the building are those linked to the health and wellness section, followed by the energy and transport indicators.
- The rest of the sections associated with the standards of the initial phases of the design process generate a moderate improvement in the environmental situation with respect to the total.
- The largest investment made to achieve these improvements pertains to energy and is closely linked to the improvement in the energy efficiency of the building, followed closely by the indicators of the health and wellness section.
- The relationship between the cost associated with each section and the improvement provided at the environmental level indicates that the most expensive investment is focused on the energy section, while transport and water are the most profitable sections.
- The health and wellness section is quite profitable since it does not require a high initial investment compared to the significant improvement it represents for the environmental status of the building.
4.3. Protocol for Defining Sustainability Standards in BIM during the Initial Phase of Design
- Steps:
- Features:
- Time:
- Potentials:
- Limitations:
4.4. Testing of the Designed Protocol: Quantification of Deadlines Reductions
5. Discussion
5.1. Contribution of This Study
5.2. Implications of This Study for Future Experiences
5.3. Limitations of This Study
5.4. Future Lines of Research
6. Conclusions
- The standards prioritized by the protocol are those linked to the geometric and spatial definition of the building since they are the ones that have the greatest impact in the initial phase of the design process.
- They are also easy indicators to introduce into an initial BIM model, to test their behavior in this same environment.
- This protocol seeks to simplify the work of introducing sustainable parameters to a building in this initial phase and does not require additional efforts at the level of cost, deadlines, or the integration of specialized personnel. In fact, working with these initial BIM models reduces working times by 30% compared to traditional tools.
- In addition, although the time savings are similar in terms of modeling and verification tasks, the latter is more beneficial, with a time saving of 17% compared to the total.
- Taking this protocol of standards into account will facilitate designers to score well in a possible BREEAM evaluation once the project has been completed, reducing the labor time invested, and the cost associated with specific measures to develop these standards during the construction phase.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Management | Health and Wellness | Energy | Transport | Water | Materials | Waste | Soil and Ecology | Contamination | Innovation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Project management | Visual comfort | Energy efficiency | Public transport | Water consumption | Shelf life of materials | Demolition Materials Management | Emplacement | Refrigerants | Innovation |
Lifetime planning | Indoor air quality | Lighting | Services | Leak prevention | Responsible sourcing | Recycled aggregates | Ecological value | NOx emissions | |
Responsible construction | Thermal comfort | Low-carbon installations | Alternative transport | Efficient network | Durability | Household waste management | Ecological improvement | Runoff water | |
Delivery of the building | Acoustic efficiency | Efficient transport | Mobility plan | Efficiency | Climate change | Impact on biodiversity | Noises | ||
Post-occupancy tracking | Accessibility | Efficient equipment | Home office | Erosion control | |||||
Natural hazards | Drying spaces | ||||||||
Recreational spaces | |||||||||
Water quality |
Scale | Not Classified | Passed | Good | Very Good | Excellent | Exceptional |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score | Under 30 points | 30–44 points | 45–54 points | 55–69 points | 70–84 points | More than 85 points |
BREEAM Sections | Indicators | Initial Stage of Design | Type of Element | BIM Integration | BIM Evaluation | Alternative Evaluation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HEALTH and WELLNESS | Visual comfort | x | Geometry | x | Sunlight module | Dialux |
Indoor air quality | x | Geometry | x | Solibri Model Checker | ||
Thermal comfort | x | Geometry/Efficiency | x | Solibri Model Checker | HULC/CERMA | |
Acoustic efficiency | x | Geometry/Efficiency | x | Solibri Model Checker | ||
Accessibility | x | Geometry | x | Solibri Model Checker | ||
Recreational spaces | x | Geometry | x | Solibri Model Checker | ||
ENERGY | Energy efficiency | x | Efficiency | x | HULC/CERMA | |
Lighting | x | Efficiency | x | Solibri Model Checker | HULC/CERMA/Dialux | |
Low-carbon installations | x | Efficiency | x | HULC/CERMA | ||
Efficient transport | x | Efficiency | x | HULC/CERMA | ||
Efficient equipment | x | Efficiency | x | HULC/CERMA | ||
Drying spaces | x | Geometry | x | Solibri Model Checker | ||
