Social Responsibility: Opportunities for Integral Assessment and Analysis of Connections with Business Innovation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- Calculation of a comprehensive indicator of country-level social responsibility;
- (2)
- Assessment of the links between the country-level social responsibility and indicators characterizing business innovation.
- -
- The indicator is normalised and varies between 0 and 1, which makes it easy to interpret its value (values close to 1 correspond to a high level of development; values close to 0 correspond to a low level of development);
- -
- The indicator is focused on the study of objects or processes characterised by a large number of heterogeneous parameters;
- -
- The indicator is a synthetic value that considers the influence of the values of all individual indicators;
- -
- The indicator allows organising multidimensional objects or processes with respect to a given normative reference vector.
- (1)
- Standardisation of initial data for their reduction into a single scale of measurement, which is carried out according to the formula
- (2)
- Formation of a reference point (, ,…). Since the proposed indicators are stimulators, i.e., they exert a direct positive influence on the development of social responsibility in EU countries, the maximum values of the indicator are chosen for them
- (3)
- Construction of the Euclidean distance, which characterises the distance of the value of each indicator to the reference point
- (4)
- Calculation of a taxonomic indicator reflecting a comprehensive assessment of the level of social responsibility development in EU countries ()
4. Results
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Publisher | Coverage of Countries | Components |
---|---|---|---|
The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index | SolAbility | 180 | Natural capital (the given natural environment and climate, minus human-induced degradation and pollution), social capital, intellectual capital (the ability to compete in a globalised market through sustained innovation), resource management (the ability to extract the highest possible value from existing resources (natural, human and financial)), governance (the framework given, normally by government policies and investments in which a national economy operates) |
The Sustainable Development Goals Index | Cambridge | 163 | SDG1—no poverty; SDG2—zero hunger; SDG3—good health and well-being; SDG4—quality education; SDG5—gender equality; SDG6—clean water and sanitation; SDG7—affordable and clean energy; SDG8—decent work and economic growth; SDG9—industry, innovation and infrastructure; SDG10—reduced inequalities; SDG11—sustainable cities and communities; SDG12—responsible consumption and production; SDG13—climate action; SDG14—life below water; SDG15—life on land; SDG16—peace, justice and strong institutions; SDG17—partnerships for the goals |
The Social Progress Index | The Social Progress Imperative | 168 | Basic human needs (nutrition and basic medical care, water and sanitation, shelter and personal safety); foundations of well-being (access to basic knowledge, access to information and communications, health and wellness and environmental quality); opportunity (personal rights, personal freedom and choice, inclusiveness and access to advanced education) |
Country | The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, Score | The SDG Index, Score | The Social Progress Index, Score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
Belgium | 51.30 | 52.10 | 53.00 | 70.30 | 71.70 | 72.50 | 86.77 | 89.46 | 88.68 |
Bulgaria | 49.20 | 51.60 | 49.60 | 57.10 | 55.80 | 57.60 | 76.17 | 79.86 | 78.81 |
Czech Republic | 53.10 | 55.20 | 52.90 | 71.80 | 72.70 | 72.60 | 84.36 | 86.69 | 86.60 |
Denmark | 57.00 | 61.00 | 60.20 | 79.80 | 80.10 | 79.30 | 90.09 | 92.11 | 92.15 |
Germany | 53.50 | 54.60 | 56.60 | 75.30 | 74.60 | 75.30 | 88.84 | 90.56 | 90.32 |
Estonia | 54.90 | 59.40 | 56.1 | 70.40 | 71.80 | 73.70 | 83.98 | 87.26 | 87.38 |
Ireland | 53.60 | 56.80 | 57.6 | 68.20 | 68.70 | 70.60 | 87.97 | 90.35 | 89.47 |
Greece | 47.40 | 50.00 | 49.60 | 58.90 | 62.00 | 64.80 | 82.48 | 85.78 | 84.37 |
Spain | 48.50 | 51.80 | 52.70 | 66.80 | 67.80 | 68.50 | 87.47 | 88.71 | 87.53 |
France | 52.00 | 55.50 | 56.80 | 74.70 | 73.00 | 72.70 | 87.79 | 88.78 | 88.23 |
Croatia | 54.20 | 57.20 | 55.10 | 63.20 | 66.40 | 68.00 | 79.21 | 81.92 | 82.82 |
Italy | 49.90 | 51.60 | 51.70 | 65.30 | 67.10 | 68.50 | 85.69 | 87.36 | 86.56 |
Cyprus | 45.80 | 47.60 | 47.50 | 55.00 | 60.30 | 58.60 | 83.14 | 86.64 | 85.03 |
Latvia | 54.40 | 58.20 | 53.50 | 65.20 | 68.30 | 69.30 | 80.42 | 83.19 | 83.43 |
Lithuania | 50.60 | 55.90 | 53.00 | 62.60 | 64.40 | 66.10 | 81.30 | 83.97 | 85.58 |
Luxembourg | 54.50 | 58.00 | 53.90 | 66.00 | 64.20 | 65.80 | 87.66 | 89.56 | 88.75 |
Hungary | 49.20 | 52.90 | 50.80 | 65.10 | 68.70 | 68.50 | 78.77 | 81.02 | 80.15 |
Malta | 46.60 | 50.90 | 51.70 | 62.30 | 62.40 | 63.60 | 82.63 | 84.89 | 85.24 |
The Netherlands | 50.50 | 52.90 | 53.90 | 71.80 | 71.70 | 72.10 | 88.31 | 91.06 | 90.57 |
Austria | 54.20 | 56.70 | 56.60 | 76.70 | 77.40 | 78.00 | 86.40 | 89.50 | 89.44 |
Poland | 51.90 | 52.80 | 51.20 | 66.10 | 69.60 | 71.00 | 81.25 | 84.32 | 83.08 |
Portugal | 51.10 | 55.00 | 54.80 | 66.20 | 67.50 | 69.10 | 87.12 | 87.79 | 85.97 |
Romania | 50.80 | 54.50 | 52.30 | 55.90 | 58.30 | 61.60 | 74.81 | 78.35 | 78.41 |
Slovenia | 53.80 | 55.90 | 54.30 | 71.70 | 74.00 | 73.50 | 85.80 | 87.71 | 85.83 |
Slovakia | 51.60 | 54.90 | 53.10 | 65.20 | 68.80 | 70.00 | 80.43 | 83.15 | 83.69 |
Finland | 59.50 | 60.40 | 60.70 | 79.10 | 81.10 | 80.80 | 89.56 | 91.89 | 92.26 |
Sweden | 60.60 | 62.10 | 61.20 | 79.40 | 81.00 | 80.60 | 89.45 | 91.62 | 91.20 |
Country | The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index | The SDG Index | The Social Progress Index | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
Belgium | −0.25907 | 0.361203 | 0.57012 | −0.83261 | 0.377384 | −0.19084 | −0.32374 | 0.020421 | 0.618998 |
Bulgaria | −0.85618 | −1.53193 | −1.94326 | −0.97525 | −2.05887 | −0.1966 | −1.33462 | −1.72761 | −2.00728 |
Czech Republic | 0.252746 | 0.576331 | −0.00132 | 0.051774 | 0.530608 | −0.1925 | −0.35348 | 0.269764 | 0.065536 |
Denmark | 1.361672 | 1.723682 | 1.357329 | 1.706423 | 1.664464 | −0.18924 | 1.816936 | 1.939992 | 1.542321 |
Germany | 0.366482 | 1.078297 | 1.06094 | −0.1194 | 0.821733 | −0.19018 | 0.746596 | 0.823492 | 1.055381 |