TRANSPORT | Mobility plan | x | Geometry | x | Solibri Model Checker | |
Home office | x | Geometry | x | Solibri Model Checker | ||
WATER | Efficient network | x | Efficiency | x | Solibri Model Checker | |
MATERIALS | Durability | x | Geometry/Efficiency | x | 3D Visualization | HULC/CERMA |
WASTE | Household waste management | x | Geometry | x | Solibri Model Checker | |
SOIL AND ECOLOGY | Ecological improvement | x | Geometry | x | Solibri Model Checker |
BREEAM Section | BREEAM Standard | BREEAM Score | Total Score by Section | Score by Section of Selected Standards | Ponderated Score to 100% of Selected Standards | Economical Investment | Total Costs by Section | Total Costs of Selected Standards by Selection | Percentage of Costs Ponderated to 100% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MANAGEMENT | Project management | 1.5 | 5 | 500 | 2000 | ||||
Lifetime planning | 1 | 500 | |||||||
Responsible Construction | 1.5 | 500 | |||||||
Delivery of the building | 1 | 500 | |||||||
Post-occupancy tracking | 0 | 0 | |||||||
HEALTH & WELLNESS | Visual Comfort | 1.5 | 10.5 | 7.5 | 19 | 600 | 18,900 | 18,300.00 | 32 |
Indoor air quality | 1.5 | 600 | |||||||
Thermal Comfort | 1.5 | 5100 | |||||||
Acoustic efficiency | 1 | 5100 | |||||||
Accessibility | 1 | 600 | |||||||
Natural hazards | 1 | 300 | |||||||
Recreational spaces | 1 | 6300 | |||||||
Water quality | 2 | 300 | |||||||
ENERGY | Energy efficiency | 1.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 13 | 6300 | 26,700 | 26,700.00 | 46 |
Lighting | 1 | 3900 | |||||||
Low-carbon installations | 0.5 | 6300 | |||||||
Efficient transport | 0.5 | 4200 | |||||||
Efficient equipment | 1 | 4200 | |||||||
Drying spaces | 1 | 1800 | |||||||
TRANSPORT | Public transport | 2 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 200 | 4900 | 3000.00 | 5 |
Services | 1 | 200 | |||||||
Alternative transport | 1 | 1500 | |||||||
Mobility plan | 1.5 | 1200 | |||||||
Home office | 1.5 | 1800 | |||||||
WATER | Water consumption | 2 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 4 | 300 | 3000 | 1200.00 | 2 |
Leak prevention | 1 | 1500 | |||||||
Efficient network | 1.5 | 1200 | |||||||
MATERIALS | Shelf life of materials | 1.5 | 6 | 1.5 | 3.75 | 200 | 4900 | 3000.00 | 5 |
Responsible sourcing | 1 | 200 | |||||||
Durability | 1.5 | 3000 | |||||||
Efficiency | 2 | 1500 | |||||||
WASTE | Demolition Materials Management | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 500 | 3700 | 2400.00 | 4 |
Recycled aggregates | 1 | 300 | |||||||
Household waste management | 1 | 2400 | |||||||
Climate change | 1 | 500 | |||||||
SOIL AND ECOLOGY | Emplacement | 1 | 5 | 1.5 | 3 | 300 | 6100 | 3600.00 | 6 |
Ecological value | 1 | 500 | |||||||
Ecological improvement | 1.5 | 3600 | |||||||
Impact on biodiversity | 1 | 1200 | |||||||
Erosion control | 0.5 | 500 | |||||||
CONTAMINATION | Refrigerants | 1.25 | 3.75 | 1500 | 2600 | ||||
NOx emissions | 1.5 | 600 | |||||||
Runoff water | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Noises | 1 | 500 | |||||||
INNOVATION | Innovation | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1800 | 1800 | ||||
TOTAL | 52.75 | 52.75 | 21.5 | 52.75 | 74,600 | 74,600 | 58,200 | 100 |
BREEAM Section | BREEAM Score | Percentage of Economic Costs | Relationship Percentage of Cost/Score |
---|---|---|---|
MANAGEMENT | - | - | - |
HEALTH and WELLNESS | 19% | 32% | 1.68 |
ENERGY | 13% | 46% | 3.54 |
TRANSPORT | 7% | 5% | 0.71 |
WATER | 4% | 2% | 0.50 |
MATERIALS | 3.75% | 5% | 1.33 |
WASTE | 3% | 4% | 1.33 |
SOIL AND ECOLOGY | 3% | 6% | 2.00 |
CONTAMINATION | - | - | - |
INNOVATION | - | - | - |
TOTAL | 52.75% | 100% |
Sustainable Standards Protocol for the Design of BIM Virtual Models | |
---|---|
Priority Standards to Consider | Secondary Standards to Consider |
Geometry and Spaces | Material, Facilities, and Equipment (Efficient) |
1. Analysis/simulation of visual comfort | 1. Energy efficiency |
Orientation of the building and its envelope (definition of facades to north/south/east/west prioritizing the orientation with greater lighting) | Linked to thermal and acoustic comfort: choice of insulating materials in facades and roofs and efficiency equipment |
Dimensioning of holes for natural lighting (10% of the useful surface area of the space to be illuminated) | 2. Analysis/simulation of visual comfort |
Modeling of adjacent buildings and sunlight study (leftovers thrown on building facades and their effect on the building’s natural lighting) | Efficient artificial lighting installation design: presence detector, timers |
2. Indoor air quality | 3. Network design of low-carbon facilities associated with the use of renewable energies |
Dimensioning of holes in the facade depending on the surface area of the rooms to be ventilated naturally (5% of the total surface of the room) | 4. Use of efficient equipment and appliances |
3. Accessibility conditions | 5. Design of charging networks for electric vehicles |