Estonia | 0.764558 | 0.375545 | −0.09142 | 1.249968 | 0.392707 | −0.19216 | 0.597937 | 0.318396 | 0.273084 |
Ireland | 0.394916 | 0.060023 | 0.854653 | 0.508229 | −0.08229 | −0.1903 | 1.043912 | 0.333606 | 0.829207 |
Greece | −1.36799 | −1.27377 | −0.44709 | −1.4317 | −1.10889 | −0.19305 | −1.33462 | −0.91306 | −0.52784 |
Spain | −1.05522 | −0.14076 | 0.736098 | −0.91819 | −0.22019 | −0.19129 | −0.41294 | 0.086168 | 0.312998 |
France | −0.06003 | 0.992246 | 0.811973 | 0.137359 | 0.576575 | −0.19124 | 0.806059 | 0.519903 | 0.499259 |
Croatia | 0.56552 | −0.65707 | −1.22244 | 0.622342 | −0.4347 | −0.19537 | 0.30062 | −0.27012 | −0.94027 |
Italy | −0.65714 | −0.35589 | 0.31404 | −0.97525 | −0.32744 | 5.003689 | −0.71026 | −0.41801 | 0.054893 |
Cyprus | −1.82293 | −1.8331 | −0.29059 | −2.11639 | −1.36937 | −0.19253 | −1.95899 | −1.74474 | −0.35222 |
Latvia | 0.622388 | −0.37023 | −0.93553 | 0.907627 | −0.14358 | −0.1946 | −0.17509 | 0.209511 | −0.77796 |
Lithuania | −0.4581 | −0.74312 | −0.72688 | 0.251473 | −0.74115 | −0.19413 | −0.32374 | −1.35945 | −0.20587 |
Luxembourg | 0.650822 | −0.2555 | 0.781149 | 0.85057 | −0.77179 | −0.19078 | −0.05616 | −1.25612 | 0.637624 |
Hungary | −0.85618 | −0.38457 | −1.32677 | −0.60438 | −0.08229 | −0.19591 | −0.97784 | −0.2012 | −1.65073 |
Malta | −1.59546 | −0.78615 | −0.41152 | −1.17495 | −1.0476 | −0.19358 | −0.71026 | −0.92475 | −0.29634 |
The Netherlands | −0.48654 | 0.576331 | 0.935271 | −0.60438 | 0.377384 | −0.18988 | −0.05616 | 0.071758 | 1.121903 |
Austria | 0.56552 | 1.279083 | 0.482389 | 0.4797 | 1.25076 | −0.19081 | 0.746596 | 0.867597 | 0.821224 |
Poland | −0.08846 | −0.24116 | −0.73873 | −0.63291 | 0.055615 | −0.19392 | −0.85892 | 0.292805 | −0.87109 |
Portugal | −0.31593 | −0.22681 | 0.653109 | −0.00528 | −0.26616 | −0.19184 | 0.211425 | −0.13068 | −0.1021 |
Romania | −0.40124 | −1.70403 | −2.26573 | −0.14793 | −1.67581 | −0.19751 | −0.53187 | −0.61718 | −2.11372 |
Slovenia | 0.451784 | 0.561989 | 0.340123 | 0.251473 | 0.729799 | −0.19189 | 0.062767 | 0.103269 | −0.13935 |
Slovakia | −0.17376 | −0.37023 | −0.93316 | −0.03381 | −0.06696 | −0.19463 | −0.29401 | −0.31318 | −0.70878 |
Finland | 2.072521 | 1.623289 | 1.23166 | 1.535252 | 1.817687 | −0.18938 | 1.965595 | 2.22293 | 1.571591 |
Sweden | 2.385295 | 1.666314 | 1.205578 | 2.020236 | 1.802365 | −0.18954 | 2.114253 | 1.796486 | 1.289538 |
Etalon | 2.385295 | 1.723682 | 1.357329 | 2.020236 | 1.817687 | 5.003689 | 2.114253 | 2.22293 | 1.571591 |
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Euclidean Distance | Ki | Euclidean Distance | Ki | Euclidean Distance | Ki | |||||||||||||
Belgium | −2.6444 | −1.3625 | −0.7872 | 9.4687 | 3.0771 | 0.9072 | −2.8528 | −1.4403 | −5.1945 | 37.1963 | 6.0989 | 0.8882 | −2.4380 | −2.2025 | −0.9526 | 11.7023 | 3.4209 | 0.9017 |
Bulgaria | −3.2415 | −3.2556 | −3.3006 | 32.0000 | 5.6569 | 0.8294 | −2.9955 | −3.8766 | −5.2003 | 51.0437 | 7.1445 | 0.8690 | −3.4489 | −3.9505 | −3.5789 | 40.3099 | 6.3490 | 0.8176 |
Czech Republic | −2.1325 | −1.1474 | −1.3586 | 7.7101 | 2.7767 | 0.9163 | −1.9685 | −1.2871 | −5.1962 | 32.5318 | 5.7037 | 0.8954 | −2.4677 | −1.9532 | −1.5061 | 12.1727 | 3.4889 | 0.8997 |
Denmark | −1.0236 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0478 | 1.0236 | 0.9691 | −0.3138 | −0.1532 | −5.1929 | 27.0885 | 5.2047 | 0.9046 | −0.2973 | −0.2829 | −0.0293 | 0.1693 | 0.4115 | 0.9882 |
Germany | −2.0188 | −0.6454 | −0.2964 | 4.5800 | 2.1401 | 0.9355 | −2.1396 | −0.9960 | −5.1939 | 32.5462 | 5.7049 | 0.8954 | −1.3677 | −1.3994 | −0.5162 | 4.0954 | 2.0237 | 0.9418 |
Estonia | −1.6207 | −1.3481 | −1.4487 | 6.5431 | 2.5580 | 0.9229 | −0.7703 | −1.4250 | −5.1958 | 29.6207 | 5.4425 | 0.9002 | −1.5163 | −1.9045 | −1.2985 | 7.6126 | 2.7591 | 0.9207 |
Ireland | −1.9904 | −1.6637 | −0.5027 | 6.9820 | 2.6424 | 0.9203 | −1.5120 | −1.9000 | −5.1940 | 32.8736 | 5.7336 | 0.8949 | −1.0703 | −1.8893 | −0.7424 | 5.2663 | 2.2948 | 0.9341 |
Greece | −3.7533 | −2.9975 | −1.8044 | 26.3278 | 5.1311 | 0.8453 | −3.4519 | −2.9266 | −5.1967 | 47.4868 | 6.8911 | 0.8736 | −3.4489 | −3.1360 | −2.0994 | 26.1368 | 5.1124 | 0.8531 |
Spain | −3.4405 | −1.8644 | −0.6212 | 15.6992 | 3.9622 | 0.8805 | −2.9384 | −2.0379 | −5.1950 | 39.7751 | 6.3067 | 0.8844 | −2.5272 | −2.1368 | −1.2586 | 12.5365 | 3.5407 | 0.8983 |
France | −2.4453 | −0.7314 | −0.5454 | 6.8120 | 2.6100 | 0.9213 | −1.8829 | −1.2411 | −5.1949 | 32.0729 | 5.6633 | 0.8962 | −1.3082 | −1.7030 | −1.0723 | 5.7616 | 2.4003 | 0.9310 |
Croatia | −1.8198 | −2.3808 | −2.5798 | 15.6348 | 3.9541 | 0.8808 | −1.3979 | −2.2524 | −5.1991 | 34.0575 | 5.8359 | 0.8930 | −1.8136 | −2.4930 | −2.5119 | 15.8140 | 3.9767 | 0.8857 |
Italy | −3.0424 | −2.0796 | −1.0433 | 14.6695 | 3.8301 | 0.8845 | −2.9955 | −2.1451 | 0.0000 | 13.5745 | 3.6844 | 0.9324 | −2.8245 | −2.6409 | −1.5167 | 17.2528 | 4.1536 | 0.8806 |
Cyprus | −4.2082 | −3.5568 | −1.6479 | 33.0756 | 5.7511 | 0.8266 | −4.1366 | −3.1871 | −5.1962 | 54.2697 | 7.3668 | 0.8649 | −4.0732 | −3.9677 | −1.9238 | 36.0347 | 6.0029 | 0.8275 |
Latvia | −1.7629 | −2.0939 | −2.2929 | 12.7495 | 3.5707 | 0.8923 | −1.1126 | −1.9613 | −5.1983 | 32.1067 | 5.6663 | 0.8961 | −2.2893 | −2.0134 | −2.3496 | 14.8153 | 3.8491 | 0.8894 |
Lithuania | −2.8434 | −2.4668 | −2.0842 | 18.5139 | 4.3028 | 0.8703 | −1.7688 | −2.5588 | −5.1978 | 36.6935 | 6.0575 | 0.8889 | −2.4380 | −3.5824 | −1.7775 | 21.9366 | 4.6837 | 0.8654 |
Luxembourg | −1.7345 | −1.9792 | −0.5762 | 7.2575 | 2.6940 | 0.9188 | −1.1697 | −2.5895 | −5.1945 | 35.0560 | 5.9208 | 0.8914 | −2.1704 | −3.4790 | −0.9340 | 17.6867 | 4.2056 | 0.8792 |
Hungary | −3.2415 | −2.1083 | −2.6841 | 22.1563 | 4.7070 | 0.8581 | −2.6246 | −1.9000 | −5.1996 | 37.5343 | 6.1265 | 0.8877 | −3.0921 | −2.4241 | −3.2223 | 25.8208 | 5.0814 | 0.8540 |
Malta | −3.9808 | −2.5098 | −1.7688 | 25.2745 | 5.0274 | 0.8484 | −3.1952 | −2.8653 | −5.1973 | 45.4307 | 6.7402 | 0.8764 | −2.8245 | −3.1477 | −1.8679 | 21.3749 | 4.6233 | 0.8671 |
The Netherlands | −2.8718 | −1.1474 | −0.4221 | 9.7420 | 3.1212 | 0.9059 | −2.6246 | −1.4403 | −5.1936 | 35.9362 | 5.9947 | 0.8901 | −2.1704 | −2.1512 | −0.4497 | 9.5404 | 3.0888 | 0.9112 |
Austria | −1.8198 | −0.4446 | −0.8749 | 4.2748 | 2.0676 | 0.9377 | −1.5405 | −0.5669 | −5.1945 | 29.6775 | 5.4477 | 0.9001 | −1.3677 | −1.3553 | −0.7504 | 4.2705 | 2.0665 | 0.9406 |