Adequate dimensioning of accessible routes of the building for the passage of people with reduced mobility (according to mandatory accessibility regulations) | 6. Design of water supply network that guarantees its quality and responsible consumption |
4. Recreational spaces | |
Design of gardens, terraces, balconies, or private patios (it will be verified that when a house has a terrace, it has an area greater than 10% of the surface area of the house) | |
5. Drying spaces | |
At least 5% of the total surface area of the house, with an outward ventilation area of at least 1 facade front | |
6. Design of space reserved for bicycle parking | |
In total, 20% of the total number of car parking spaces. A safe and accessible place will be allocated within the common areas of the building | |
7. Design of spaces that facilitate the compatibility of the use of home office and coworking | |
At least one secondary bedroom will have 10 m2 of surface area and will have telephone sockets and an internet connection | |
8. Forecasting of spaces for waste management | |
Space destined inside the house for recycling containers, differentiating organic waste, packaging, and paper | |
9. Design of sustainable green spaces that improve the impact on biodiversity | |
When there are common free spaces, the presence of landscaped surfaces and vegetation will be enhanced. At least 20% of the total plot |
Evaluation of Sustainable Protocol (BIM) | ||
---|---|---|
Priority Standards to Consider | Time (Hours) | |
Specific Tasks | BIM Method | CAD Method |
Through Allplan | Through Autocad | |
Analysis/simulation of visual comfort | ||
Modeling of a building of 7 floors and 1500 m2 of constructed area per floor, looking for the best orientation to optimize the natural lighting of your rooms | Modeling 3.0 h | Drawing 4.0 h |
Evaluation 0.5 h | Checking 1.0 h | |
Indoor air quality | ||
Dimensioning of windows with an area greater than 5% of the total rooms of the building described above, to meet adequate natural ventilation conditions | Modeling 0.75 h | Drawing 1.0 h |
Evaluation 0.25 h | Checking 1.0 h | |
Accessibility conditions | ||
Dimensioning of access routes to the aforementioned building complying with accessibility conditions (passage widths > 1.20 m; turning radii in corridors > 1.50 m) | Modeling 0.75 h | Drawing 1.0 h |
Evaluation 0.25 h | Checking 0.50 h | |
Recreational spaces | ||
Presence of terraces in all homes with width of 2.20 m minimum and dimension >10% of the useful surface area of the house | Modeling 0.75 h | Drawing 1.0 h |
Evaluation 0.25 h | Checking 0.50 h | |
Drying spaces | ||
Dimensioning of surface area of clotheslines >5% of the total surface area of the house | Modeling 0.75 h | Drawing 1.0 h |
Evaluation 0.25 h | Checking 0.50 h | |
Design of space reserved for bicycle parking | ||
Dimensioning of space reserved for bicycle parking with an area >20% of the area reserved for car parking | Modeling 0.30 h | Drawing 0.30 h |
Evaluation 0.20 h | Checking 0.20 h | |
Design of spaces that facilitate the compatibility of the use of home office and coworking | ||
Design of an additional bedroom per dwelling with an area >10 m2 | Modeling 0.30 h | Drawing 0.50 h |
Evaluation 0.20 h | Checking 0.50 h | |
Forecasting of spaces for waste management | ||
Dimensioning of kitchens in homes with an additional area of 1.5 m2 for waste accumulation | Modeling 0.75 h | Drawing 0.50 h |
Evaluation 0.25 h | Checking 0.50 h | |
Design of sustainable green spaces that improve the impact on biodiversity | ||
Common surface clearance >20% of the total plot area | Modeling 0.30 h | Drawing 0.30 h |
Evaluation 0.20 h | Checking 0.20 h | |
TOTAL | Modeling 7.65 h | Drawing 9.60 h |
Evaluation 2.35 h | Checking 4.90 h | |
10.0 h | 14.5 h | |
RATE REDUCTION | −30% |
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Share and Cite
Rodríguez, J.F.F. Sustainable Design Protocol in BIM Environments: Case Study of 3D Virtual Models of a Building in Seville (Spain) Based on BREEAM Method. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075787
Rodríguez JFF. Sustainable Design Protocol in BIM Environments: Case Study of 3D Virtual Models of a Building in Seville (Spain) Based on BREEAM Method. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):5787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075787
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez, Juan Francisco Fernández. 2023. "Sustainable Design Protocol in BIM Environments: Case Study of 3D Virtual Models of a Building in Seville (Spain) Based on BREEAM Method" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 5787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075787
APA StyleRodríguez, J. F. F. (2023). Sustainable Design Protocol in BIM Environments: Case Study of 3D Virtual Models of a Building in Seville (Spain) Based on BREEAM Method. Sustainability, 15(7), 5787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075787