Poland | −2.4738 | −1.9648 | −2.0961 | 14.3735 | 3.7912 | 0.8857 | −2.6531 | −1.7621 | −5.1976 | 37.1593 | 6.0958 | 0.8882 | −2.9732 | −1.9301 | −2.4427 | 18.5318 | 4.3049 | 0.8763 |
Portugal | −2.7012 | −1.9505 | −0.7042 | 11.5970 | 3.4054 | 0.8973 | −2.0255 | −2.0838 | −5.1955 | 35.4386 | 5.9530 | 0.8908 | −1.9028 | −2.3536 | −1.6737 | 11.9615 | 3.4585 | 0.9006 |
Romania | −2.7865 | −3.4277 | −3.6231 | 32.6405 | 5.7132 | 0.8277 | −2.1682 | −3.4935 | −5.2012 | 43.9580 | 6.6301 | 0.8784 | −2.6461 | −2.8401 | −3.6853 | 28.6497 | 5.3525 | 0.8462 |
Slovenia | −1.9335 | −1.1617 | −1.0172 | 6.1227 | 2.4744 | 0.9254 | −1.7688 | −1.0879 | −5.1956 | 31.3060 | 5.5952 | 0.8974 | −2.0515 | −2.1197 | −1.7109 | 11.6289 | 3.4101 | 0.9020 |
Slovakia | −2.5591 | −2.0939 | −2.2905 | 16.1796 | 4.0224 | 0.8787 | −2.0540 | −1.8847 | −5.1983 | 34.7935 | 5.8986 | 0.8918 | −2.4083 | −2.5361 | −2.2804 | 17.4317 | 4.1751 | 0.8800 |
Finland | −0.3128 | −0.1004 | −0.1257 | 0.1237 | 0.3517 | 0.9894 | −0.4850 | 0.0000 | −5.1931 | 27.2031 | 5.2157 | 0.9044 | −0.1487 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0221 | 0.1487 | 0.9957 |
Sweden | 0.0000 | −0.0574 | −0.1518 | 0.0263 | 0.1622 | 0.9951 | 0.0000 | −0.0153 | −5.1932 | 26.9699 | 5.1933 | 0.9048 | 0.0000 | −0.4264 | −0.2821 | 0.2614 | 0.5113 | 0.9853 |
Country | Ki | Business Sophistication | Innovative Firms (Product/Process), as a Percentage of Total SMEs |
---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 0.9017 | 51.7 | 60.88 |
Bulgaria | 0.8176 | 32.6 | * |
Czech Republic | 0.8997 | 43.5 | * |
Denmark | 0.9882 | 55.2 | 56.50 |
Germany | 0.9418 | 54.5 | 62.63 |
Estonia | 0.9207 | 39.9 | 65.59 |
Ireland | 0.9341 | 51.5 | * |
Greece | 0.8531 | 25.9 | * |
Spain | 0.8983 | 35.5 | 26.46 |
France | 0.9310 | 50.4 | 45.73 |
Croatia | 0.8857 | 27.7 | * |
Italy | 0.8806 | 36.7 | 56.16 |
Cyprus | 0.8275 | 42.6 | * |
Latvia | 0.8894 | 34.1 | 29.39 |
Lithuania | 0.8654 | 31.5 | 46.96 |
Luxembourg | 0.8792 | 57.8 | * |
Hungary | 0.8540 | 37.5 | 24.60 |
Malta | 0.8671 | 53.7 | * |
The Netherlands | 0.9112 | 61 | * |
Austria | 0.9406 | 52.3 | 57.30 |
Poland | 0.8763 | 34.2 | 20.34 |
Portugal | 0.9006 | 33.6 | 35.34 |
Romania | 0.8462 | 28 | * |
Slovenia | 0.9020 | 42.8 | * |
Slovakia | 0.8800 | 32.5 | 25.05 |
Finland | 0.9957 | 61 | 54.41 |
Sweden | 0.9853 | 68.1 | 60.25 |
Correlation coefficient | 0.7002 | 0.6217 |
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Oliinyk, O.; Mishchuk, H.; Vasa, L.; Kozma, K. Social Responsibility: Opportunities for Integral Assessment and Analysis of Connections with Business Innovation. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5608. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065608
Oliinyk O, Mishchuk H, Vasa L, Kozma K. Social Responsibility: Opportunities for Integral Assessment and Analysis of Connections with Business Innovation. Sustainability. 2023; 15(6):5608. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065608
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliinyk, Olena, Halyna Mishchuk, Laszlo Vasa, and Katalin Kozma. 2023. "Social Responsibility: Opportunities for Integral Assessment and Analysis of Connections with Business Innovation" Sustainability 15, no. 6: 5608. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065608